Asyut

Asyut
Coordinates	27 ° 11 ′  N , 31 ° 11 ′  E Coordinates: 27 ° 11 ′  N , 31 ° 11 ′  E
Basic data
Country	Egypt
Governorate	Asyut
Residents	462,061 (2017)
founding	before 3100 BC Chr.

Asyut in hieroglyphics
Sauti S3wtj Guardian
Satju S3ṯw guardian
Greek	Lycopolis

Asyut (also Assiut, Siut, Syut ; Arabic أسيوط Asyūt , DMG Asyūṭ ; Coptic ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ Syowt , ancient Egyptian Sauti , Satju ; Greek Lykopolis ) is a city in Middle Egypt with 462,061 inhabitants (2017) and the capital of the governorate of the same name. Assiut is 375 km south of Cairo on the western bank of the Nile . The city is an important traffic junction for trips to the New Valley in the Libyan Desert .

Location and importance, population, climate

Location and importance

The city of Assiut is located at the southern end of the lower Nile valley on the western bank of the Nile 375 km south of Cairo, 125 km south of al-Minya , 100 km north of Sohag and 305 km north of Luxor . The location of the city was strategically important in ancient times . 30 km north of Assiut, the Jabal al-Fōda blocks the entire east bank, and the Nile valley is only about 20 km wide at this point.

In addition, one of the most important ancient caravan routes , the Darb al-Arba'in, begins in Assiut . This route leads through the Al-Kharga depression to Darfur in what is now Sudan . After about 40 km, a route branches off from Darb al-Arba'in, which leads to Darb al- Ṭawīl , which has its starting point in Manfalut . The last-mentioned route takes you to Balat , from which branches off about 75 km before Balat from Darb al-Chaschabiyy to Qasr ad-Dachla . Both places belong to the depression ad-Dachla .

The city has been connected to the railway network since 1875.

The city has only emerged occasionally in the past. In ancient Egypt, Assiut was the capital of the 13th Upper Egyptian Gaus ("Vorderer Sykomorengau"). In Islamic times it was first the district capital ( Arabic مركز Markaz ), now the capital of the governorate of the same name.

population

The population has increased steadily, but particularly strongly in the last 40 years. In 1876 Aysut had 28,000 inhabitants, 42,000 before the First World War, then 51,431 in 1928 and finally 120,000 in 1960. For 1996 the population was 343,500, in 2017 it was 462,061. Assiut is one of the cities with the highest proportion of Coptic Christians .

climate

In terms of climate, Assiut is characterized by very little rainfall, high temperatures and large temperature differences between day and night throughout the year. In the summer months the maximum values ​​are on average over 35 ° C, at night it hardly cools down to below 20 ° C. In winter the maximum values ​​are around 20 ° C, at night it cools down to 5 ° C to 10 ° C. Overall, it is a little warmer than further downstream (e.g. in Bani Suwaif ), but not quite as hot as further upstream (e.g. in Qina ).

Average monthly temperatures for Assiut Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 19.3 21.7 25.1 31.4 35.2 37.1 36.5 36.0 34.2 30.5 25.1 20.3 O 29.4 Min. Temperature (° C) 4.7 6.3 9.7 14.5 18.6 21.3 22.0 21.9 19.6 16.2 10.7 6.7 O 14.4 Humidity ( % ) 52 42 36 28 25th 27 32 36 40 42 48 52 O 38.3 Source: wetterkontor.de

Word origin

The current name is derived from the ancient Egyptian name Z3wt (j) , also called Z3w.dj in Greco-Roman times , which means guard or watchman and refers to its strategic location. The Assyrians called this city Šijāutu . The Greeks also named this city Λύκων πόλις ( Lúkōn pólis , Lykopolis , "wolf city") after the deity Upuaut (Wepwawet), who was worshiped here .

In Coptic times, the city was called ⲤⲒⲞⲞⲨⲦ , Siout, or ⲤⲒⲰⲞⲨⲦ , from which the high Arabic nameأسيوط Usyūṭ arose. It was not until the 15th century that the colloquial term Asyūṭ caught on.

history

Old Egypt

Sauti is attested in the Old Kingdom in the pyramid texts 630 and 1634; next to it in the title of Minnefer ( 5th dynasty ) and on a seal cylinder of Pepi I. However, the city only emerged during the reorganization of Egypt after the collapse of the central government and has isolated archaeological evidence from this time . As the capital of the 13th Upper Egyptian Gau , it belongs in the 9th / 10th. Dynasty to the sphere of influence of the Herakleopolitans , the Gau princes of the 20th Upper Egyptian Gaus, with whom the local Gau princes were probably related. The owners of the local guest prince graves Jtj-jb-j (Tefib), Cheti II. And Cheti I. report in their biographies on battles with the southern neighboring district of Thebes. After some initial success, however, Sauti finally falls under the control of the Thebans .

Among the most important monuments from this period are the tombs of the Gaufürsten in the west of today's Assiut on the limestone hill Isṭabl ʿAntār (not to be confused with the site of the same name south of Beni Hasan ). The chronological order originally postulated by Griffith - it corresponds to their geographic order from south to north - Jtj-jb-j (grave 3), Cheti II. (Grave 4) and Cheti I. (grave 5) is now again considered to be correct. The grave of Chetis II is famous for its depictions of police troops ("soldiers grave"). In addition to these burials, numerous finds of coffins and burials were documented that also date from this period.

Figures of Egyptian lance fighters from the tomb of Mesehti

The tomb of the mayor and head of the prophets of the Upuaut, Mesehti, was discovered in 1894 at the end of the 11th dynasty / beginning of the 12th dynasty . The grave finds include two coffins (CG 28118, 28119), an alabaster statue and the models each with forty Nubian archers (CG 257) and Egyptian lance fighters (CG 258), which are exhibited today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The city ​​played no political role in the Middle Kingdom . The graves of the princes Hepdjefa I , Hepdjefa II and Hepdjefa III come from the Middle Kingdom . , which are also on the burial hill. In particular, the grave of Hepdjefa I achieved fame. The Gaufürst, who lived during the time of Sesostris I, had the text of ten treaties affixed to his grave , which should secure his cult of the dead . In the grave of Hepdjefa III. ( Salachana tomb ) 600 steles were found , including numerous votive steles for the gods worshiped here, papyri and wolf mummies.

In the second interim period , the city gained a certain degree of independence. At the end of the Second Intermediate Period, the city is mentioned as part of the campaigns of King Kamose (17th Dynasty).

There is also some archaeological evidence from the New Kingdom . Among them are the 600 already mentioned steles from the grave of Hepdjefa III, which document a cult that developed here. From the necropolis, which is now further south (near today's place Dair Durunka ), there are important tombs , such as that of the barn master Siese, who was a high official under Ramses II , and the grave of the chief reading priest Amenhotep, decorated with reliefs, from the same period . The city is also in the Theban tomb of the vizier Rechmire ( TT100 ) from the time of Thutmose III. mentioned in connection with tribute payments to Thebes. Grave finds show that the local graves were reused in the late period and in Greco-Roman times . Papyrus finds also date from this period .

Several gods were worshiped in this city . The most important is the mostly jackal or dog-headed god of the dead Upuaut (also Wepwawet, the "path opener"), Lord of Assiut, to whom a temple was built in honor. From this god, mistakenly viewed by the Greeks as a wolf, the Greek name of the city of Lycopolis was derived. The god of the dead Anubis (from Raqereret), who was worshiped in the neighboring necropolis, is closely related to him . Other venerated deities are Osiris (lord of Assiut), Hathor (mistress of Medjedni), or Isis (mistress of Medjedni, she is considered the mother of Upuaut), Hereret , Amun-Re , Ptah and Thoth .

The temple or temples were probably located in the city itself, but have not been archaeologically proven to this day . It is known that a temple for Upuaut under Thutmose III. was established and that Ramses III. had a temple restored for Upuaut and two mortuary temples built for himself ( Papyrus Harris I ).

History since the turn of the ages

Antiquity

The city is said to be the birthplace of Plotinus , the founder of the Neoplatonic school of philosophy.

The city was one of the most important centers of the Coptic Christians in Roman and Byzantine times. They lived here at least since the time of the Diocletian persecution of Christians. The local martyrs include St. Thekla and Phoibammon .

The city is the birthplace and place of work of important saints; B. Victor von Schu, St. Claudius of Antioch and John of Lycopolis (320–395). The latter, who lived as an ascetic for about five decades in a cell on the grave hill, was reported to only communicate with the outside world through a window. He was very much valued as a diviner. His most famous prophecy concerned the victory of Emperor Theodosius I over his adversary Eugenius in 394.

Assiut became the bishop's seat of the Coptic Church early on . The early bishops include Apollonius of Lycopolis , Meletios of Lycopolis († 325), Plusanius of Lycopolis and Constantine of Lycopolis . In the period that followed, there are only few records of the local bishops. Under the name Lycopolis , the city was also a titular bishopric of the Roman Catholic Church until 1947 .

middle Ages

The greater Assiut area is covered by numerous monasteries . The Arab historian al-Maqrizi (1364-1442) counted 360 monasteries on both sides of the Nile, Abu Salih the Armenians (actually Abū al-Makārim ) names 60 churches and six monasteries in or near Assiut. The ruins of two monasteries can still be made out on the burial hill of Assiut. In the closer and further distance to Assiut there are still numerous churches and monasteries, such as the monasteries Dair Abū Bifām , Dair Abū Isḥāq , Dair Abū Maqrūfa , Dair Abū Mūshā , Dair al-ʿAwana , Dair al-Balāyza , Dair al-ʿIẓām , Dair al-Ǧabrawiyy , Dair al-Malāk Mīchāʾīl , ad-Dair al-Muḥarraq , Dair al-Muṭṭin , Dair an-Naṣārā , Dair Buqṭur Shū , the nunnery Dair Durunka, ad-Dair al-Muʿallaq (Dair Mīnār Mīnār Mīnār Dair Rīfā (Dair Rifeh) and Dair Tāsā .

There is little information from the Islamic period, it is only available from the end of the Mamluk period. A revolt took place here under the Pasha ʿAlī Bey in 1769/1770 AD.

Throughout this period the city was a thriving center for trade, agriculture and handicrafts (see Handicrafts and Economy ).

Assiut also produced several Arab scholars from the al-Asyūṭī family, the most important of which was Ǧalāl ad-Dīn al-Asyūṭī (died 1505).

Modern

With the construction of the Ibrāhīmiyya Canal ( Arabic الترعة الإبراهيمية at-Turʿa al-ibrāhīmiyya ) in 1873 and the construction of the Asyut weir in 1902, large-scale cotton cultivation became possible.

In the first half of the 20th century, the missionary work of the American Presbyterian Church was strengthened here.

Since the late 1970s, it has developed the University of Assiut into the center of al-Jamāʿa al-islāmiyya , which set itself the goal of an Islamic republic as a form of government in Egypt. She was tolerated until Anwar al-Sadat was assassinated on October 6, 1981, in which she and Islamic Jihad participated. In the week after Sadat's murder, Islamists stormed police stations in Assiut and Cairo. 55 people were killed in Assiut alone.

On September 8, 1977, a serious railway accident occurred near Assiut : eight of the eleven passenger cars on the Cairo – Aswan express train derailed . 25 people died and many were injured.

The attacks flared up again in the early 1990s. Al-Jama Da al-islamiyya declared war on Mubarak's government in 1992 . After several attacks, members of the group were arrested in several waves in late 1992 and early 1993, and numerous members were sentenced to death. The attacks continued from 1993 to 1997. The victims include Copts, Egyptian officers and foreign tourists. The most prominent victim was Nagib Mahfuz, the Nobel Prize for Literature on October 14, 1994 . The sad climax was the massacre in Luxor of 58 tourists on November 17, 1997.

In the 1990s, supporters of al-Jamaʿa al-islamiyya used the village of an-Nachaila, located on an island and 10 km from Assiut, as a shelter. On March 1, 2004, the drug and arms dealer Izzat Hanafi was arrested here by Egyptian security forces after several days of fighting. On June 20, 2006, the death sentence was carried out on him and his brother. However, there is no evidence of collaboration with al-Jamaʿa al-islamiyya.

As a result of these attacks, tourism in the governorates of Assiut and al-Minya was suspended in the mid-1990s until 1999, after which it is only possible with a police presence, which has been significantly reduced again in recent years.

Research history

The history of research goes back around 300 years. The Asiut area, however, has never been systematically explored; the investigations concerned almost exclusively the graves in the west of the city. The grave facades and door reveals of all graves are now completely destroyed: they were victims of the quarry.

In this respect, the documentation of the Napoleonic expedition of 1799 is one of the most important sources. However, some of the inscriptions have not been copied at all or have been incorrectly copied.

New excavations were carried out in the 1880s by Francis Llewellyn Griffith for the Egypt Exploration Fund and at the beginning of the 20th century by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque and in the 1930s by Pierre Montet for the Institut français d'archéologie orientale . In the meantime, there have also been investigations by David George Hogarth , Ernesto Schiaparelli and Ahmed Kamal , but these have only been partially published.

From the 1960s to the early 2000s, the Istabl Antar area was a restricted military area, making investigations very difficult. From 1987 onwards, Donald B. Spanel took photographs of the graves . Since 2003, the necropolis has been examined again in a joint project between the universities of Sohag, Münster and Mainz .

In recent years, the Egyptian Antiquities Service has made efforts to renovate important buildings in the old town, such as mosques and caravanserais , and to subject them to a scientific analysis.

Economy and Infrastructure

Craft and economy

Throughout this period, the city was a thriving center of trade, agriculture and handicrafts. The agricultural products included cereals, dates, quinces and vegetables. Handicrafts included woven items made of wool, cotton, and linen, as well as carpets. Materials for dyeing such as alum and indigo were obtained from the nearby oases. Other products of the local handicraft were silver jewelry, pottery, leather and inlay woodwork. Even if the craft has declined significantly, it still exists today.

A lively exchange of goods was possible thanks to the direct connection to Sudan via the Darb al-Arba'in. The annual caravans of 1,500 camels brought slaves, ivory, ostrich feathers and other products from Sudan in exchange for products from Egypt and its neighboring countries. Nowadays there is hardly any such exchange any more. To support trade, Assiut owned numerous bazaars and caravanserais. This is how the traveler Ibn Battūta describes the Assiut of the Mameluke period (14th century) as a great city with wonderful markets.

In 1902 the dam of Assiut was completed. He regulates u. a. the water supply to the Ibrāhīmiyya Canal, which irrigates the fields in the governorates of Assiut, al-Minya and Beni Suef over a length of 320 km , which was the basis for the cultivation of cotton, especially in the first half of the 20th century. The dam has also been used to generate energy from hydropower since the 1980s.

Limestone mining on the east bank north of Assiut and the local cement factory CEMEX are important for today's economy .

Recently attempts have been made to re-establish tourism . The prerequisites for this are in place, but it remains a difficult undertaking after tourism came to a complete standstill until 1999 due to Islamist attacks.

Universities

The University of Assiut, which has existed since 1957, has faculties for natural sciences, engineering, medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, economics, law, art, education and computer science. It is the third largest university in Egypt with 64,000 students and is located in the north of the city.

Opposite this university is the branch of al-Azhar University, founded in 1969, with the faculties of Islamic law, theology, Arabic studies, medicine, pharmacy and natural sciences. There is also an Islamic science faculty for women.

The Islamic Institute Fuads I. for Law and Islamic Studies ( Arabic معهد فؤاد الأول الديني, DMG Maʿhad Fuʿād al-awal ad-dīniyy ) has existed since 1928.

City sights

Sights include several mosques (e.g. the mosque of Galal ad-Din al-Asyutiyy and the al-Mujāhidīn mosque), several caravanserais (e.g. the Wikala Schalabi) and numerous churches in the el-Qasriyya bazaar district. Not far from the Ibrahimiyya Canal is the As Salam High School with a museum of Egyptian, Sudanese and Indian exhibits. This also includes some finds by William Matthew Flinders Petrie from Dair Rifa .

Personalities

• Meletios of Lykopolis , bishop
• Coluthus (5th century), Greek poet
• Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970), the second Egyptian president after the revolution
• Schenuda III. (1923–2012), the former Patriarch of Alexandria (born in the northeastern neighboring city of Abnub )
• Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , Egyptian nationalist
• Badr Abdelatty (* 1966), Egyptian diplomat

Town twinning

• Iași , Romania

literature

Lexicon article

• Hans Bonnet : Lykopolis. In: Lexicon of Egyptian Religious History. 1952. Reprinted by Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-937872-08-6 , pp. 429-430.
• Carl Heinrich Becker : Asyūṭ. In: Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (Ed.): Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume 1, new edition. Brill, Leiden 1960, pp. 728-729, ( referenceworks.brillonline.com ).
• Horst Beinlich : Assiut. In: Wolfgang Helck (Ed.): Lexicon of Egyptology. Volume 1. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975, Sp. 489-495.
• Randall Steward: Asyūṭ. In: Aziz Suryal Atiya (ed.): The Coptic Encyclopedia. Volume 1. Macmillan [et al. a.], New York 1991, pp. 296-297, ( ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu ).
• Wolfgang Helck / Eberhard Otto : Assiut. In: Small Lexicon of Egyptology. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-447-04027-0 , pp. 40-41.
• Federico Poole: Asyut. In: Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 , pp. 157-159.
• Donald B. Spanel: Asyut. In: Donald B. Redford (Ed.): The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Volume 1. Univ. Press, Oxford 2001, pp. 154-156.
• Stefan Timm : Asyūṭ. In: Christian-Coptic Egypt in Arab times. Volume 1: A-C. Reichert, Wiesbaden 1984 (= supplements to the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orient: Series B, Geisteswissenschaften; 41.1), ISBN 978-3-88226-208-7 , pp. 235-251.

Monographs

• Description de l'Égypte . In: Antiquités , Volume IV, panels 43–49.
• Francis L. Griffith : The inscriptions of Siût and Dêr Rîfeh. Trübner, London 1889, ub.uni-heidelberg.de .
• Émile Chassinat , Charles Palanque: Une campagne de fouilles dans la nécropole d'Assiout. (= Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut Français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. Volume 24), Impr. De l'IFAO, Cairo 1911.
• Hellmut Brunner : The texts from the graves of the Herakleopolitan's time in Siut. In: Egyptological research. No. 5, Augustin, Glückstadt / Hamburg 1937.
• Elmar Edel : The inscriptions on the grave fronts of the Siut graves in Middle Egypt from the Herakleopolitan's period. A restoration from the drawings in the Description de l'Égypte. In: Treatises of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften. No. 71, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1984.
• Jochem Kahl : Siut - Thebes. to appreciate traditions in ancient Egypt. In: Problems of Egyptology. No. 13, Brill, Leiden u. a. 1999.
• Jochem Kahl: Ancient Asyut. The First Synthesis after 300 Years of Research (= The Asyut Project. Vol. 1). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-447-05666-3 , harrassowitz-verlag.de (PDF).
• Marcel Zitman: The Necropolis of Assiut - A Case Study of Local Egyptian Funerary Culture from the Old Kingdom to the End of the Middle Kingdom. (= Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. (OLA) 180). Volume I: Text ; Volume II: Maps, Plans, Tombs, Illustrations, Tables, Lists. Leuven, Paris / Walpole 2010.
• Jochem Kahl , M. El-Khadragy, Ursula Verhoeven , Andrea Kilian (eds.): Seven Seasons at Asyut (= The Asyut Project. Volume 2). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-447-06529-0 .

Scientific papers

• Pierre Montet : Les tombeaux de Siout et de Deir Rifeh. In: Kêmi. Volume 1, 1928, pp. 53-68, 4 plates; Volume 3 (1930), pp. 45-111, 9 plates; Volume 6 (1936), pp. 131-163, 5 plates.
• Donald B. Spanel: The Herakleopolitan Tombs of Kheti I, Jt (.j) jb (.j), and Kheti II at Asyut (= Orientalia. [Roma, New Series], Volume 58, 1989). Pp. 301-314, panels VI-XIII.

Web links

Commons : Asyut  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wikivoyage: Asyūṭ  - travel guide

• The excavation in Assiut, Middle Egypt - “The Asyut Project” (University of Mainz)
• Series of publications: The ancient Egyptian necropolis of Assiut (University of Heidelberg / Propylaeum)

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (Ed.): Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume 1, New Edition, Leiden 1960, p. 728.
2. ↑ Karl Beadeker: Egypt. Baedeker, Leipzig 1928, p. 218.
3. ^ Egypt: Governorates & Major Cities . From: citypopulation.de (City Population), accessed on January 31, 2016.
4. ↑ Egypt: Governments & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information. Retrieved August 13, 2018 . 
5. ↑ Gerhar Fecht: On the names of Egyptian princes and cities in the annals of Assurbanipal and the chronicle of Asarhaddon. In: Communications from the German Institute for Egyptian Antiquity in Cairo. Volume 16, 1958, pp. 112-119, especially p. 114.
6. ↑ Diana Magee: Asyut to the End of the Middle Kingdom: A Historical and Cultural Study. Dissertation, Oxford University, 1988, 3 volumes.
7. ^ Pierre Lacau: Sarcophages antérieurs au Nouvel Empire. Tome II: Deuxième fascicule (= Catalog général des antiquités égyptiennes du musée du Caire. 33 No. 28100–28126) Imprimerie de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo 1906, pp. 101–133, plate IX.
8. ^ Ludwig Borchardt: Statues and statuettes of kings and private individuals in the Cairo Museum. Part 1: Text and plates for nos. 1–380. Berlin 1911, (Catalog général des antiquités égyptiennes du musée du Caire; 53 No. 1–1294), pp. 154, 164 f, plates 49, 55 f.
9. ↑ Adolf Erman: Ten contracts from the Middle Kingdom. In: Journal of Egyptian Language and Antiquity. Vol. 20, 1882, pp. 159-184.
10. ^ Anthony J. Spalinger: A Redistributive Pattern at Assiut. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society. 105: 7-20 (1985).
11. ↑ Gerald Averay Wainwright: A subsidiary burial in Hap-zefi's tomb at Assiut. In: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Vol. 26 (1926), pp. 160-166.
12. ↑ Peter Munro : Some votive passages to Wp w3wt. In: Journal of Egyptian Language and Antiquity. Volume 88, 1962, pp. 48-58, four panels.
13. ^ Walter Till : Coptic saints and martyrs legends. two volumes, Rome 1935–1936; Volume 1, p. 116; Volume 2, 131.
14. ^ Henri Munier: Recueil des listes épiscopales de l'église copte. Cairo 1943.
15. ↑ Abû Sâliḥ the Armenian; Evetts, Thomas Alfred Basil: The churches and monasteries of Egypt and some neighboring countries attributed to Abû Sâliḥ, the Armenian. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1895; various reprints, e.g. B. Gorgias Press, Piscataway 2001, ISBN 0-9715986-7-3 , pp. 245-252, 352.
16. ^ Peter WB Semmens: Catastrophes on rails. A worldwide documentation. Transpress, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-344-71030-3 , p. 184.
17. ↑ Drug empire falls ( Memento of March 24, 2004 in the Internet Archive ), report of the Al-Ahram Weekly of March 4, 2004
18. ↑ Newsreel ( Memento of July 6, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), report of the Al-Ahram Weekly of June 22, 2006.
19. ^ Jochem Kahl: Ancient Asyut. The first synthesis after three hundred years of research. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008.
20. ↑ Ahmed Kamal: Fouilles à Dara et à Qoçéîr el-Amarna. In: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Volume 12, 1912, pp. 128-142.
21. ↑ Ahmed Kamal: Fouilles à Deir Dronka et à Assiout (1913-1914). In: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Volume 16, 1916, pp. 65-114.
22. ↑ Jochem Kahl, Ursula Verhoeven: The "Guardian City": Assiut - a city and its necropolis in Middle Egypt again provide insights. In: Ancient World. Volume 37, 2006, Issue 4, pp. 65-72.