Systematology

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According to Franz Kröner, systematology (also referred to as systemology ) is a basic or auxiliary discipline of philosophy that examines the logical and systematic interrelationships between the individual philosophical systems. Its aim is a structural theory of philosophical systems and, so to speak, represents a history of philosophy with a systematic intention.

Even Johann Heinrich Lambert had spoken of "systematology". His considerations can be understood as an early draft of systems theory .

Systematology according to Franz Kröner

In the history of philosophy we constantly experience that, one after the other and side by side, a multitude of philosophical systems are established which are incompatible with one another. This “anarchy of the philosophical systems” shows the systematological view as only an apparent one. The systematology reveals an order in the disorder of the history of philosophy, transforms the apparent chaos into a cosmos.

The simplest solution to the problem of the anarchy of philosophy would, of course, be if a particular philosophy could be proven or at least made plausible as the only true and all-encompassing one. A single absolute system, however, is impracticable and impossible in philosophy for certain reasons. Franz Kröner demonstrates this separately using different types of philosophies:

  1. the naive-absolutist philosophies : they simply declare themselves to be true alone and all others to be false. It then becomes possible from such a system to indicate in a certain way the "mistake" made by another philosophy. Of course, such a “mistake” is entirely relative, as it simply hits the point where the criticized system differs from the allegedly absolute one. One's reason is the other's madness, as Paul Feyerabend puts it .
  2. Integration of the critic : One can try to deal with conflicting views by recognizing them as legitimate on a subordinate level. With this they are taken into the own system at this level; the conflict then occurs in a modified form within the own system.
  3. Convergence thesis : It is assumed that the long-term convergence of the previously divergent views will develop within the development of philosophy. However, just as it is factually impossible for two particular philosophies to contradict each other on all points, so it is always possible to find similarities between both. This does not show a development trend, rather the opposite.
  4. Perspectivism : Every philosophy represents, so to speak, a perspective of the true. The different philosophies are brought to unity in a purely formal way. The relationships of the systems to one another, however, are not only those of a merely external difference, of being next to or apart from one another, but also of opposition and one within one another. Such relationships cannot be grasped by the concept of aspect alone.

For Johannes Heinrichs , Kröner's approach shows how one can stand beyond philosophical systems and still proceed systematically. Heinrichs delimits philosophizing with a systematic intention, in particular, from a “historicism” which is limited to the uncritical collecting and sorting of material from the humanities.

In contrast to Kröner, Heinrichs does not see the systematological approach outside of philosophy; rather, as an attitude and level of reflection in philosophizing, it belongs to philosophy itself.

literature

  • Franz Kröner: The anarchy of the philosophical systems . Academic printing and Verl.-Anst., Graz 1970 (probably and verbally reprint of the edition published by Felix Meiner in Leipzig in 1929).
  • Johann Heinrich Lambert: Texts on systematology and the theory of scientific knowledge. Edited by Geo Siegwart. Meiner, Hamburg 1988, ISBN 978-3-7873-0723-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johannes Heinrichs: The logic of the critique of reason: Kant's theory of categories in their current meaning . Francke, Tübingen 1986, ISBN 3-7720-1726-6 .
  2. ↑ Frank Händle, Stefan Jensen (eds.): Systems theory and systems engineering: 16 articles . Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-485-03215-8 .
  3. ^ Rudolf Carnap: The logical structure of the world . Meiner, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-7873-1369-9 , pp. XIV .
  4. ↑ Franz Kröner: The anarchy of the philosophical systems . Academic printing and Verl.-Anst., Graz 1970, p. 10 ff .
  5. ↑ Paul Feyerabend: Against method pressure: sketch of an anarchist epistemology . 1st edition. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1976, ISBN 3-518-06007-4 , pp. 305 .
  6. ↑ Johannes Heinrichs: The logic of the critique of reason: Kant's theory of categories in their current meaning . Francke, Tübingen 1986, ISBN 3-7720-1726-6 , p. 4 .
  7. ↑ Johannes Heinrichs: The logic of the critique of reason: Kant's theory of categories in their current meaning . Francke, Tübingen 1986, ISBN 3-7720-1726-6 , p. 15 .