1592
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1592 | |
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The Imjin War begins with Japan's attack on Busan . | Ippolito Aldobrandini becomes Pope under the name Clement VIII . |
Korea builds the first turtle ships in the Imjin War . | |
1592 in other calendars | |
Armenian calendar | 1040/41 (turn of the year July) |
Ethiopian calendar | 1584/85 (turn of the year 10/11 September) |
Bengali solar calendar | 997/998 (beginning of April 14th or 15th) |
Buddhist calendar | 2135/36 (southern Buddhism); 2134/35 (alternative calculation according to Buddhas Parinirvana ) |
Chinese calendar | 71st (72nd) cycle
Year of the water dragon壬辰 ( at the beginning of the year metal rabbit 辛卯) |
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam) | 954/955 (turn of the year April) |
Dangun era (Korea) | 3925/26 (October 2/3) |
Iranian calendar | 970/971 |
Islamic calendar | 1000/01 (New Year 7/8 October) |
Jewish calendar | 5352/53 (September 6-7) |
Coptic calendar | 1308/09 (September 10-11) |
Malayalam calendar | 767/768 |
Seleucid era | Babylon: 1902/03 (turn of the year April)
Syria: 1903/04 (turn of the year October) |
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar) | 1648/49 (turn of the year April) |
Events
Politics and world events
Europe
- 23 May : Spanish troops landed in Brittany relieve the city of Craon, which was besieged in the Eighth Huguenot War by troops of the French King Henry IV . In the battle, the general Philippe-Emmanuel de Lorraine, duc de Mercœur prevailed over his adversary Henri de Bourbon, duc de Montpensier .
- November 27th : After a 24-year reign, King John III dies . of Sweden in Stockholm. He is followed by his son from his first marriage to Katharina Jagiellonica , Sigismund III. Wasa , who is already King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the throne.
- December 3 : Ranuccio I Farnese becomes Duke of Parma and Piacenza after the death of his father Alessandro .
Korea / Japan
The Imjin War begins on April 14th with the attack on the Korean port of Busan by the Japanese ruler Toyotomi Hideyoshi . Seoul falls just 20 days later . The provinces of P'yŏngan-do and Hamgyŏng-do come under Japanese control. The Korean royal court flees to the Yalu in the city of Uiju. Part of the Japanese army remains in Seoul while the other pushes further north. On June 8 after the Battle of Chungju falls Hanseong . After taking the fortress city of Pyongyang , the Japanese stopped the advance to wait for supplies.
In the meantime, however, the Korean fleet, under the command of Admiral Yi Sun-sin , has achieved decisive victories over the Japanese fleet through strategic skill and with the help of the turtle ships newly developed this year , including on June 16 in the sea battle of Okpo win and thus prevent the supply routes of the Japanese. Nationwide, the Korean people, especially from the Yangban class , organize loyal armies, and the government forces are ultimately also supported by China under the Ming dynasty , as China does not want to allow its southern buffer state to be threatened. A Chinese army under General Li Ju-sung is pushing the Japanese back south. As early as autumn 1593, the Korean government was able to move back into Seoul and peace negotiations between Japan and Korea could begin.
Voyages of discovery
The English explorer Thomas Cavendish is killed on the journey that began last year. His companion John Davis discovers the Falkland Islands after a storm , but without entering them. His return trip is also extremely lossy. Of the 76 men of the original crew, only 14 reach the home port.
economy
In Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi the red seal system is mentioned for the first time. Red seal ships , armed merchant ships with a red seal patent from the early Tokugawa shogunate , sailed to Southeast Asian ports until 1635 .
For the first time in Saxony , the Dreibrüdertaler is minted with the portraits of the three underage brothers Christian II , Johann Georg and August .
science and technology
The Bishop of Malta Tomás Gargal founded the Collegium Melitense in Valletta on November 12th at the suggestion of Pope Clement VIII and the Grand Master of the Order of Malta , Hugues Loubenx de Verdale . Today's University of Malta is the oldest Commonwealth University outside of Great Britain and to date the only university in Malta .
Queen Elizabeth I founds the University of Dublin under the name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin as the first university in Ireland .
The architect, painter and sculptor Domenico Fontana is dismissed by the new Pope Clement VIII on charges of misappropriating public funds and goes to Naples. There he discovered inscriptions during canal construction work, but nobody was interested in them at the time. Only 150 years later does it become clear that Fontana discovered the buried Pompeii .
society
- The Duchy of Pfalz-Zweibrücken is the first territory in the world to introduce compulsory education .
religion
- January 10th to 30th : The Florentine Ippolito Aldobrandini is voted unanimously by the conclave , in which 54 cardinals participate, as the successor of Innocent IX, who died at the end of last year . elected pope . In memory of the Florentine predecessor Clement VII , he takes the name Clement VIII . The confessors of the new Pope include his teacher Philipp Neri and the famous church historian and Cardinal Cesare Baronio . His pontificate is one of the most important of the Catholic reform, which follows the stipulations of Tridentine .
Historical maps and views
Born
January to April
- January 1st : Zacharias Brendel the Younger , German medic and chemist († 1638 )
- January 14th : Georg Nymmann , German medic († 1638 )
- January 15 : Shah Jahan , Indian emperor and builder of the Taj Mahal († 1666 )
- January 22nd : Pierre Gassendi , French philosopher, theologian, mathematician, astronomer and physicist († 1655 )
- March 27 : Jiří Třanovský , Slovak hymn poet and composer († 1637 )
- March 28 : Johann Amos Comenius , pedagogue and theologian († 1670 )
- April 11 : John Eliot , English politician and a leader of the then parliamentary party († 1632 )
- April 13 : Bruno Stisser , German legal scholar and lawyer († 1646 )
- April 17 : Sigismund Heusner von Wandersleben , German officer and politician († 1645 )
- April 22nd : Wilhelm Schickard , professor of biblical languages, astronomy and mathematics at the University of Tübingen († 1635 )
May to December
- May 1 : Adam Schall von Bell , German scientist and missionary († 1666 )
- May 8 : Francis Quarles , English poet († 1644 )
- June 23 : Tobias Michael , German composer and Thomaskantor († 1657 )
- August 13 : Wilhelm von Nassau-Siegen , Count of Nassau in Hilchenbach, Dutch general († 1642 )
- August 28 : George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , favorite and chief minister under the English kings († 1628 )
- October 13 : Christian Gueintz , teacher and language scholar († 1650 )
- October 22 : Gustaf Graf Horn , Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War († 1657 )
- October 25 : Cornelis Bicker , regent and mayor of Amsterdam († 1654 )
- October 26 : Wilhelm Leyser I , German Lutheran theologian († 1649 )
- November 4 : Gerrit van Honthorst , Dutch painter († 1656 )
- November 28 : Huang Taiji , Emperor of China († 1643 )
- December 9th : Krzysztof Arciszewski , Polish nobleman, military leader, engineer, ethnographer, general, vice-governor and admiral († 1656 )
- December 10 : New Year's Eve Hiller , Swiss physician and Mayor of St. Gallen († 1663 )
- December 11 : David Cunz , Mayor of St. Gallen († 1664 )
- December 28 : Marcus Banzer , German physician († 1664 )
Exact date of birth unknown
- Heinrich von Ahlefeldt , lord of the noble estates Lehmkuhlen, Lindau, Glasau and lord of Heiligenstedten Castle († 1674 )
- Emanuele Tesauro , Italian writer († 1675 )
- Alessandro Orsini , Italian cardinal († 1626 )
Born around 1592
- Jacques Callot , French draftsman and etcher († 1635 )
Died
January to March
- January 5 : Wilhelm the Rich , Duke of Jülich, Kleve and Berg from 1539 until his death (* 1516 )
- January 10 : Christian Schütz , German Protestant theologian (* 1526 )
- January 14 : Pedro Moya de Contreras , Spanish bishop of the Catholic Church and Viceroy of New Spain (* 1525 / 30 )
- January 16 : Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern , administrator of the Electoral Palatinate (* 1543 )
- January 19 : Johann Rudolf Stumpf , Swiss Protestant clergyman and local researcher (* 1530 )
- January 22nd : Elisabeth of Austria , Queen of France from 1570 to 1574 (* 1554 )
- February 2 : Ana de Mendoza y de la Cerda , Spanish-Portuguese lady-in-waiting and politician (* 1540 )
- February 13 : Jacopo Bassano , Italian painter (* 1515 )
- March 4th : Christoph zu Mecklenburg , Administrator zu Ratzeburg and the Commandery Mirow (* 1537 )
- March 10 : Michiel Coxcie , Flemish painter (* 1499 )
April to June
- April 8 : Dorothea Susanne von der Pfalz , Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (* 1544 )
- April 11 : Johannes Clajus , German pedagogue, Protestant theologian and grammarian (* 1535 )
- April 13 : Bartolomeo Ammanati , Italian sculptor and builder (* 1511 )
- May 11 : Christoph Walther III , German painter, carver and court organist (* 1550 )
- May 17th : Paschalis Baylon , lay brother in the Franciscan order and saint of the Roman Catholic Church (* 1540 )
- May 24th : Nikolaus Selnecker , German Protestant theologian, reformer, hymn poet and composer (* 1530 )
- June 3 : Bartolomeo Passarotti , Italian painter and etcher (* 1529 )
- June 17th : Ernst Ludwig , Duke of Pommern-Wolgast (* 1545 )
- June 26th : Armand de Gontaut , Seigneur de Biron, French statesman and general, Mayor of Bordeaux, Marshal of France (* 1524 )
July to December
- July 1 : Marc'Antonio Ingegneri , Italian composer (* 1535/36)
- July 3 : Francesco Bassano the Younger , Italian painter (* 1549 )
- August 25th : Fleurette de Nérac , French mistress
- September 13 : Michel Eyquem de Montaigne , French philosopher, humanist and skeptic, founder of the literary art form of the essay (* 1533 )
- September 21 : Ninian Winzet , confessor of Maria Stuart (* 1518 )
- October 28 : Augerius Gislenius Busbequius , Flemish humanist and diplomat (* 1522 )
- November 17th : Johann III. , King of Sweden (* 1537 )
- November 24th : Kanō Shōei , Japanese painter (* 1519 )
- November 26th : Patrick Adamson , Archbishop of St Andrews (* 1537 )
Exact date of death unknown
- John Udall , English writer (* around 1560 )