Gyula (title)

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Gyula (Yula, Gula, Gila) was a title in the dual rule of the Hungarians before their Christianization in the 1st millennium. The Gyula was nominally subordinate to the sacred Kende , the second in rank and the secular or military leader of the Hungarian tribal union.

The form of organization was probably adopted by the Khazars . The origin of the word has not yet been conclusively clarified but is partly traced back to "dzsula" (torch).

While the oldest Hungarian sources only emerged after Christianization and only reproduce the title as a proper name, contemporary Arabic and Byzantine sources provide insight into the organization of the tribal federation when the Hungarians were still followers of Tengrism .

literature

  • Szabolcs de Vajay: The entry of the Hungarian tribal union into European history (862-933). Mainz 1968.

Web links

  • Tibor Kesztyüs: Ottonen and Arpaden, On the history of the German imperial and Hungarian kingdom. (Lecture), announcement on www.kulturforum.info