Grundner & Lemisch
The Grundner & Lemisch company was founded on November 3rd, 1896 in Ferlach , Austria by Franz Grundner and Otto Lemisch, brother of the later provincial administrator Arthur Lenisch. Equipped with international patents, it became the world's largest manufacturer of industrially manufactured bamboo bicycles in just a few years. The full company name is kkpriv. Bamboo bicycles factory Grundner & Lemisch . Starting with six employees, the company had grown to 63 employees by 1886. Its range included men's, women's, children's and tandems. In 1898 Franz Grundner left the company and Otto Lemisch continued to run it alone. In 1901 bicycle production was stopped in Ferlach and in 1902 in Ebenthal near Klagenfurt under the changed company name kkpriv. Bamboo bicycle factory Otto Lemisch continued. In 1905 the plant in Ebenthal was closed; In 1906 the company ceased operations.
The pioneers
The starting shot was given by press releases from London. At the Stanley Cycle Show in November 1893, Bamboo Cycle Co. Ltd. the first bamboo bike presented as "the most elegant machine upon the market, and up to date in any respect". It immediately became a sensation at the bicycle exhibition and the news about it electrified the bicycle enthusiasts and technology fans in Klagenfurt, Austria. It was above all Franz Grundner, Otto Lemisch and Karl Bräuer who succeeded in getting bamboo bicycles ready for series production, acquiring the necessary international patents and establishing a company with a production facility.
Franz Grundner came to Klagenfurt in 1893 at the age of 32 and opened a workshop for bicycles and sewing machines at Wiener Gasse 10. In St. Johann im Saggautal, his birthplace, the mechanic and lathe operator had already attracted attention with a penny farthing from 1891. His workshop in Klagenfurt quickly became a meeting place for those interested in technology, including early pilots as well as the engineer Otto Lemisch and the hat maker Karl Bräuer. He was an energetic man who was enthusiastic about bicycles, attended evening courses at the state trade school and was constantly busy with inventions and technical improvements in his workshop.
In 1894 he co-founded the “Vorwärts” cycling club, which organized driving courses and trips and organized rallies with other cycling clubs. His wife Rosa was a member of the “Fahrrad-Kränzchen”, a ladies' bike club in Klagenfurt's Masslgarten, where bike lessons were held in the dance hall when the weather was bad. On outings, "the ladies appeared in chic, sporty outfits with sports caps, girardi hats, ties, constricted wasp waists and long skirts."
“He was also an avid hunter and climber and always carried a bamboo stick with him. This light but durable stick gave him the idea of using bamboo to make bicycles as well. "
The news from London of the first bamboo bike did the rest.
He was the designer of the “Ferlacher bamboo wheel” and head of the factory in the town of the same name near Klagenfurt, but also the engine and soul of the newly founded company and he was its first seller: “When Grundner heard, in Döllach i. Mölltal wanted someone to buy a bicycle, so he spontaneously sat down on his bamboo bike and covered the route Klagenfurt - Döllach in one day, which was an amazing achievement given the road conditions at the time. ”The bike route between the two towns is 160 km. Döllach is about 600 meters higher and Grundner had no gear shift.
Personal differences finally brought the two partners apart and Franz Grundner withdrew from the joint company, but continued to sell Grundner & Lemisch bamboo bicycles in his shop in Klagenfurt at Wienergasse 10.
Even after he left the joint company, he continued to appear as an inventor and entrepreneur. In 1900 he acquired a patent for a water bike and in 1901 a concession to rent water bikes on Lake Wörthersee. Pictures show him there in 1910 with his water car.
Franz Grundner died at the age of 84 on July 23, 1945 in Weitersfeld.
Otto Lemisch was an engineer who had studied in Berlin, Karlsruhe and Vienna. On his mother's side, he comes from a very wealthy family in which rich farmers and the nobility were united. In the 19th century she turned into an industrial family and made a fortune with mining and iron smelting. His father, the "Doctor Dr. Josef Lemisch was allowed to study as a gifted farmer's boy because Count Egger von St. Georgen made it possible for him with a monthly grant of 15 to 17 guilders. "
His mother had built the Rainerhof in Klagenfurt and a whole series of lake villas and baths on Lake Wörthersee. He was her third and youngest son and, in contrast to his older brothers, who both had doctorates in law and were very active in regional politics, he had enjoyed a scientific education. After completing his studies, the engineer spent a few years in the USA to further his education.
A portrait photo of him is not known. There are only a few pictures that show him crossing the Wörthersee on a water bike or curling on the frozen lake.
In 1893, when the three met, he was the youngest at the age of 27 and, due to his family background, the financier and investor who acquired Carl Bräuer's patent rights and founded the Grundner & Lemisch company with Franz Grundner. While Grundner has been handed down as a designer, production manager, and salesperson, Otto Lemisch was focused on commercial matters and managed to expand the company.
After Franz Grundner left in 1898, he continued to run the company on his own and also organized his move from Ferlach to Ebenthal, also in the immediate vicinity of Klagenfurt. He opened a bicycle shop in the Rainerhaus in Klagenfurt, where the bicycles were sold, and later attempted to gain a foothold in the USA, which he gave up a year later in 1901. After his return from the USA he moved to Pörtschach in the Villa Seewarte built by his mother on the shores of the Wörthersee. His activity as a manufacturer earned him the title of imperial court purveyor and he brought the lettering “O.” next to the imperial eagle. Lemisch manufacturer of bamboo bicycles and supplier to the royal court ”.
The company existed under his management until 1905, but was no longer exclusively concerned with bamboo bicycles. Motorcycles, train tricycles, steel bikes and ice skates were added.
"He later became the mayor of Pörtschach and, in 1921, after being recalled as mayor and local school board, withdrew to his lake villa, disappointed."
He died at the age of 74 on December 23, 1940 in Pörtschach
At 39, Carl Bräuer was the oldest of the three and came from Atzgersdorf near Vienna. He was a hat appreteur (hat maker) and did an apprenticeship as a haberdashery dealer with Alois Fuchs from 1893 to 1896 in Klagenfurt. After completing his apprenticeship, he worked in his “art gallery” and arms dealership until 1898, before he acquired the concession for his own business in 1900.
With his apprenticeship as the first step towards his own business, he had just started a new phase in his life and probably did not want to change this course because of the bamboo bike idea. Perhaps that is why he did not participate in founding the Grundner & Lemisch company. At that time he neither had the financial means of Otto Lemisch nor a bicycle workshop like Franz Grundner. His important contribution lay in obtaining the patents for all innovations, which he worked out together with Franz Grundner in a short time in order to get the production of bamboo bicycles off the ground on a factory scale.
Bräuer and Grundner probably got to know each other in the club of the cycling club “Vorwärts” in the Hotel Lamm am alten Platz and in April 1896 they received the “Privilegium” with the number 46/1512 and the title “Bicycle frames and bicycle rims made of bamboo tube”. The patent specification bears his and Franz Grundner's names and was drawn up and submitted together with an officially authorized technical office for patent matters in Vienna. In the same year Bräuer sold his shares in the privilege to Otto Lemisch and an important prerequisite for the establishment of the company "Kkpriv.Bambus Fahrräderfabrik Grundner & Lemisch" was created.
At the same time as the sale of the patent to Otto Lemisch, he submitted an application in July 1896 for an "exclusive privilege on a bicycle whose frame and wheel rims are made of pepper cane", which he was awarded in September 1896. Pepper cane generally refers to a dark spotted bamboo. In terms of content, there is no difference between the patent on bamboo bicycle frames, the rights of which Carl Bräuer had assigned to Otto Lemisch, and the new patent.
Even if Carl Bräuer had no connection with the company, he continued to work on inventions relating to bicycles. In 1897 he acquired two further privileges for “innovations in drive chains for bicycles” and “fixing devices for bicycle brakes”.
In 1900 he opened a shop at Bahnhofstrasse 10 in Klagenfurt, where he sold sporting goods, weapons, steel goods, hunting equipment and bicycles, among other things. The business also lasted well after his death. He died at the age of 63 on August 8, 1917 in Klagenfurt.
Patent rights and company formation
As early as Christmas 1895, Franz Grunder and Otto Lemisch presented their first bamboo bike. It was a prototype based on which the frame construction was developed. Three months later, its design principle was so mature and documented that it could be submitted as a patent application to the Austrian Ministry of Commerce.
On this basis, the company was founded on November 3, 1896, which was reported in the Klagenfurter Zeitung, issue of May 27, 1896: “On April 16, the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Commerce in Vienna called Karl Bräuer and Franz Grundner, mechanics in Klagenfurt a newly invented bicycle made of bamboo cane was granted the patent. The wheel, which has a very pleasing appearance, is made entirely of bamboo. The pipes are attached to each other by a very ingenious connection. The lightness is such that it surpasses all previously existing bicycles. Further advantages are that the wheel can be thoroughly dismantled, so any layperson can dismantle and repair it himself, in an emergency individual parts can also be replaced by other wooden rods, so that the repair costs of the frame are completely eliminated. The bike can also be unscrewed by the rider himself and changed into any shape. Since the bamboo naturally has a beautiful and indestructible enamel, the enamelling costs are also excluded. This plant also has the good property of not absorbing moisture, is elastic, so it can never be bent like steel pipe. The load-bearing capacity, which has been sufficiently tested, is a great one, and when one considers that all heavy trucks are also bolted together from wood, then any doubt about the durability of this connection seems unfounded. Since the production of these bicycles is much faster and easier, the price is also lower and the bicycles are therefore more easily accessible to a large part of the population. This only makes the invention all the more valuable and the inventors should really be congratulated on it. "
Grundner & Lemisch acquired patent protection for Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Russia, France, England and Belgium. From this you can guess to what extent they were already thinking and where they suspected their sales market.
Establishment of a production facility
When looking for a suitable production facility, Grundner & Lemisch found what they were looking for in Ferlach near Klagenfurt. At the time, Ferlach was a community with around 6,000 inhabitants and, as a gunsmith town, had ideal conditions. A gunsmiths' cooperative had existed since 1873 and there was a workforce trained in metalworking, and there was a machine house that had just been replaced by a second, larger one and could therefore be rented to Grundner & Lemisch. The machine house was equipped with a turbine that supplied the energy required for production. The manager was Franz Grundner. They got off to a brilliant start in Ferlach. In a publication from 1898 it reads like this:
“Many attempts have already been made with such bikes, but until then we had not succeeded in producing a really usable product. It is thanks to Grundner & Lemisch to have finally solved the problem. The place of production was the centuries-old Ferlach rifle factory, whose good reputation gave the new products an effective recommendation when they were introduced to the public.
Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception which the test bikes received in cycling circles, the inventors set about setting up a richly equipped factory, and the high expectations which they attached to the company were subsequently fully met . The company began with six workers, the number of which has increased to 62 to date, when the development is far from over; a turbine supplies the necessary power, and a considerable number of special machines of all kinds, including several American originals, enable all parts of the wheel, with the exception of the leather and rubber components, to be manufactured in our own workshops.
The raw material imported from Shanghai, which is only suitable for processing in a well-developed state, is sorted according to its strength and initially made resistant to the harmful effects of heat and moisture using a proprietary method, which is a secret of the factory. Then the bamboo sticks, cut to a certain length, are brought to the precisely determined diameter at both ends with the help of our own milling machine and then driven with great force into the connecting pieces, which are also manufactured beforehand with their own cement, which is insensitive to moisture and heat Secret is, have been cemented. The bamboo parts of the frame are then brought into connection with the connecting pieces by an ingenious device by means of screw bolts and nuts; The bamboo sticks intended for the front fork are given the appropriate shape by a special method using a hot method, but without the use of steam.
The main technical difficulty, the solution of which cost the most strenuous intellectual work and made numerous practical experiments necessary, was to give the connecting pieces a suitable shape and construction, since a threefold requirement had to be made of them: absolute strength, lightness and cheapness. After much effort and various tests, the inventors succeeded in solving this main question in a satisfactory manner in all directions. The connecting pieces mentioned are first cut from the best Mannesmann or Weldless pipes to the appropriate length, made red-hot and then placed in the original matrices. After they have been drilled accordingly, a longitudinal gap is milled out exactly in the middle of the same. The connecting pieces prepared in this way are then finally polished and nickel-plated.
The simple construction has proven itself in practice thanks to its strength and elasticity and has given priority to the bamboo wheels over the best steel wheels in terms of lightness, absolute resistance to bending and buckling and cheapness. "
Industrial production with the target criteria of stability, weight and price right from the start!
In the course of time there were still improvements, one had learned and deviated slightly from the patents and the process just described.
“At the 'Technological Trade Museum' in Vienna, tests were carried out on the load-bearing capacity of the bamboo frames and they gave the following result: The load tests lasted from March 1 to March 27, 1899. Under load levels of 50 kg, this resulted in 550 kg Saddle weight, a crank depression of 7.7 mm occurred, which did not leave any permanent depression. With a load of 900 kg, the crank drop was 20 mm and left a permanent drop of 7.4 mm. The lowering is due to the elasticity of the fork, which bent forward under this great load. With a load of 2800 kg, the front fork rods cracked. "
The quality of the bamboo bicycles allowed Grunder & Lemisch to grant a three-year guarantee on the bamboo frame, while all other metal parts were given a one-year guarantee.
It is another example of the prudence of the two entrepreneurs that they did not stop at commissioning these tests, but also actively advertise them in a way that is understandable for everyone. The Viennese athlete Georg Jagendorfer with his body weight of 124 kg was living proof of the robustness of the bamboo bicycles.
At this point in time, the product portfolio was already complete and included men's bikes, women's bikes, tandems and bikes for children. Later on, special vehicles such as a train tricycle were added.
The results of her work received prizes at an exhibition in Innsbruck in 1896, at the world exhibition in Brussels in 1897 and at exhibitions in Vienna in 1897 and 1898. Grundner & Lemisch bamboo bicycles were also on display at an exhibition in Leipzig in 1898.
Marketing and Sales
Grundner & Lemisch were born from the growing enthusiasm for bicycles. With great skill, they took advantage of a second trend in the late 19th century: the growing interest in the Far East. Asia was chic and also the home of the bamboo imported from Shanghai by Grundner & Lemisch. The poster design by Josef Maria Auchentaller, a member of the Vienna Secession from 1898, shows a friendly waving Japanese woman on a Grundner & Lemisch bike. Elegant, light, durable are the three attributes with which the bike was advertised. You can also find another ad in which an Indian-looking man in a turban kidnaps a tiger's baby on a Grunder & Lemisch bicycle.
Today one would say that the product bamboo bike was positioned according to the lifestyle of the target group. According to a calculation by the Central Statistical Office in Vienna, its price was seven and a half months' wages for a steelworker and corresponded to the value of 100 kg of bread and it was aimed at a wealthy group of buyers. For them, its attractiveness has been increased with additional services and a presentation of the product adapted to the zeitgeist. Establishing bicycle clubs was part of building a “community” around the topic of bamboo bicycles. The Klagenfurt bicycle club “Vorwärts”, which, due to its name, suggests a social democratic orientation, was supported by the aforementioned “Fahrrad-Kränzchen”, a ladies' bicycle club. Both were used for driving lessons, the "Vorwärts" was also used for sporting activities through the organization of cycling races, and the "Kränzchen" was the traditional appearance of the participants during trips. In an advertisement in the Klagenfurter Zeitung in 1899 by Franz Grundner, the cycling school with a cycling guarantee is advertised.
“Largest cycling school in Masslgarten (Klagenfurt). The school is completely closed and cycling in the open air (not in the hall) is thoroughly learned by competent driving instructors under guarantee. The students have free access to the cycling school and use of the school bikes for one month. "
A little later, Grundner & Lemisch extended the tried and tested concept to the metropolis of the KuK monarchy and founded several branches in Vienna.
At Taborstrasse 11a, what it claims to be the “most elegant winter cycling school in Vienna” was opened in the inner city of the 2nd district at the beginning of 1898. Not far away in the 1st district of Vienna in Dominikanerbastei 21, a sales defeat opened in October of the same year. Later this was moved to the 9th district at Garelligasse 2, corner of Alserkaserne.
The building in which the bicycle school was housed still breathes the atmosphere of the salon that Grundner & Lemisch set up there.
The Centralblatt für Radsport und Athletik wrote in 1898:
“The Grundner & Lemisch bamboo bike factory in Ferlach has built a winter driving school in Vienna II, Taborstrasse 11a, which in its size, functionality and elegance represents a truly metropolitan establishment. In the evening the restaurant is electrically lit and a comfortable reading room offers comfort during breaks. Buyers of a bamboo bike, which has already proven itself, receive free lessons, for non-buyers moderate conditions are set. "
In addition to the sales branches, repair shop and a bike salon, Klagenfurt also set up a bike club. In Vienna, racing cyclists were equipped with bamboo bikes to prove their resilience and competitiveness. "Die Bambusradler" - a cycling club in Vienna was founded and took part in many races. There was always friction, because other clubs accused the bamboo cyclists of being a pure advertising club and buying racing drivers extra for it (which was very much frowned upon in amateur cycling). The club was dissolved again in 1900.
Coming from Klagenfurt, the step to Vienna, the capital of the monarchy, was obvious. But how do you address a customer base outside of these two cities and bring the bikes closer to buyers in other places?
Grundner and Lemisch approached this with a strategy that was based on two legs (better bicycles): They looked for and found sales partners in different countries, but also offered their bicycles through the mail order business, which was just invented.
Distribution partners have been found in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
Oscar von Födransperg from Linz received the exclusive distribution rights for Upper Austria and Salzburg, Bukovina, Romania and Bulgaria. The contract concluded with him on November 15, 1897 provides detailed information on how the cooperation with the sales partners was regulated. Oscar von Födransperg received territorial protection and, in return, undertook not to sell a bicycle from another manufacturer. The contract ran for one year and was extended for another year if it was not terminated. Men's bikes were given in the basic version at 115.- Kronen, ladies' bikes and racing machines at 125.- Kronen. In the case of special equipment for saddles, handlebars made of wood, hollow rims made of steel or wooden rims, there was an extra charge. This also applied to special designs “which require additional work and special manufacture of components.” Half of the payment was made when the order was placed and half after delivery. A new order was only possible when the last one had been paid for in full. The guarantee on the bamboo frame was three years on all other metal parts and one year and had to be passed on to the end customer. Price lists and posters for advertising purposes were provided by Grundner & Lemisch.
In addition to selling the bamboo bicycles through sales partners with territorial protection, Grunder & Lemisch also tried a completely new sales channel. In the main catalog from 1900 of the August Stukenbrock mail order company, one of their bicycles was offered as the "Deutschlandrad" made of bamboo. August Stukenbrok founded a bicycle shop in Einbeck, Germany, in 1890. “Within a few years, the modest little shop developed into a global company with several hundred employees. As one of the first entrepreneurs in the German Reich, Stukenbrok developed the American idea of mail order business on a grand scale ”.
“Stukenbrok wasn't a bicycle designer. He ordered the bicycles and their individual parts in large quantities from various manufacturers and had them converted and assembled according to customer requirements. All models were sold under the trademark “Germany”, later “Teutonia”. ”The two word marks appealing to German national pride were framed in the main catalog by further nationalistic allusions.
The bicycles were dispatched against cash, cash on delivery or prepayment on the day the order was received. In 1900 the circulation of the catalog was 100,000 copies and by the First World War it had a circulation of millions, which was distributed throughout the German Reich and found "readers in every Reichsbahn coupé, in every restaurant".
The price of 250 marks is very noticeable. Even the luxury versions of the steel wheels in the same catalog were not offered at a higher price and their price range starts at only 130 marks. The bamboo wheel also represents the upper class at Stukenbrok.
This new sales channel proved to be very successful for bicycles in the following years. However, the Grunder & Lemisch bamboo wheel is only included in Stukenbrok's main catalog from 1900, after which it no longer appears. It remains to be seen whether the lack of sales via this sales channel or the gradual decline of Grundner & Lemisch were the cause.
The decline of the company
The heyday of Grundner & Lemisch was already behind them around 1900. From 1894 to 1898 there was a phase of rapid growth, then there were some business setbacks and differences also emerged in the personal relationship between the two entrepreneurs. A sentence from Franz Grundner's diary could mark the turning point: "I quarreled with Otto, will not speak to him for two weeks now". Difficult to judge whether the human differences, the different family backgrounds and the different interests were decisive for the economic decline into which the company slowly went. It is possible that cause and effect can also be seen in reverse. In any case, they parted ways. Franz Grundner was the factory manager in Ferlach and the technical head of the company until then, and retired in the spring of 1898. He now fully concentrated on his shop at Wiener Gasse 10 in Klagenfurt, where he continued to sell bamboo bicycles and built up the “largest bicycle and sewing machine warehouse in Carinthia” by 1900.
At the same time Otto Lemisch tried to expand the company. The branches in Vienna were founded and in 1899 he tried to jump across the Atlantic. He opened a bicycle factory in the USA and tried to gain a foothold in the American market. The attempt failed and in 1901 Otto Lemisch was back from the USA, where the termination of the rented factory premises in Ferlach forced him to relocate his production to Fabrikstrasse 1 in Ebenthal near Klagenfurt. Probably a bitter blow, since that was also associated with the loss of skilled workers. The machine hall 1 rented by him was needed again by the Ferlach gunsmiths' cooperative due to the upturn in the economy for hunting rifles.
From this point on, the company traded as “Kk priv. Bambus-Fahrräder-Fabrik Otto Lemisch, Ebenthal near Klagenfurt”. Under the manager Anton Bronich, it produced bamboo bicycles, motorized two-wheelers, railway tricycles, steel wheels and ice skates
Also in 1901 he closed the bicycle defeat in Vienna and at the same time opened a defeat in 1902 in Rainerhof, his parents' house in Klagenfurt, including a small repair shop.
The production of the bamboo wheels continued in Ebenthal until 1904, after which the factory was closed and the company ceased its business activities.
Figures about business development, sales figures or balance sheets are not available, so that although we can guess and name the reasons for the gradual decline of Grundner & Lemisch, it is difficult to weight them. It is noticeable that all known manufacturers of bamboo bicycles at the time emerged in the same period and disappeared from the scene even faster than the Carinthian bamboo bicycle manufacturers. This is equally true of Europe as it is of the United States.
Various reasons are given in newspaper reports and book chapters. The dispute between the two company founders, the great domestic competition, the inadequate financial cover. In the Ortschronik von Pörtschach Otto Müller writes: “In the years 1895 to 1905 we saw many bamboo bikes in use. (…) But the bamboo bicycles were only fashion items and soon they disappeared from the traffic ”. The exotic attraction of bamboo certainly played an essential role because there were only producers of bamboo bicycles in the developed industrial nations outside the global bamboo belt, countries in which there was no tradition of bamboo processing and it was not a natural part of everyday life. Exoticism as a lifestyle was possibly less and less in line with the growing nationalistic and colonial worldview of the industrialized countries. The contradiction between the exotic bamboo wheel in Stukenbrok's catalog and the “Radlerlied” printed on the second page to the melody of “Germany, Germany over everything!” Is almost obvious.
Another factor certainly lies in the enormous advances made by the iron and steel processing industry during this time, from which the manufacturers of steel wheels benefited directly. Some authors see this as a major reason for the company's failure. In fact, in this first phase of the manufacture of bamboo wheels, no further development of the manufacturing processes, materials and frame construction can be seen at any of the manufacturers. All of them connected the bamboo pipes with pipes and sleeves made of metal, mostly steel, only occasionally aluminum.
Friedrun Pleterski, the granddaughter of Arthur Lemisch, Otto's brother, sums it up as follows:
The bamboo bike “was brilliant, but it was not a lasting success. Much advertised, widely quoted in the media, it had become known to the public. One of the slogans was: 'We come from the Carinthian region, where some found a lot of beautiful things. What delights me in the highest degree is the Ferlach bamboo bike. '
The 2012 episode was summarized in a publication as follows: "Although three bizarre men had different professions, they had a common interest: the bamboo bicycle. And it would not be a typically Austrian story if the rapid success of their invention did not turn into economic failure just as soon Personal differences and technical competition have meant that this multi-award-winning bamboo bike, which has been sold beyond the borders of Austria-Hungary, was only produced for ten years ”.
Web links
- Rare bamboo in a new shine Article on the website of the association “ARGUS (Working Group on Environmentally Friendly City Transport)” based in Vienna
- The Bamboo Bicycles of Grundner & Lemisch, Austria International Cycle History Conference (ICHC), Proceedings 1994
Individual evidence
- ↑ Philipp Novak, "Get in please!", P. 20, Carinthia Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-85378-553-0 .
- ^ HW Bartleet: Bartleet's Bicycle Book . ED.J.Burrow & Co. LTD., 43 Kingsway, London, WC 2, London 1931, p. 66 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Gerhard Reibling (Ed.): The Ferlacher Bambus-Fahrrad, book for the special exhibition ( April 26 - October 26, 1997 ) in the Historama - Museum for Technology and Transport, Ferlach . 6th edition. Self-published, Neumarkt April 2, 2015.
- ^ Walter Wohlfahrt: Dr. Arthur Lemisch (1865–1953) and his ancestors. Retrieved October 28, 2018 .
- ^ Friederun Pleterski: Traveling home . Verlagsgruppe Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2012, ISBN 978-3-7012-0100-6 , p. 64 .
- ↑ Werner Watzeenig: bamboo bicycles from Carinthia . Ed .: KELAG yearbook. 1995.
- ↑ Klagenfurter Zeitung (Ed.): Grant of patent . No. 120 , May 27, 1896, p. 1099 .
- ↑ The Swiss Radmarkt, Bern, April 15, 1904, 1st year
- ↑ St. Veiter community newspaper, summer 1997.
- ↑ Dr. Elke Heege: Foreword - Illustrated main catalog 1901 - August Stukenbrock Einbeck . Olms Presse, Hildesheim - Zurich - New York 2014, ISBN 978-3-487-08536-4 .
- ↑ Dr. Elke Heege: Foreword - Illustrated main catalog 1901 - August Stukenbrock Einbeck . Olms Presse, Hildesheim - Zurich - New York 2014, ISBN 978-3-487-08536-4 .
- ↑ Dr. Elke Heege: Foreword - Illustrated main catalog 1901 - August Stukenbrock Einbeck . Olms Presse, Hildesheim - Zurich - New York 2014, ISBN 978-3-487-08536-4 .
- ^ Friederun Pleterski: Traveling home . Verlagsgruppe Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2012, ISBN 978-3-7012-0100-6 , p. 96 .