LTO cycle
LTO cycle ( English Landing and Take Off Cycle ) is one of the ICAO developed as part of the certification of aircraft standardized method for determining the engine emissions.
Accordingly, the LTO cycle comprises the following phases with the corresponding operating times in minutes, depending on the aircraft type:
| roll | begin | Climb | approach | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jet plane | 26.0 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 4.0 |
| Turboprop | 26.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 4.5 |
The climb takes place to a maximum altitude of 3000 ft. (900 m). In order to determine the emissions, the engines are operated with different loads in each operating phase. For the LTO cycle, the ICAO set emission limit values for newly registered aircraft types for the first time in 1981, which are contained in Volume II of Annex 16 (Environmental Protection) of the Chicago Convention . Since then, the limit values have been tightened twice.
Web links
- ICAO - ICAO Annex 16: Environmental Protection, Volume II - Aircraft Engine Emissions . PDF document
- Documentation of the emissions modeling for LTO emissions PDF document at www.umweltbundesamt.de
- International Civil Aviation Organization's CO2 certification requirement for new aircraft PDF document
- Christian N. Jardine: Calculating the Environmental Impact of Aviation Emissions. Part 1. Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Center for the Environment, June 2005. PDF document
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinrich Mensen: Handbook of Aviation . Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-34401-5 , pp. 1418 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Roland Conrady, Frank Fichert, Rüdiger Sterzenbach: Air traffic: Business instruction and manual . Walter de Gruyter, 2013, ISBN 978-3-486-71763-1 , p. 80 ( limited preview in Google Book search).