Tibetan languages
The Tibetan languages ( Tibetan for short ) form a sub-unit of the Bodic languages , which belong to the Tibetan-Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The approximately 50 Tibetan languages are spoken by over 8 million people in the Himalayan region , mainly in Tibet , northern India , Nepal and Bhutan . The largest single language is Central Tibetan , spoken by around 6 million Tibetans in the cities of Lhasa, Shigatse and Ngari.
About the designation
The term "Tibetan languages" is used here in a broader sense than the term "Tibetan languages". The latter only includes classical Tibetan and its modern variants, but not more distantly related languages such as. B. Dzongkha, Bumthang or Lhokpu. In the German-language literature there is no uniform definition of terms. Instead of “Tibetan”, “Bodisch” is sometimes used, but this is usually used - as is the case here - for the more comprehensive unit which, in addition to the Tibetan languages, also includes the Tamang-Ghale languages, Tshangla, Takpa and Dhimal-Toto ( see Bodic languages ). In English-language specialist literature, “Tibetan” is used for “Tibetan”, “Bodish” for “Tibetan” and “Bodic” for “Bodisch”.
Tibetan within Sino-Tibetan
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Sinotibian
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Tibeto Burmese
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Bodisch
- Tibetan
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Bodisch
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Tibeto Burmese
Classification and number of speakers
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Tibetan i. w. S.
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Tibetan
- Old Tibetan †
- Classic Tibetan †
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Northeast
- Amdo (800 thousand) dialects: Brogpa, Rongpa, Rtahu, Golog
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east
- Khams (1.5 million) dialects: East, West, South, North; Hbrugcgu, Jone = Choni = Cone
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Central
- Tibetan (Central Tibetan) (2 million) dialects: Lhasa = Ü = dBus, Shigatse = Tsang, Ngari
- Nyarong (Atuentse)
- Sherpa (Solukhumbu Sherpa) (60k)
- Helambu Sherpa (10 thousand)
- Lopa (Loba, 'Lo, Mustang ) (25 thousand) Dialects: Loke, Lome, Seke
- Dolpo (10k)
- Halung (Wallung, Olangchung) (10 thousand)
- Lakha (8k)
- Lhomi (Shingsaba) (6k)
- Jirel (5k)
- Mugu (4 thousand)
- Others : Tichurong (1,500), Kyerong (1,000), Baragaunle (2,000), Nupri (Larkya Bhote) (3,000), Tsum (3,000), Khaccad Bhote, Langthang Bhote, Kagate (1,000), Limirong (Humla) (3,000), Karmarong (2,000), Jad (2,000), Brocade (300)
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West innovative
- Zangskari (Zanskari) (10 thousand)
- Changthang Ladakhi
- Spiti (Biti) (50k)
- Lahuli Bhoti (5k)
- Kinnauri Bhoti (Nyamskad) (6 thousand)
- Others : Uttarakhand Bhoti, Gadhval Bhoti, Tholing Bhoti, Stod Bhoti
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Western archaic
- Ladakhi (100 thousand) dialects: Leh, Shamskat
- Balti (340 thousand)
- Purik (130 thousand)
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South Tibetan
- Dzongkha (Drukha, Bhutanese) (160 thousand) Dialects: Wang-The, Ha, Pasakha; Laya, Lunana, Lingzhi, Adap
- Dränjoke (Sikkim Bhoti, Sikkimese, Dandzongka, Denjong, Denzong, Lachengpa) (30 thousand)
- Cho-ca-nga-ca-kha (20 thousand) dialects: Tsamangpai, Tsakalingpai, Kurmetpai
- Jumowa (Dromowa, Groma, Chumbi) (15 thousand)
- East Tibetan
- Lhokpu (Lhobikha) (2,500) dialects: Gongki, Sharmi
- Gongduk (2,000) ( assignment uncertain )
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Tibetan
literature
Tibetan
- Scott DeLancey: Classical Tibetan. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003
- Scott DeLancey: Lhasa Tibetan. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003
- Claus Oetke: On the Notion of Sentence in Classical Tibetan . In: Saxena 2004
- Isao Honda: Grammaticalization of Deictic Motion Verbs in Seke . In: Saxena 2004
Tibeto Burmese
- Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages . Brill, Leiden u. a. 2002, ISBN 90-04-12424-1 .
- Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus . University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08175-0 .
- Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages . In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages . Oxford University Press, New York 1990, ISBN 0-19-520521-9 .
- Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages . Mouton, Berlin a. a. 1982, ISBN 90-279-3379-0 .
- James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman . University of California Press, Berkeley et al. a. 2003, ISBN 0-520-09843-9 .
- Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages . Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2004, ISBN 3-11-017841-9 .
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages . Routledge, London a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1129-5 .
- George van Driem: Languages of the Himalayas . Brill, Leiden u. a. 2001, ISBN 90-04-10390-2 .
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tibetan languages | About World Languages. Retrieved November 22, 2018 (American English).