Leakage water

Leakage water is water that deliberately or unintentionally penetrates or flows out of a container or closed system via one or more leakage points ( leakage current ). With certain systems, the ingress or discharge of leakage water cannot be prevented with an economically justifiable effort or for technical reasons and is accepted.

The leakage water can be pure water or water with ecologically harmless or harmful additives or properties (e.g. chemicals , heavy metals , radioactive etc.).

Leak water quantity and location

The amount of leaked water (water loss) is the percentage or mass of leaked water in the entire previously defined water cycle over a certain period of time.

Leakage points at which leakage water escapes can, if necessary, be recorded by a leakage location . In most cases, the position of the leak should be measured as precisely as possible with the aid of suitable measuring techniques.

Examples

Hydraulic structures

Dams, dams for power stations, locks , storm surge barrier , contactors , dams , water treatment plants , etc., can not usually for economic and / or technical reasons be completely sealed or should not be completely sealed. The leakage water flowing out of the lock is z. B. in power plants (dams) an economic loss for the plant operator, which is why he usually tries to keep the amount of leakage water as low as possible. Under certain circumstances, leaking water that seeps in or that runs off can pose a considerable risk (see e.g. Teton Dam , dam breach ). Infiltration or uncontrolled drainage is therefore prevented as far as possible or countermeasures are taken (e.g. pumping out, stabilizing, sealing, etc.).

In the field of sewage and industrial z. B. Poison retention basins, on the other hand, attempts are made to avoid the formation of water leaks, mostly for economic and / or ecological reasons (see e.g. for the consequences: uranium mining , Kolontár dam breach , Baia Mare dam breach, etc.).

Nuclear power plants

Of particular importance is the prevention or the controlled collection of leakage water in high-risk systems such as B. Nuclear power plants ( Chemical and Volume Control System . See also: Windscale fire , Fukushima nuclear disaster and reprocessing plants, etc.).

Watercraft

In boats, the leakage water (also: bilgewater , Kieljauche) that has penetrated into or over the hull is exhausted (see Pütz ) or pumped out ( Lenzen ), since too much leakage water can impair the stability of the ship and in extreme cases lead to the ship's sinking.

Building installation

Leakage water in the house installation (e.g. water pipes , water tanks, etc.) can lead to significant water damage, even if there is no water pipe burst. It is an unintentional and uncontrolled leakage of drinking , industrial or industrial water or extinguishing water into the building or into other house installations (e.g. electrical systems).

In boilers based on the open or pressureless low-pressure system, operational leakage water is one of the system-inherent functions and is necessary for safe and trouble-free operation.

Water networks

In the case of operational, municipal and national drinking and service water networks (long-distance water supply: aqueduct and gravity pipeline as well as water distribution systems, etc.), attempts are made to avoid leakage water as far as possible, as this can lead to relevant pressure losses and also economic losses and damage. According to a communication from the European Commission, there is “ no relevant international standard for leakage water, extinguishing water and private consumption by municipal facilities . However, the acceptable unregistered consumption is 8 to 15%, with the European mean around 15%. "

literature

DVGW e. V .: Water transport and distribution . Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-26219-X .

DVGW e. V .: Technical rules worksheet W 400-1, Technical rules for water distribution systems (TRWV) Part 1: Planning . DVGW German Association of the Gas and Water Industry e. V., Bonn 2013, ISSN 0176-3504 .

DVGW e. V .: Technical information note W 401, decision aids for the rehabilitation of water pipe networks . DVGW German Association of the Gas and Water Industry e. V., Bonn 1997, ISSN 0176-3490 .

Michael Heydenreich; Winfried Hoch: Practice of water loss reduction : methods for leak and pipe location, strategies for pipe network monitoring and maintenance of water distribution systems , Bonn 2008, WVGW, Wirtschafts- und Verl.-Ges., ISBN 978-3-89554-171-1 .

Johann Mutschmann; Fritz Stimmelmayr; Fritsch: Pocket book of water supply . Wiesbaden 2014, Springer Vieweg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8348-2560-5 , ISBN 978-3-8348-2561-2 .

Remarks

↑ See for the episodes z. B .: To Pinglin: Chemical and biological hazards for soil and groundwater from leaky sewers , electronic resource, Karlsruhe 2008, dissertation.
↑ See e.g. E.g .: Eckart Bütow: Risk potential of leaky sewers in industrial and commercial property drainage pipes and the derivation of recommendations for the revitalization of defective drainage pipes: Research report 29728528 , Berlin 2001, Federal Environment Agency or Max Dohmann (ed.): Water hazard from leaky sewers: Recording and evaluation , Berlin 1999, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-64212-9 . On the losses: Johann Mutschmann; Fritz Stimmelmayr; Fritsch: Pocket book of water supply . Wiesbaden 2014, Springer Vieweg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8348-2560-5 , ISBN 978-3-8348-2561-2 .
^ Written question E-1937/99 by Alexandros Alavanos (GUE / NGL) to the Commission. Losses in the EUDAP water supply network, ABl. No. C 219E of August 1, 2000, p. 48 from 1999. Gross water losses in selected European countries .

[1] See for the episodes z. B .: To Pinglin: Chemical and biological hazards for soil and groundwater from leaky sewers , electronic resource, Karlsruhe 2008, dissertation.

[2] See e.g. E.g .: Eckart Bütow: Risk potential of leaky sewers in industrial and commercial property drainage pipes and the derivation of recommendations for the revitalization of defective drainage pipes: Research report 29728528 , Berlin 2001, Federal Environment Agency or Max Dohmann (ed.): Water hazard from leaky sewers: Recording and evaluation , Berlin 1999, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-64212-9 . On the losses: Johann Mutschmann; Fritz Stimmelmayr; Fritsch: Pocket book of water supply . Wiesbaden 2014, Springer Vieweg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8348-2560-5 , ISBN 978-3-8348-2561-2 .

[3] Written question E-1937/99 by Alexandros Alavanos (GUE / NGL) to the Commission. Losses in the EUDAP water supply network, ABl. No. C 219E of August 1, 2000, p. 48 from 1999. Gross water losses in selected European countries .