Secondary products revolution
Secondary products revolution is a theory by the British archaeologist Andrew Sherratt , according to which the introduction of the intensified use of animal resources, especially their labor, but also wool and milk, were largely invented simultaneously in early urban Mesopotamia during the Uruk period . The "secondary products" are goods that, in contrast to meat, can be used without killing the animal. The term was formed analogously to Childe 's Neolithic Revolution .
Secondary products
The following innovations are discussed by Sherrat:
- Cattle as draft animals , so bikes and wagons
- Plowing
- milk
- Wool
Other uses could be added, such as:
- Domestic horse as a draft and riding animal
- Eggs
- silk
- blood
- honey
Spread
According to Sherratt, the use of secondary products reached Southeastern Europe during the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age . He wants to recognize this mainly in new vessel shapes. During the early Neolithic , between about 4300 and 3300 BC. BC, the use of secondary products spread in southern Central Europe.
criticism
It is controversial to what extent the innovations in question can be correlated over time and to what extent one can actually speak of a revolution.
The existence of a simultaneous change in all of these areas in Central Europe is not recognized and largely refuted by studies by Oliver E. Craig and Markus Vosteen. Jens Lüning also rejected this theory. In a lipid study of prehistoric sherds, Evershed et al. Prove milk use from the 7th millennium. Studies on the spread of lactose intolerance indicate that the corresponding gene modification is much older. It is undisputed that lactose tolerance increased at the same time as the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry. The castration is carried by cattle probably about 1,000 years earlier.
literature
- Oliver E. Craig (inter alia): Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods? in: Antiquity 79, 2005, no. 303.
- Andrew Sherratt: Plow and Pastoralism. Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In: Ian Hodder , Glyn Isaac, N. Hammond (Eds.): Pattern of the Past. Studies in honor of David Clarke . Cambridge 1981, 261-305.
- Andrew Sherratt: "We will also see that from the wheels": some thoughts on M. Vosteen's "Got under the wheels". Archaeological Information 19, 1996, 155–172. - online edition of the open access here: .
- Markus Vosteen: Got under the wheels. Investigations into Sherratt's "Secondary Products Revolution". Archaeological reports , Bonn, Habelt 1996. - online edition of the open access here: .
Individual evidence
- ^ Andrew Sherratt, Diet and cuisine: Farming and its transformations as reflected in pottery. Documenta Praehistorica 29, 61-71.
- ↑ Oliver E. Craig (inter alia): Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods? in: Antiquity. 79, 2005 (No. 303).
- ↑ Markus Vosteen: Got under the wheels. Investigations into Sherratt's "Secondary Products Revolution". in: Archaeological Reports 7 , Bonn 1996.
- ↑ Jens Lüning (inter alia): German agricultural history: Pre- and early history , Stuttgart 1997.
- ↑ Richard P. Evershed, Sebastian Payne, Andrew G. Sherratt, Mark S. Copley, Jennifer Coolidge, Duska Urem-Kotsu, Kostas Kotsakis, Mehmet Özdoğan, Aslý E. Özdoğan, Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Peter MMG Akkermans, Douglass Bailey, Radian- Romus Andeescu, Stuart Campbell, Shahina Farid, Ian Hodder, Nurcan Yalman, Mihriban Özbaşaran, Erhan Bıçakcı, Yossef Garfinkel, Thomas Levy, Margie M. Burton, Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding, Nature 455/25, 2008, 528-531. [doi: 10.1038 / nature07180]
- ^ Jürgen Markl (editor): Biology - textbook for the upper level, Klett-Verlag Stuttgart, 1st edition 2011, online