Alexander Walterowitsch Litvinenko

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alexander Walterowitsch Litvinenko ( Russian Александр Вальтерович Литвиненко , scientific transliteration Aleksandr Val'terovič Litvinenko ; born August 30, 1962 in Voronezh ; † November 23, 2006 in London ) was a Russian and later British intelligence agent . He was an officer of the Soviet secret service KGB or its Russian successor FSB and from 2003 as a defector informant of the British foreign secret service MI6. He later appeared as a critic of Russian President Vladimir Putin and a book author . Litvinenko was a close collaborator of the Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky, who died in British exile in March 2013 . Litvinenko died from poisoning with 210 polonium .

Life

Career

After graduating from middle school, Litvinenko was drafted into the Internal Forces of the USSR in 1980 . From 1988 he worked in the department for military counterintelligence of the Soviet secret service KGB (3rd headquarters). He was involved in combat missions in various trouble spots in the collapsing Soviet Union and later in Russia . At the FSB , the successor organization of the Soviet KGB in Russia, Litvinenko was deployed in the fight against terrorism and organized crime.

Russian government critic

In 1998 Litvinenko first appeared in public as a critic of the Russian government: at a press conference in Moscow he - together with Mikhail Trepashkin and several other masked secret service agents - accused the leadership of the FSB secret service of inciting murder. They had received the order from them to kill the then Secretary of the State Security Council, Boris Berezovsky .

Litvinenko was arrested for the first time in March 1999, but was acquitted in criminal proceedings in November of the same year. He was arrested again in the courtroom and finally released in 2000. Litvinenko claimed the allegations against him were fabricated. When he was released from prison he had to undertake not to leave the Russian Federation. As a result, a third criminal case was opened against him. According to his own statements, Litvinenko and his family were threatened by the FSB, which led him to leave the country illegally in 2000.

Asylum in London

Litvinenko arrived in London on November 1, 2000 and applied for political asylum . This was granted to him and his family in May 2001. Litvinenko worked as a journalist and author in Great Britain , financed by Boris Berezovsky, who also lives in London. In October 2006 - a few weeks before his death - Litvinenko received British citizenship. According to the Daily Mail , Litvinenko was an MI6 agent in London .

death

The grave of Alexander Litvinenko, London Highgate Cemetery 2017
The grave of Alexander Litvinenko, London Highgate Cemetery 2017

On the night of November 1 and 2, 2006, Litvinenko showed severe symptoms of intoxication, such as frequent, violent vomiting, nausea, severe abdominal pain and shortness of breath. On November 3rd, he was admitted to a hospital. In the days that followed, his condition deteriorated rapidly. The doctors initially assumed that thallium had caused Litvinenko's physical decline. Large amounts of the radioactive polonium isotope 210 were only found in the urine a few hours before death .

Litvinenko died on November 23, 2006 at 9:21 pm local time as a result of radiation sickness caused by polonium . Just hours before he passed out, Litvinenko said in an interview with the Times that he had been silenced by the Kremlin.

The funeral in London's Highgate Cemetery was held according to the Islamic rite . Litvinenko converted to Islam shortly before his death .

Litvinenko left behind his wife Marina and a ten-year-old son.

accusations

Litvinenko made public a number of allegations incriminating or discrediting his former KGB and FSB intelligence colleagues and former FSB chief Vladimir Putin. These claims have so far not been confirmed or refuted by independent media.

Explosives attacks on residential buildings in 1999

Together with Yuri Felschtinski , an American historian of Russian origin, he wrote the book Ice Age in the Kremlin in 2002 . The plot of the Russian secret services (in the Russian original: ФСБ взрывает Россию ). The Russian news agency Prima , which specializes in human rights issues and is headed by former Soviet dissident Alexander Podrabinek , had the book printed in Latvia and wanted to sell it in Moscow with a print run of 4,400 copies. The truck with the edition was confiscated as part of an anti-terror campaign.

The central thesis of the book is that the bomb attacks of 1999 on houses in Moscow and other Russian cities, in which around 300 people were killed, were not carried out by Chechen terrorists , contrary to claims made by official Russian authorities . Rather, the attacks were - according to the authors - on the account of the Russian secret service FSB and served as a pretext for unleashing the Second Chechen War .

The same theory was advocated by members of a public commission headed by Sergei Kovalev . Its members have been hit by a number of incidents:

  • The chairman of the commission, Sergei Yuschenkov , was shot dead on April 17, 2003.
  • Commission investigator, lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin - like Litvinenko a former FSB officer - was arrested in October 2003 when police found a pistol in his car. Presumably she was foisted on him, but in May 2004 Trepashkin was sentenced to four years in a camp for divulging state secrets and illegally possessing ammunition. According to Amnesty International , the trial was “apparently politically motivated” and “did not meet international fair trial standards”. Russian human rights groups believed that "the charges against him were fabricated to prevent him from continuing his investigation into the 1999 residential bombings," according to Amnesty International.
  • Commissioner Yuri Shchekochichin , deputy editor-in-chief of the Novaya Gazeta newspaper , died on July 3, 2003. The official cause of death was a rare skin change known as Lyell's syndrome . However, family and companions suspect that Shchekochikhin was poisoned.

Organization of the hostage-taking in the Moscow Theater in 2002

In June 2003 Litvinenko claimed in an interview with the Australian TV broadcaster SBS that at least two of the Chechens who stormed the Moscow Musical Theater had actually worked for the FSB and had been incited to take hostages by the FSB. Allegedly, the two Chechens he knew could not later be found among the dead because they had been removed by the FSB. Litvinenko was convinced that the hostage-taking was in fact a planned action by the FSB.

Support for al-Qaeda

In an interview in July 2005 with the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita , Litvinenko accused the Putin-led FSB of having trained Aiman ​​az-Zawahiri and other al-Qaida leaders in the republic of Dagestan bordering Chechnya in 1998 .

Romano Prodi's KGB complicity

In April 2006, allegations against the Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi attracted attention. Before leaving the country in 2000, Litvinenko learned from the former deputy director of the FSB, Anatoly Trofimov , that Prodi was working with the KGB. The British MEP Gerard Batten declared this on April 3, 2006 in the EU Parliament.

Pedophilia allegations against Putin

Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of pedophilia on the Chechen separatist website in July 2006 . He compared him to the well-known Ukrainian serial killer and cannibal Andrei Tschikatilo .

Latest, unpublished research

Destruction of Yukos

Before his death, Litvinenko is said to have collected explosive material about the break-up of the Russian oil company Yukos . This was reported by the British daily The Times . Litvinenko had documents that proved that several employees of the company had disappeared or died and that the Russian government was directly involved in these crimes. Litvinenko handed the files over to Leonid Newslin , former Yukos deputy who is now living in Israel .

Danish Mohammed cartoons

According to Litvinenko, the controversy over the publication of the Muhammad cartoons in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in 2005 was orchestrated by the FSB, allegedly because Denmark had refused to extradite Chechen terrorists to Russia. However, the author of the article critically admits that Litvinenko "loved" conspiracy theories .

Anna Politkovskaya is murdered

According to his own statements, Litvinenko also recently dealt with the murder of Moscow journalist Anna Politkovskaya . On the day of his poisoning with polonium-210 , he is said to have met with Italian intelligence expert Mario Scaramella , who allegedly handed him important documents on the case. In it members of a special unit of the FSB are to be mentioned as the originator of the murder of Politkovskaya. Litvinenko, like the London-based Russian oligarch Berezovsky, was named as the next target of attacks in these documents.

Cooperation with Spanish authorities

According to a report in the daily El País , Litvinenko informed the Spanish authorities shortly before his death about the whereabouts, roles and activities of numerous members of the Russian mafia. In a meeting in May 2006 he is said to have passed on information in particular about Vitaly Izguilov, Zahkar Kalashov and Tariel Oniani .

The Litvinenko case

Statements of Litvinenko

From 18. to 20. In November 2006 Litvinenko was interviewed at the hospital by Scotland Yard. He named three possible people who could have poisoned him on November 1st: Andrei Lugowoi and his companion, and Mario Scaramella. However, he said to Mario Scaramella that he had only called him so that the Lugowoi and companions commissioned by the FSB can weigh themselves in safety and be arrested. Litvinenko testified that he took a few sips of cold green tea that Lugovoi offered him in the Millennium Hotel bar.

On November 21, two days before his death, Litvinenko signed a suicide note. In it he blamed the Russian President Putin for his death. This suicide note was drafted by his attorney George Menzies and was read publicly by his friend and colleague Alexander Goldfarb on November 24th.

“As I lie here, I can clearly hear the wings of the Angel of Death. I may be able to get away from him one more time, but I have to say my legs are not as fast as I would like them to be. So I think it is time to say a thing or two to the person who is responsible for my condition now. You [Putin] may be able to silence me, but that silence has a price. You have proven as barbaric and ruthless as your worst enemies have claimed. You have shown that you have no respect for life, freedom, or any value of civilization. You have proven yourself unworthy of your office, unworthy of the trust of civilized men and women. You may be able to silence a man. But protests from around the world, Mr Putin, will reverberate in your ears for the rest of your life. May God forgive you for what you have done, not only to me, but to beloved Russia and its people. "

- Litvinenko's farewell letter, translated by the AFP .

Putin dismissed the allegations of Moscow's involvement in the Litvinenko assassination as unfounded.

Investigations

The Litvinenko case is being investigated by Scotland Yard . At times around 100 detectives and around 100 police officers were involved in the investigation. The UK Police Department classified the death on December 6, 2006 as murder. The following day, the Russian public prosecutor opened a case for the murder of Litvinenko. If the investigations come to an official result, a trial against alleged perpetrators in Russia will be possible. According to previous knowledge, Litvinenko was poisoned on November 1, 2006 in the bar of the Millennium Hotel with tea containing polonium . Two Russian businessmen (and former KGB employees) Andrei Lugowoi and Dmitri Kovtun are the main suspects.

Scotland Yard's lead investigator, Craig Mascall, presented evidence as part of the independent investigation (see Independent Investigation under Judge Sir Robert Owen below) that Litvinenko was in a meeting with Andrei Lugovoi, Dmitri Kovtun and British businessmen on October 16, 2006 in a London company was poisoned with polonium for the first time, which only caused a brief discomfort: During their stay in London on October 16 and 17, 2006, Lugowoi and Kowtun left radioactive traces in many places. Tests carried out by the UK authorities in November and December 2006 showed alpha radiation of up to 1,500  becquerels in their hotel rooms and over 10,000 becquerels (the maximum in the shared office of the Erinys and Triton International companies where the business meeting took place) The meter reading was 10,000 Becquerel). After the business meeting, Litvinenko, Lugovoi and Kovtun went to Itsu restaurant. In tests carried out there from November 2006 to January 2007, up to 3,000 Becquerel could be measured. In the evening Lugovoi, Kowtun and a British businessman were in the Pescatori restaurant. Up to 5,000 Becquerel could be measured there. Then Lugovoi and Kowtun went to a bar, where 15 becquerels were measured on a water pipe. In tests on December 1, 2006, alpha radiation of 8 Becquerel was found on the seats on which Lugovoi and Kovtun had sat on their return flight to Moscow. Scotland Yard also wanted to investigate the plane that brought Lugovoi and Kowtun to London on October 16, but Transaero airline canceled the said plane's flights on the grounds that the flight schedule was affected by the investigation of the other plane. The Russian authorities had previously announced that their tests had not found any radioactive traces in either aircraft.

Evidence was also presented as part of the independent investigation that Andrei Lugovoi was in London from October 25 to 28, 2006 to meet with Alexander Litvinenko and again left a radioactive trace on his whereabouts. In the plane that he used for the return flight, radioactive radiation of up to 15 Becquerel was measured in the seats he used and in the nearby luggage racks. At the Sheraton Hotel, where he stayed the whole time, very high values ​​were measured in various places in front of and in his room and especially in the bathroom, the highest of which were at the door to his room and in the bathroom bin with 30,000 Becquerel each. The highest values, however, were measured on two towels in the hotel's laundry room - 130,000 and 17 million Becquerel respectively. The polonium used was worth 6 million euros or 10 million US dollars . Scotland Yard attorney Richard Howell argued in his closing statement to the independent investigation that Lugovoi apparently spilled the polonium in his hotel room.

On November 1, 2006, Lugovoi, Kovtun and Litvinenko met in the Pine Bar of the Millennium Hotel. As part of the independent investigation, the following process and evidence was presented based on radioactive trace measurements, video surveillance, and phone call storage. Lugowoi had come with his family, while Kowtun later came from Hamburg. During his stay in Hamburg, Kowtun left radioactive traces in his ex-wife's car and in other places. Radioactive traces were also found in Kowtun's room in the Millennium Hotel, particularly high levels in the siphon. On November 1st at 3:38 p.m., Lugovoi Litvinenko called and asked him to come to the Millennium Hotel. Before Litvinenko's arrival at the hotel around 4 p.m., Lugovoi and Kovtun were one after the other in the hotel toilet near the bar, where they also left radioactive traces. When he was questioned at the hospital, Litvinenko testified that when he arrived at the bar there was already a teapot and cups on the table and that he had sipped a few sips of the almost cold green tea that Lugovoi had offered him. During measurements in the Pine Bar, radioactive traces were measured on the table at which the men were sitting and very high levels in a teapot. An arranged meeting of Lugovoi, Kovtun and Litvinenko in a London company on November 2nd was canceled by Litvinenko as he was already suffering from severe symptoms of intoxication. On November 3, Lugovoi, his family and Kovtun flew back to Moscow. Radioactive traces could be detected on the seats in their aircraft.

The temporary suspicion that another person named "Wladislav" was involved on November 1st, who prepared the contaminated tea and gave it to Litvinenko, was not confirmed in the course of the investigation. Before the meeting at the Millennium Hotel , Litvinenko had an appointment with Mario Scaramella for lunch in a sushi bar. He then met with Boris Berezovsky and was then driven home by the Chechen rebel spokesman Akhmed Sakayev .

At the beginning of the investigation, Lugowoi in particular (see below “ Proceedings against Andrei Lugowoi and Dmitri Kowtun ”) was in the sights of Scotland Yard. But the suspicion also fell on Kowtun, as traces of polonium could be detected in his relatives in Germany.

Investigation under Judge Sir Robert Owen

Immediately after Litvinenko's death, on November 30, 2006, the investigation into the cause of death (inquest) by judge (coroner) Sir Robert Owen, which was required in England in the case of inconclusive natural deaths, was initiated and immediately suspended because police investigations were ongoing. The investigation was resumed on October 13, 2011, as it was now certain that there would be no prosecution, as there was no prospect of extradition of the two main suspects Lugovoi and Kovtun by Russia. This investigation was terminated on July 31, 2014 to be continued in a new legal form (inquiry). This was enforced by a lawsuit by the widow, Marina Litvinenko, which was upheld in January 2014 by the London Higher Court. The first hearing took place on January 27, 2015. According to the judge's opening address, the most important quality and reason for conducting this type of investigation is the ability to hold private hearings and use non-public evidence. This concerns secret documents of the British government, which point to the Russian state as the commissioner of the murder.

Dmitri Kovtun, who is held responsible for the death of Litvinenko as one of the main accused, declared in March 2015 that he wanted to testify in the investigation via video link from Moscow. The course of the investigation process was adjusted accordingly and it was to be heard from July 27-29, 2015. On July 24th, however, Kowtun announced that he was no longer ready to testify. He cited his obligations in the Russian investigation as the reason for this. A lawyer representing Scotland Yard in the investigation, as well as Litvinenko's widow's lawyer, see Kowtun's withdrawal as a maneuver to disrupt the investigation after information about the case had previously become available through the readiness. The investigation was ended without Kowtun's testimony. The final report on the investigation was officially presented by Sir Robert Owen on January 21, 2016. The report concludes that the Russian secret service ordered the murder and that the operation was "likely" approved by President Putin:

"Taking full account of all the evidence and analysis available to me, I find that the FSB operation to kill Mr Litvinenko was probably approved by Mr Patrushev and also by President Putin."

"Taking into account all the evidence and analysis available to me, I conclude that the FSB's operation to assassinate Mr. Litvinenko was likely approved by Mr. Patrushev and also by President Putin."

- Sir Robert Owen : Report into the death of Alexander Litvinenko, p. 244

In its conclusions, the report explicitly referred not only to publicly available information, but also to non-public information from the British foreign intelligence service MI6 . Russia's Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, described the report as politically motivated in an initial statement and criticized the lack of transparency.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights described Russia's involvement as the “only plausible explanation” for the murder ”.

Similar assassinations

Proceedings against Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitri Kovtun

According to the Guardian, Scotland Yard already had sufficient evidence in January 2007 to apply for an extradition request for the former KGB man Lugovoi who had returned to Russia. Finally, at the end of May 2007 - shortly before the end of Tony Blair's reign  - London officially requested that Lugowois be extradited to Great Britain.

This request for extradition was rejected, citing the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which prohibits the extradition of Russian citizens to other states. At the same time, however, the Russian General Prosecutor's Office referred to the possibility of opening criminal proceedings against Lugovoi in Russia if they received the necessary documents.

After the Gordon Brown government took office , the conflict between London and Moscow intensified in July 2007. On July 16, Great Britain expelled four Russian diplomats. Moscow reacted indignantly and announced "serious consequences". As a first step, four British diplomats were expelled from the country on July 19. In addition, Russia announced that it would not issue any new entry visas for British officials.

UK Public Prosecutor's Statement

The representative of the Royal Prosecution Service ( Crown Prosecution Service ) Sir Ken Macdonald stated on the Litvinenko case in 2007:

“I decided today that the evidence handed over to us by the police is sufficient to accuse Andrei Lugovoi of deliberately poisoning Mr. Litvinenko. I have also decided that law enforcement is clearly in the public interest. In this situation, I have instructed the public prosecutor's office to take immediate steps to obtain the early extradition of Andrei Lugovoi by Russia to the United Kingdom so that he can be charged with murder and brought quickly to a London court for investigation to be charged with extremely serious crimes. "

On November 4, 2011, an arrest warrant was issued for the murder of Alexander Litvinenko against Dmitri Kovtun. The lead investigator in the case, Craig Mascall, explained the long time span between the two arrest warrants as part of the independent investigation by saying that the taking of evidence in Germany had taken so long.

The evidence

As the British newspaper The Guardian reported on May 23, 2007, the allegation against Lugovoi is based primarily on the polonium trail left by the alleged perpetrator after the poisoning.

The perpetrator contaminated himself with the poisoning. As a result, he left tiny traces of polonium in restaurants, hotel rooms, taxis, on light switches, banknotes, credit card receipts and flight tickets. The disposal of the murder weapon in the bathroom sink resulted in gigantic radiation. People with whom he came into contact also left traces of polonium afterwards, albeit to a much lesser extent. Likewise, from the time of poisoning, the victim excretes small amounts of polonium through the sweat glands.

All traces of polonium led to Andrei Lugowoi. At a meeting in the Millennium Hotel Litvinenko, he poured the polonium into a teapot, the paper said.

The American FBI compared polonium 210, which was exported from Russia to the USA, with the polonium with which Litvinenko was murdered. This enabled British investigators to both identify the reactor from which the polonium came and determine the exact date of polonium production.

The public prosecutor of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg summarized the result of their investigations in the case of Dmitri Kowtun under the file number 7101 Js886 / 06 as follows: “The investigations carried out in Hamburg - also in connection with the investigation results communicated from Great Britain and Russia - do not have sufficient suspicion against the Defendants surrendered. ”Scotland Yard believes it is out of the question that the Kremlin itself is involved in the case.

Russian theories about perpetration

In a report on the Russian state broadcaster Westi, the president's advisor, Sergei Yastrschembski , suspected a plot against the government: "I think we are dealing with a well-organized campaign or a consistent plan to discredit Russia and its leadership."

At the end of December 2006, the Russian General Prosecutor's Office named Leonid Newslin as a possible client for the murder of Litvinenko. The former co-owner of the Yukos oil company , who has lived in Israel since 2003, has denied the suspicion.

The national Bolshevik government critic Eduard Limonov, in turn, supported Litvinenko's thesis and pilloried President Putin: “The argument of all those gentlemen is: It was not useful for Putin to give the order to remove Litvinenko and Politkovskaya. But this argument does not apply to Mr Putin and those around him. The Yukos affair has done tremendous damage to the image of Russia and Putin, has had a negative impact on Russia's development and will continue to have negative effects. Nevertheless, the Yukos peak was followed with useless cruelty and vindictiveness. The shelling of the school in Beslan and the gas attack on the North-East cinema showed the inhuman, animal features of the regime - they were completely useless and were ordered nonetheless. Putin is a person of vengeance and emotion. Litvinenko was already out of date in 2006. But revenge has been taken for the 1998 press conference for his book 'How the FSB blows up Russia'. That was a demonstrative, on-show punishment - long and tormenting, as a deterrent. "

The Russian business journalist Julia Latynina of Novaya Gazeta has another opinion : "The crime bears the signature of an aggressive faction within the State Security whose aim is to put a stop to Putin's efforts to integrate into the West."

Documentary on the Litvinenko case

The film author Andrei Nekrasov has made a documentary on the Litvinenko case entitled Rebellion: The Litvinenko Affair . Nekrasov accompanied Litvinenko for the last two years before his death. The film was shown on May 26, 2007 at the Cannes Film Festival in the main program out of competition.

Fonts

  • Александр Литвиненко, Юрий Фельштинский, ФСБ ВЗРЫВАЕТ РОССИЮ . Liberty Publishing House, New York 2002. ISBN 0-914481-63-0 . On the Internet: terror99.ru (PDF; 925 kB).
  • Александр Литвиненко, Лубянская преступная группировка (Gang from Lubyanka). 2002. On the Internet: compromat.ru , lib.aldebaran.ru .
  • A book about the rise of Putin and the FSB was in preparation.

literature

  • Alex Goldfarb, Marina Litvinenko: Death of a Dissident: Alexander Litvinenko and the Death of Russian Democracy . The Free Press, New York 2007, ISBN 1-4165-5165-4 .
    • Death of a dissident: why Alexander Litwinenko had to die , translated by Violeta Topalova-Hoffmann and Campe Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-455-50045-5 .
    • as audio book : abridged reading / Alex Goldfarb; Marina Litvinenko. With Stephan Benson. From the American. by Violeta Topalova. Audio book version and direction Vlatko Kucan, 20 CDs, Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-455-30558-6

Web links

Commons : Alexander Litvinenko  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Alexander Litvinenko  - on the news

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alexander Litvinenko inquiry: six things we've learned so far The Guardian, January 30, 2015
  2. ^ Secret Service Colonel: I Should Assassinate Litvinenko On: Welt Online, February 15, 2007
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Koydl, Daniel Brössler : Geiger counters and poisonous greetings from Moscow In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of November 28, 2006
  4. ↑ Revealed: Poisoned ex-Russian spy Litvinenko WAS a paid-up MI6 agent Daily Mail, October 27, 2007
  5. ↑ a b Doctors find radioactive substance in the body of the dead ex-spy On: Spiegel Online from November 24, 2006
  6. ↑ “The bastards got me” on: Spiegel Online from November 24, 2006
  7. ↑ Murdered ex-spy buried in London. Merkur Online from June 11, 2009 (accessed August 21, 2020).
  8. ^ Litvinenko converted to Islam on his deathbed. On: Spiegel Online from December 4, 2006
  9. ↑ What ex-spy trying to sell dirty bomb? On: Daily Express online December 3, 2006
  10. ↑ Ex-spy's book 'seized' in Russia , BBC-News of December 30, 2003
  11. ↑ Review of "Ice Age in the Kremlin" on buchwurm.info ( Memento from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ Russian party leader shot dead on: faz.net of April 17, 2003
  13. ↑ The Trepashkin case at Amnesty International as of June 2006
  14. ↑ Russia's poisoning 'without a poison' (Russian) , BBC News of February 6, 2007
  15. ↑ Terrorism takes front stage - Russia's theater siege. June 4, 2003, archived from the original on April 23, 2015 ; accessed on April 23, 2015 .
  16. ^ Kremlin Poison ( Memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ). On: Financial Sense of November 20, 2006
  17. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHJhsIOY0zU speech at youtube.com
  18. ↑ Batten's speech record on the homepage of the EU Parliament
  19. ↑ Lizzie Dearden: Alexander Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of being a pedophile four months before he was poisoned . In: independent.co.uk (English) . Accessed in 2018-31-16.
  20. ↑ The Kremlin Chikatilo . On: chechenpress.info from July 5, 2006
  21. ↑ Ex-spy researched the scandal surrounding the oil company Yukos In: Die Welt from November 27, 2006
  22. ↑ From Russia with lies , salon.com, December 14, 2006
  23. ↑ A Trail of Death through London In: Die Presse, November 29, 2006
  24. ↑ 09MADRID869 ( Memento from July 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) On: WikiLeaks : Depesche from the US Embassy in Madrid of August 31, 2009, online from December 7, 2010
  25. ^ Litvinenko's farewell letter
  26. ↑ Scotland Yard speaks of the murder of the ex-spy ( memento of December 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) on: netzeitung.de of December 6, 2006
  27. ↑ Scotland Yard now officially speaks of Mord Auf: Spiegel Online from December 6, 2006
  28. ↑ Scotland Yard is officially investigating the murder. On: diepresse.com of December 7, 2006
  29. ↑ Russia opens its own preliminary investigation. Auf: Spiegel Online dated December 7, 2006
  30. ↑ Bus ticket indicates poisoning in hotel bar. On: Spiegel Online from December 11, 2006
  31. ↑ Deadly drink in the five-star hotel Auf: Spiegel Online from December 8, 2006
  32. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, Minutes of the 9th Day of the Hearings, pp. 64–125
  33. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, Minutes of the 9th Day of the Hearings, pp. 1–37.
  34. ↑ Litvinenko Inquiry (independent investigation), Minutes of the 12th day of the hearings, pp. 95ff
  35. ↑ Litvinenko Inquiry, 20th Day of the Hearings, Scientist's Statement A1, INQ017917
  36. ↑ On the trail of crime: A fatal cocktail (The Science of Crime) , documentary by BBC / ZDF (2012/13), accessed on January 7, 2016.
  37. ^ Polonium for $ 10 million , Der Tagesspiegel, December 18, 2006, accessed January 7, 2016.
  38. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, 33rd Day of the Hearings, p. 29
  39. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, day 33, pp. 3-49
  40. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, day 16, pp. 143-151
  41. ^ Litvinenko Inquiry, day 33, pp. 3-49
  42. ↑ Police match image of Litvinenko's real assassin with his death-bed description In: The Times of January 20, 2007
  43. ↑ Litvinenko case - murderer identified ( memento from September 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) on: n-tv.de on January 20, 2007
  44. ↑ Chronology of the Litvinenko case on dw-world.de, November 24, 2006
  45. ↑ Scotland Yard supports German investigators in the Litwinenko case. Auf: dw-world.de of December 10, 2006
  46. ^ Research into the Litvinenko case after years
  47. ↑ Alexander Litvinenko inquiry: key figure pulls out of giving evidence in: The Guardian, July 24, 2015, accessed July 25, 2015
  48. ↑ The Litvinenko Inquiry: Report into the death of Alexander Litvinenko Full Report of the Inquiry
  49. ↑ President Putin 'probably' approved Litvinenko murder. BBC News, January 21, 2016, accessed January 21, 2016 .
  50. ↑ Litvinenko inquiry: Putin 'probably' responsible for ordering death on: The Guardian Online of January 21, 2016
  51. ↑ Human Rights Court : Russia responsible for Litvinenko murder. tagesschau.de , September 21, 2021, accessed on September 21, 2021 .
  52. ↑ Deutsche Welle : POISON STOP A Novichok case in Bulgaria? , February 12, 2019.
  53. ↑ Ex-spy apparently victim of nerve poison: investigation into attempted murder. orf.at, March 7, 2018, accessed March 8, 2018.
  54. ↑ Mysterious poisoning: attack on ex-spy? In: Frankfurter Rundschau . March 6, 2018, accessed March 9, 2018 .
  55. ↑ Russian exile found dead in London. In: Spiegel Online. March 13, 2018, accessed March 14, 2018 .
  56. ↑ DER SPIEGEL: According to the federal government, Navalny poisoned with nerve agents - DER SPIEGEL - politics. Retrieved September 2, 2020 .
  57. ↑ London demands extradition from Lugowois to : Spiegel Online from January 26, 2007
  58. ↑ charges against Andrei Lugovoi on: FAZ online of 22 May 2007
  59. ↑ Great Britain refers Russian diplomats to the country , Spiegel Online, July 16, 2007.
  60. ↑ London expels Russian diplomats - Moscow is outraged , FAZ Online, July 17, 2007.
  61. ↑ Moscow Strikes Back , Handelsblatt.com, July 19, 2007.
  62. ↑ Wording of the declaration on: BBC -online of May 22, 2007
  63. ↑ Mark Urban: The Skripal Files: The New War of Espionage and Russia's Long Arm in the West , Verlag Droemer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-426-45502-9 , Chapter 10: Litvinenko
  64. ^ Ian Cobain: The polonium-210 trail that police say led to Moscow In The Guardian online from May 23, 2007
  65. ^ Hamburger Abendblatt - Hamburg: The Hamburg files . ( Abendblatt.de [accessed on April 12, 2018]).
  66. ↑ ZEIT ONLINE | Litvinenko case: other poisonings. Retrieved March 25, 2021 .
  67. ↑ Необъяснимая смерть (A Strange Death) in Russian ( Memento from November 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) On: vesti.ru from November 24, 2006
  68. ↑ Moscow blames Yukos managers on: Spiegel Online from December 27, 2006
  69. ↑ Ex-Yukos co-owner Newslin suspected of being an accomplice in Litvinenko murder. On: RIA Novosti of December 28, 2006
  70. ↑ Демонстративная казнь (A demonstrative punishment) On: grani.ru (Russian Internet newspaper) of November 28, 2006
  71. ↑ Is it all just a conspiracy by Putin's opponents? Julia Latynina in FAZ.net from December 2, 2006
  72. ^ Documentary about the Litvinenko murder in Cannes. Cannes - The Cannes Film Festival recently put a documentary on the poisoning of the Russian Kremlin critic Alexander Litvinenko into the main program. In: news.ch. May 23, 2007, accessed April 23, 2015 .
personal data
SURNAME Litvinenko, Alexander Walterowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Александр Вальтерович Литвиненко
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian intelligence agent
BIRTH DATE August 30, 1962
PLACE OF BIRTH Voronezh
DATE OF DEATH November 23, 2006
PLACE OF DEATH London