Tibetan languages

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The Tibetan languages ( Tibetan for short ) form a sub-unit of the Bodic languages , which belong to the Tibetan-Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The approximately 50 Tibetan languages ​​are spoken by over 8 million people in the Himalayan region , mainly in Tibet , northern India , Nepal and Bhutan . The largest single language is Central Tibetan , spoken by around 6 million Tibetans in the cities of Lhasa, Shigatse and Ngari.

About the designation

The term "Tibetan languages" is used here in a broader sense than the term "Tibetan languages". The latter only includes classical Tibetan and its modern variants, but not more distantly related languages ​​such as. B. Dzongkha, Bumthang or Lhokpu. In the German-language literature there is no uniform definition of terms. Instead of “Tibetan”, “Bodisch” is sometimes used, but this is usually used - as is the case here - for the more comprehensive unit which, in addition to the Tibetan languages, also includes the Tamang-Ghale languages, Tshangla, Takpa and Dhimal-Toto ( see Bodic languages ). In English-language specialist literature, “Tibetan” is used for “Tibetan”, “Bodish” for “Tibetan” and “Bodic” for “Bodisch”.

Tibetan within Sino-Tibetan

  • Sinotibian
    • Tibeto Burmese
      • Bodisch
        • Tibetan

Classification and number of speakers

  • Tibetan i. w. S.
    • Tibetan
      • Old Tibetan †
      • Classic Tibetan †
      • Northeast
        • Amdo (800 thousand)   dialects: Brogpa, Rongpa, Rtahu, Golog
      • east
        • Khams (1.5 million)   dialects: East, West, South, North; Hbrugcgu, Jone = Choni = Cone
      • Central
        • Tibetan (Central Tibetan) (2 million)   dialects: Lhasa = Ü = dBus, Shigatse = Tsang, Ngari
        • Nyarong (Atuentse)
        • Sherpa (Solukhumbu Sherpa) (60k)
        • Helambu Sherpa (10 thousand)
        • Lopa (Loba, 'Lo, Mustang ) (25 thousand)   Dialects: Loke, Lome, Seke
        • Dolpo (10k)
        • Halung (Wallung, Olangchung) (10 thousand)
        • Lakha (8k)
        • Lhomi (Shingsaba) (6k)
        • Jirel (5k)
        • Mugu (4 thousand)
        • Others : Tichurong (1,500), Kyerong (1,000), Baragaunle (2,000), Nupri (Larkya Bhote) (3,000), Tsum (3,000), Khaccad Bhote, Langthang Bhote, Kagate (1,000), Limirong (Humla) (3,000), Karmarong (2,000), Jad (2,000), Brocade (300)
      • West innovative
        • Zangskari (Zanskari) (10 thousand)
        • Changthang Ladakhi
        • Spiti (Biti) (50k)
        • Lahuli Bhoti (5k)
        • Kinnauri Bhoti (Nyamskad) (6 thousand)
        • Others : Uttarakhand Bhoti, Gadhval Bhoti, Tholing Bhoti, Stod Bhoti
      • Western archaic
        • Ladakhi (100 thousand)   dialects: Leh, Shamskat
        • Balti (340 thousand)
        • Purik (130 thousand)
    • South Tibetan
      • Dzongkha (Drukha, Bhutanese) (160 thousand)   Dialects: Wang-The, Ha, Pasakha; Laya, Lunana, Lingzhi, Adap
      • Dränjoke (Sikkim Bhoti, Sikkimese, Dandzongka, Denjong, Denzong, Lachengpa) (30 thousand)
      • Cho-ca-nga-ca-kha (20 thousand)   dialects: Tsamangpai, Tsakalingpai, Kurmetpai
      • Jumowa (Dromowa, Groma, Chumbi) (15 thousand)
    • East Tibetan
      • Bumthang (30 thousand)   dialects: Ura, Tang, Chogor, Chunmat; Nupbikha
      • Kheng (40k)
      • Kurtöp (10 thousand)
      • Nyenkha (Henkha) (10 th.)
      • Dzala (Khoma) (15k)
      • Chali (1,000)
      • Dakpa (1,000)
      • Olekha (Ole Mönpa, Black Mountain Language) (500)
    • Lhokpu (Lhobikha) (2,500)   dialects: Gongki, Sharmi
    • Gongduk (2,000) ( assignment uncertain )

literature

Tibetan

  • Scott DeLancey: Classical Tibetan. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003
  • Scott DeLancey: Lhasa Tibetan. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003
  • Claus Oetke: On the Notion of Sentence in Classical Tibetan . In: Saxena 2004
  • Isao Honda: Grammaticalization of Deictic Motion Verbs in Seke . In: Saxena 2004

Tibeto Burmese

  • Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages . Brill, Leiden u. a. 2002, ISBN 90-04-12424-1 .
  • Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus . University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08175-0 .
  • Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages . In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages . Oxford University Press, New York 1990, ISBN 0-19-520521-9 .
  • Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages . Mouton, Berlin a. a. 1982, ISBN 90-279-3379-0 .
  • James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman . University of California Press, Berkeley et al. a. 2003, ISBN 0-520-09843-9 .
  • Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages . Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2004, ISBN 3-11-017841-9 .
  • Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages . Routledge, London a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1129-5 .
  • George van Driem: Languages ​​of the Himalayas . Brill, Leiden u. a. 2001, ISBN 90-04-10390-2 .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tibetan languages ​​| About World Languages. Retrieved November 22, 2018 (American English).