Technology readiness level

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NASA Technology Readiness Levels

The Technology Readiness Level ( TRL ), translated into German as technology maturity level , is a scale for evaluating the level of development of new technologies on the basis of a systematic analysis. It indicates how well developed a technology is on a scale from 1 to 9. The TRL was developed in 1988 by NASA for the evaluation of space technologies , based on which it has developed as a standard in other areas of future technologies.

TRL in space

From the NASA introduced the used ESA classification to the operational capability of space elements to assess.

The description of the stages (in brackets time to market readiness):

  • TRL 1: Observation and description of the functional principle (8–15 years)
  • TRL 2: Description of the application of a technology
  • TRL 3: Proof of the functionality of a technology (5–13 years)
  • TRL 4: Experimental setup in the laboratory
  • TRL 5: Experimental setup in an operational environment
  • TRL 6: Prototype in an operational environment
  • TRL 7: Prototype in use (1–5 years)
  • TRL 8: Qualified system with proof of functionality in the area of ​​application
  • TRL 9: Qualified system with proof of successful use

More general TRL usage

Derived from space travel, TRL definitions are now also used by the United States Department of Defense (DoD), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Canadian Innovation and Commercialization Program and for software ( Software Technology Readiness Levels ). With the cooperation of European and international space agencies and industry as well as the DoD, an ISO standard for the international definition of the TRL level was developed (ISO 16290 "Space systems - Definition of the Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) and their criteria of assessment").

In the European research context, the Technology Readiness Level is used as the basis and for evaluating research projects in the Horizon 2020 research program and generally for evaluating future technologies until they are fully commercialized.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Draft standard DIN ISO 16290: 2014-12: Space systems - Definition of the technology maturity level (TRL) and the assessment criteria (ISO 16290: 2013) , accessed on April 22, 2015.
  2. ↑ Sadin, Stanley R .; Povinelli, Frederick P .; Rosen, Robert: The NASA technology push towards future space mission systems , presented at the IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 39th, Bangalore, India, Oct. 8-15, 1988 . October 1, 1988. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  3. ↑ Mankins, John C .: Technology Readiness Levels: A White Paper (PDF; 93 kB) NASA , Office of Space Access and Technology, Advanced Concepts Office. April 6, 1995. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  4. ↑ Strategic Readiness Level - The ESA Science Technology Development Route . European Space Agency , Advanced Studies and Technology Preparation Division. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  5. ↑ Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) Guidance (PDF; 109 kB) United States Department of Defense . April 2011. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  6. ↑ Paul Krois, Richard Mogford and Jacqueline Rehmann: FAA / NASA Human Factors for Evolving Environments: Human Factors, Attributes and Technology Readiness Levels ( MS Word ; 567 kB) April 2003. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved on April 6 , 2003 . January 2012.
  7. ↑ Technology Readiness Level . Public Works and Government Services Canada , Office of Small and Medium Enterprises. August 12, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  8. ↑ Graettinger, Caroline P., et al .: Using the Technology Readiness Levels Scale to Support Technology Management in the DOD's ATD / STO Environments: A Findings and Recommendations Report Conducted for Army CECOM (CMU / SEI-2002-SR-027) . Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute. September 2002. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  9. ↑ ISO : ISO 16290: 2013 Space systems - Definition of the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and their criteria of assessment . ISO . October 14, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  10. ↑ Horizon 2020 - Work programs 2014-2015, Annex G: Technology readiness levels (TRL)
  11. ^ Katy Armstrong: Emerging Industrial Applications. In: Peter Styring, Elsje Allessandra Quadrelli, Katy Armstrong: Carbon Dioxide Utilization: Closing the Carbon Cycle. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2015. ISBN 978-0-444-62746-9 .