Complex development
Complex development is a specific, large-scale urban building block that is characterized by a high degree of density and is clearly set apart from the surrounding urban structure by its scale, surface and structure.
history
Complex building types emerged in Western Europe in the 1960s under the influence of the slogan “urbanity through density”, which was coined as a response to the criticism of the large housing estates of the 1950s. In contrast to the urban development model of the articulated and loosened city ( Charter of Athens (CIAM) ), which in the post-war period produced large housing estates in Germany, grand ensembles in France or New Towns in Great Britain, the striving for densification in urban planning led to the 1970s at the latest to more complex building structures. Key words in the planning of complex developments were, in addition to densification, also mixture, flexibility and multi-purpose use.
definition
The architect Hanns Adrian shows a definition of the term complex development in an article in the magazine “Stadtbauwelt” from 1973.
- It differs significantly from the previous one in terms of size and scope of investment;
- it combines many uses;
- it is accessed by horizontal and vertical public and semi-public transport routes;
- it contains community facilities,
- she consciously assigns different institutions - public and private areas - to one another three-dimensionally;
- it can be converted into itself;
- it forms inside and outside spaces;
- it can be combined to form extensive urban structures;
- it is operated uniformly;
- all currently known technical possibilities are used for their operation.
Differentiations
The development of the complex development was shaped by different influencing factors and leads to different formulations of this building type.
- The complex development as the city center of the New Towns of the 1950s and 1960s in Great Britain (focus on administrative and economic areas, e.g. Cumbernauld Town Center )
- the complex development as an urban development answer to specific planning tasks (e.g. Olympic Village for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Habitat 67 for the 1967 Expo in Montreal)
- the complex development as part of a higher-level urban planning with different densification centers (e.g. the Ihmezentrum in the overall concept of the city of Hanover, reconstruction of the city center Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris)
- the complex development as a large structure of office centers from the 1970s (e.g. Bürostadt City Nord, Hamburg)
- the complex development as large-scale shopping centers (e.g. center of the north-west town).
A specific formulation of the complex development is the large residential complex, which combines the urban functions of living, traffic, work, shopping and leisure within a large structure, with the focus on residential use.
literature
- Hanns Adrian, Marianne Adrian, Peter Zimmermann: Planning and implementation of large, complex construction projects. In: Stadtbauwelt. Issue 39, 1973.
- Karen Beckmann: Urbanity through density? History and present of large residential complexes from the 1970s. Transcript, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8376-3063-3 .
- Landeshauptstadt Hannover (Ed.): For discussion: Innenstadt. Hanover 1970, DNB 740812246 .
- Friedrich Spengelin: Humane housing and settlement forms. Stuttgart 1963, DNB 454776306 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Hanns Adrian, Marianne Adrian, Peter Zimmermann: Planning and implementation of large complex building projects. In: Stadtbauwelt. Issue 39, 1973, p. 125.
- ↑ Karen Beckmann: Urbanity through density? The past and present of the large residential complexes of the 1970s (= architectures . Volume 29 ). 1st edition. transcript, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8376-3063-3 , p. 177-178 .