Goldsmid line

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Goldsmid Line denotes the border line established by Great Britain in 1871 between Iran , Afghanistan and British India (now Pakistan ).

The Goldsmid line is named after the British Major General Frederic Goldsmid , who was sent on an expedition by the British government in 1870 to determine the exact boundaries of the Sistan region , which in turn resulted in an exact delimitation of the British colonial empire in north-west India from the British dominated neighboring states and this should lead to each other. Goldsmid chose the Hilmend River as a natural boundary marker. In 1873, Great Britain and Iran set this course in a treaty. However, since this river frequently changed its course, there were repeated conflicts in the following years, especially between Afghanistan and Iran. In 1893, the Durand Line was finally established, which separated British India from Afghanistan. The southern part of the border between Iran and British India and the border between Afghanistan and Iran remained known as the Goldsmid Line and was marked in the area in 1896. The territorial disputes did not end there. Another expedition under the British Major Henry McMahon in 1903/04 finally established the border independently of the course of the river.

The demarcation runs through the Baluch settlement area .

literature

  • Horst Jaeckel: The Northwest Frontier in Defense of India 1900-1908 and England's Path to the Russian-British Agreement 1907. Springer, Wiesbaden 1968, p. 114 ff.
  • Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh (Ed.): Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran. A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, Central Asia, and West Asia by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton 2006. ISBN 1-58112-933-5 ( preview ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Explanation of the Goldsmid line at Le Monde diplomatique (German edition)
  2. ^ Goldsmid Line according to Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran , page 203.