West Himalayan languages
The West Himalayan languages ( West Himalayan for short ) form a subgroup of the Tibetan Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The 14 West Himalayan languages are spoken by around 110,000 people in the western Himalayan region , especially in northern India in the districts of Kumaon-Garhwal, Lahul, Kulu and Kinnaur and in neighboring western Tibet . The most important single language is Kinnauri (Kinauri) with 50,000 speakers.
Classification: subunits and individual languages
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Sinotibian
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Tibeto Burmese
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West Himalayan
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Kumaon Garhwal
- Byangsi-Chaudangsi (3 thousand speakers)
- Darma (Darmiya) (2k)
- Rongpo (12k)
- Rangkas †
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Lahul
- Tinan (20 thousand) dialects: Tinan, Rangloi, Gondla
- Bunan (Gahri) (4k)
- Manchad (Manchati, Chamba Lahuli, Pattani) (15 thousand)
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Kulu
- Kanashi (Malani) (1k)
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Kinnar
- Kinnauri (Kinauri) (50k)
- Chitkuli (1 thousand)
- Tukpa (Nesang) (700)
- Thebörskad (Tebor, Shumcho, Sumtsu, Jangiam) (2 thousand)
- Sungnam (500)
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Zhangzhung
- Zhangzhung † ritual language of the Bon religion
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Kumaon Garhwal
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West Himalayan
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Tibeto Burmese
The classification and speaker numbers are based on the web link below.
literature
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill, Leiden - Boston - Cologne 2002.
- In it: Takeuchi, Tsuguhito: The Old Zhanzhung Manuscript Stein OR 8212/188.
- Benedict, Paul K .: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus. Cambridge University Press 1972.
- DeLancey, Scott: Sino-Tibetan Languages. In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages. Oxford University Press 1990.
- Hale, Austin: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. Mouton, Berlin - New York - Amsterdam 1982.
- Matisoff, James A .: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. University of California Press 2003.
- Saxena, Anju (Ed.): Himalayan Languages. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin - New York 2004.
- Thurgood, Graham and Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- Van Driem, George: Languages of the Himalayas. Brill, Leiden 2001.