Substance-free addiction
| Classification according to ICD-10 | |
|---|---|
| F50 | eating disorder |
| F63 | Abnormal habits and impulse control disorders |
| F63.0 | Pathological gambling |
| F63.8 | Other abnormal habits and impulse control disorders |
| F63.9 | Abnormal habit and impulse control disorder, unspecified |
| ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019) | |
Psychology and psychotherapy refer to those forms of psychological compulsions and dependencies that are not linked to the use of psychoactive substances (such as alcohol , nicotine or other drugs ) as substance-independent addiction .
It is characterized by repetitive actions without reasonable motivation, which cannot be controlled and which usually damage the interests of the patient concerned or of other people. Those affected report impulsive behavior. Dependence can dominate the way of life and lead to the deterioration of social, professional, material and family values and obligations.
Examples
Examples of substance-independent dependencies are:
- Pathological gambling (gambling addiction)
- Media addictions
- Computer game addiction
- Internet addiction
- Television addiction
- Cell phone addiction
- Work addiction
- Obligation to buy
- Messie Syndrome
- Hypersexuality
- Excessive exercise
In some cases, eating disorders are also viewed as non-substance-related addiction. Strictly speaking, the term “dependency” only refers to substance-related dependencies , so far there are no official diagnostic criteria. The ICD-10 names under the code F63.- “Abnormal habit and impulse control disorder” excessive behaviors that show characteristics of a psychological substance-independent dependence and can no longer be fully controlled willingly by those affected. In addition to the code F63.-, it is possible to classify it in broader diagnoses:
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder with an internal urge to think and / or do or do certain things
- Disruption of the impulse control for a behavioral process without reasonable motivation, with actions that cannot be controlled and which usually damage the interests of the person concerned or other people.
Physiological basics
According to Grüsser-Sinopoli , those affected suffer from psychological withdrawal symptoms when they are prevented from engaging in certain excessive behavior. The excessive behavior stimulates the limbic system in the brain, whereby hormones such as endorphins are released, which is experienced as pleasant. The behavioral addiction is used to suppress unpleasant feelings such as fears and frustration as well as stress and to avoid dealing with them (see also escapism ). This is another reason why behavioral addiction resembles substance-related addiction such as alcoholism .
Investigations
Computer addiction and computer game addiction
In November 2005, the interdisciplinary addiction research group of the Berlin Charité carried out a study that was supposed to show the parallels between computer addiction and computer game addiction to substance-related addictions such as alcohol or cannabis . 15 computer addicts were shown pictures of various everyday objects, including liquor bottles, a joint, cigarettes, but also scenes from computer games known to those examined . With the help of electroencephalography , with which one can record the electrical activity of the brain, it was observed that the addicts show increased brain activity in the screenshots. The same brain activity occurs, for example, in alcohol addicts when looking at the liquor bottle. The Charité scientists summed it up in such a way that computer addicts showed behavior patterns similar to those of alcohol or cannabis addicts.
The association Aktiv gegen Mediensucht eV offers help to media addicts and their relatives seeking advice.
Television addiction
Television addiction is the compulsive desire to watch television. The term television addiction is widely used colloquially . Television addiction is a media dependency, whereby passive consumption and the lack of a social aspect must be mentioned as unique selling points. There are currently no generally accepted diagnostic criteria for determining dependence.
Features of television addiction can include:
- Restlessness to malaise, aggressiveness, listlessness and passivity when there is no television on or it is quiet.
- Immediate, reflexive switching on of the TV as soon as you get home.
- Watching TV without prior planning and interest in the content, this is often accompanied by hours of zapping , i.e. switching through the channels without finding something that you want to see and without being able to switch off the TV.
State of research and recognition as an addiction / disease
Behavioral addictions have not yet been included in the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV . Science is currently using the classification as impulse control disorder . However, this classification is often incorrect, as it does not record any tolerance development that may be present or any withdrawal symptoms that may arise.
The American Medical Association met in June 2007 to discuss this issue. As an example for the area of computer game addiction it was stated as a result that further research is necessary in order to consider computer game addiction (and thus also other media addictions) as a formal diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) was asked to investigate whether the diagnosis was suitable for inclusion in the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). With the next revision of the DSM in 2012 at the earliest, behavioral addictions could enter the diagnostic system.
literature
- J. Robinson, AM Fischer, A. Ahuja, EN Lesser, H. Maniates: Roles of "Wanting" and "Liking" in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions. In: Current topics in behavioral neurosciences. Volume 27, 2016, pp. 105-136, doi : 10.1007 / 7854_2015_387 , PMID 26407959 (review), PDF .
- Dominik Batthyány, Alfred Pritz (ed.): Intoxication without drugs: Substance-free addictions. Springer, Vienna / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-211-88569-7 .
- Sabine M. Grüsser, Carolin N. Thalemann: Behavioral addiction . Diagnostics, therapy, research. Huber, Bern 2006, ISBN 3-456-84250-3 .
youth book
- Florian Buschendorff: Without a cell phone full of ass , Mülheim ad Ruhr 2015, ISBN 978-3-8346-2921-0
Web links
- Inka choice: Compulsory purchase: Buy between lust and illness. In: FAZ . November 16, 2006, accessed June 9, 2015 .
- Thorkit Treichel: Lotto can be rich, but also addicting. In: Berliner Zeitung . July 2, 2004, accessed June 9, 2015 .
- Mihály Csíkszentmihályi , Robert Kubey: When television becomes a drug . In: Spectrum of Science. 5/2002, p. 70.
- Robert Kubey: Paper on TV Addiction . 1996 (PDF; 188 kB)
- Association for media dependency eV
Individual evidence
- ^ Federal Ministry of Health (Austria): Behavioral addiction
- ↑ Research results and brain activity measurements of the Berlin Charité
- ↑ aktiv-gegen-mediensucht.de
- ↑ Study finds computer addiction is linked to impulse control disorder The Australian News, October 24, 2006.
- ↑ AMA may identify excessive video game play as addiction. In: latimes.com , June 25, 2007.
- ↑ Noyes, Katherine: Docs Retreat From 'Video Game Addiction' Diagnosis. In: TechNewsWorld , June 25, 2007.
