Reactive electrophilic species
In biochemistry , reactive electrophilic species (RES) are substances that arise from the oxidation of lipids , proteins and carbohydrates by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
properties
RES have electron-deficient centers and can thus lead, among other things, to an irreversible thiol (S) - alkylation ( Michael adduct formation ) of cysteines . In addition, RES reduce the reducing potential of the cytosol .
RES are involved in the activation of the gene expression of various genes in plants, which are induced in the initiation of apoptosis in response to environmental stress or pathogens and (at low RES concentrations) serve to induce anti-apoptotic genes. These RES-induced genes are induced via a class II TGA transcription factor and include genes for detoxification , cell cycle and chaperones .
In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , RES-induced genes for detoxification and stress responses through activation of the electrophile responsive element (gene SOR1 ) have been described.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ EE Farmer, C. Davoine: Reactive electrophile species. In: Curr Opin Plant Biol. (2007), Volume 10, No. 4, pp. 380-386. PMID 17646124 .
- ↑ EE Farmer, MJ Mueller: ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation and RES-activated signaling. In: Annu Rev Plant Biol. (2013), Volume 64, pp. 429-450. doi : 10.1146 / annurev-arplant-050312-120132 . PMID 23451784 .
- ↑ BB Fischer, HK Ledford, S. Wakao, SG Huang, D. Casero, M. Pellegrini, SS Merchant, A. Koller, RI Eggen, KK Niyogi: SINGLET OXYGEN RESISTANT 1 left reactive electrophile signaling to singlet oxygen acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In: Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. (2012), Volume 109, No. 20, pp. E1302-11. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1116843109 . PMID 22529359 ; PMC 3356615 (free full text).