Bloodbath on the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

On October 6, 2013, the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War , the breaking up of protest marches by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt by Egyptian security forces resulted in the deaths of at least 57 protesters nationwide. In almost all cases, the fatalities were supporters of President Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the Egyptian military under military council chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi in the military coup on July 3, 2013 .

The focus of events on October 6 was the protest marches by coup opponents from the Dokki district in Giza and from Ramses Square to Tahrir Square in Cairo , where supporters of the army had gathered.

Since mid-August, the military-backed interim government had imposed a state of emergency over large parts of the country, which gave authorities and emergency services special rights in dealing with protests and gatherings. The Muslim Brotherhood organization, which is linked to the Morsis party, was declared de facto illegal two weeks before October 6th. Its property had been confiscated and its members prohibited from any political activity. Egyptian and international human rights organizations rated the incident as the fifth mass killing of protesters by Egyptian security forces after the military coup in July.

On October 9, the US government, which initially justified the coup, froze parts of its military aid to Egypt for the time being.

prehistory

Restrictions against the Muslim Brotherhood

Immediately with the overthrow of the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history, Mohammed Morsi , on July 3, 2013, with the associated suspension of the Egyptian constitution by military councilor Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi and with the dissolution of the upper house by that of Sisi Adli Mansur , who was appointed interim state president, began arrests of leading cadres of the Muslim Brotherhood by the old repressive security apparatus, as well as arbitrary mass arrests of pro-Morsi demonstrators. According to observers, a "campaign of criminalization" was launched by the Muslim Brotherhood. Practically the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood was imprisoned by the beginning of October, while there was no news about President Morsi, who had been overthrown by the military, the organization of the Muslim Brotherhood was banned by a court order of September 23 and its assets were confiscated, and thousands of demonstrators were allegedly mistreated in the detention centers .

Development of violence after the military coup

Selected locations in connection with the bloodily suppressed protests by pro-Mursi demonstrators (red) in Cairo after the military coup of July 3, 2013 : July 8 : Protest camp in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard July 27 : Protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al- ʿAdawiyya Mosque August 14 : Protest camps in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and at Al-Nahda Square August 16 : Ramses Square and May 15 Bridge October 6 : including marches from Dokki and Ramses Square (with Al-Fetah Mosque) to Tahrir Square

After the military coup against the first elected government of Egypt on July 3, 2013, the Egyptian security forces made repeated use of lethal force to dissolve largely peaceful protests over a period of several months after the judgment of human rights organizations. The extent of the use of force was therefore extremely disproportionate, measured against the isolated acts of violence by some demonstrators. On July 8th and July 27th there were already two mass killings of demonstrating Muslim Brotherhoods by Egyptian security forces, which at that time represented the most serious state-run bloodbaths in Egypt since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011. This was followed by two further mass killings of demonstrators by the security forces on August 14, 2013 and August 16, 2013 . The main event of the protests against police violence and the overthrow of President Morsi by the military on the August 16 event, which left at least 120 dead, took place in Ramses Square in Cairo, where thousands of demonstrators from the mosques went to a central rally after Friday prayers. Patrick Kingsley reported for the Guardian that he was "eyewitness to a massacre" of at least 19 people by the security forces on Ramses Square.

Since the escalation in mid-August, the military-backed interim government officially allowed the police to use live ammunition "to defend themselves or important government buildings". On August 14, interim president Adli Mansur imposed a one-month state of emergency over Cairo and more than ten other provinces, which was accompanied by a night curfew , which was extended by two months in mid-September to mid-November 2013. This gave the authorities and emergency services extensive special rights in dealing with protests and gatherings and were able to carry out arrests without a judicial arrest warrant and house searches without a judicial order. In addition, the emergency laws, which were reactivated after the fall of Morsi, made the work of the press more difficult by entitling the armed forces to arrest critics of any kind at any time and, if necessary, to bring them to a military court. In the weeks following the declaration of the state of emergency, more than 2,000 members of the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested, including almost the entire leadership of the Islamists. The number of participants in the protests against the military coup has fallen significantly since then.

Security forces with tanks stand by behind pro-Mursi protesters at a protest rally in Cairo-Maadi on September 20.

From August 14 in particular, Egypt was hit by the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history. Of the more than 1,000 people who died in July and August 2013, almost all of them were civilians who had demonstrated against military chief Sisi and were shot dead by the security forces. By the beginning of October, the number of people killed since the coup had risen to 2,000 and continued to grow every week. The vast majority of the victims were Islamists, mostly from the Muslim Brotherhood, killed by the police and the military.

From mid-September, the Friday protests of the supporters of the ousted President Morsi gained popularity again after they had initially become weaker after the tough crackdown by the police and the military in the previous weeks. The economy and tourism in Egypt already suffered significantly from the political instability at the beginning of October. Observers saw the series of violence that has continued since the fall of Morsi in July as a sign of growing instability in Egypt.

Despite the fact that over 1,300 people had been killed during demonstrations since August alone, the authorities of the military-backed transitional government had neither set up a committee of inquiry nor attempted to hold back the security forces.

Apr 6th

On the evening of October 1, for the first time since the coup in early July, one of the daily small protest marches by supporters of the ousted President Morsi reached Tahrir Square in Cairo. Around a hundred people chanted: “Down with the military government!” Conflicts broke out on Tahrir Square between hundreds of supporters and opponents of President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military.

In the days that followed, the military-backed state leadership prevented the supporters of Morsi supporters from reaching the symbolic Tahrir Square again and from interfering with the demonstrations by the supporters of the coup with parades and squadrons. Egyptian security forces cordoned off Tahrir Square on the days when large pro-Morsi demonstrations were planned to prevent sit-ins from starting in the square, which is believed to be the birthplace of the January Revolution.

Various Facebook pages close to the Muslim Brotherhood had called for a demonstration on October 6th against the overthrow of President Morsi, whom they described as a military coup. The anti-Mursi group Tamarod then called for the national day of October 6 to be celebrated with public celebrations, including on Tahrir Square and the Ittihadija Presidential Palace. In a statement on October 2, Tamarod stated that the Egyptians would not fear - according to Tamarod - "the terror of the Brotherhood" (Muslim Brotherhood) and that "no one could oppose the will of the Egyptian people". On September 30, a leading member of the left-wing Tagammu party called for rallies on October 6 to suppress demonstrations planned by the Muslim Brotherhood. Amr Abdel-Rady said the party had received "verified information" that the Muslim Brotherhood was planning to "spoil the day by attacking government facilities."

On October 4, after weeks of “tense calm” ( Der Spiegel ), during nationwide protest marches by the coup opponents, several clashes or riots between supporters of Morsi and his opponents as well as the security forces resulted in at least four people being shot in Cairo according to official information. The four people shot were supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. The demonstrations were the largest since the evacuation of the protest camps by Mursi supporters in Cairo on August 14, with hundreds dead. The death of eight people in the violent crackdown by the security forces against demonstrators in Cairo and Asyut on October 4 brought the situation in Egypt back to international media interest. The protests lasted from October 4th to 6th.

In Cairo, clashes between Islamists and police broke out in several districts after thousands of Morsi supporters chanted slogans against the military and army chief Sisi and demonstrated for the reinstatement of Morsi after Friday prayers in several districts. When a march with Morsi supporters wanted to go to Tahrir Square, the security forces shot up the demonstrators with warning shots and tear gas, sealed off Tahrir Square and pushed the demonstrators to another square. Live ammunition was fired from military vehicles near Tahrir Square, according to eyewitnesses in the crowd of Muslim Brotherhood supporters. Bystanders joined soldiers in the attack, throwing stones at the demonstrators, who then threw them back. When the Muslim Brotherhood tried to move to the Presidential Palace and Ministry of Defense, the military stopped them and the security forces used tear gas. Further clashes broke out on the road leading to the pyramids in Giza. In the Nasr City district , thousands of Islamist protesters marched in a march towards the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque , where the protest camp had been bloodily evacuated by the security forces in August, and held up photos of the Muslim Brotherhood who had been killed. The security forces then increased their presence and said that sit-in strikes were not allowed. Demonstrators and their opponents on the sidelines of the protest marches pelted each other with stones. In another district of Cairo, according to an eyewitness report, Islamists and their opponents are said to have shot at each other with shotguns. There were also clashes in Alexandria and in places in the Nile Delta.

At the beginning of October there was a heated discussion about a possible presidential candidacy for military chief Sisi. Signatures were collected on a petition with the aim of asking Sisi to run as a candidate for the presidential election and break his promise that the army would withdraw from politics. As the leader of an alliance of important personalities from the Mubarak era, representatives from the police and military apparatus, the business elites and many politicians who became known after the revolution, his portrait was “on billboards, satchels and candy in early October “Omnipresent. Support for Sisi's possible candidacy for the presidential election, which is expected to be held in early 2014, had grown particularly since the beginning of September. As the “strong man” responsible for the coup against Morsi in the lead, he had achieved solidarity among large sections of the population with the army with his repeated brutal military actions against the Muslim Brotherhood in the previous weeks. In addition, he played a central role in the transition process in Egypt. Abdel Hakim Gamal Abdel Nasser, the youngest son of former President Gamal Abdel Nasser , who had been a potential presidential candidate for several months , held back when Sisi's possible political ambitions emerged and said on September 28: “I hope that Colonel General Al-Sisi will lead Egypt in the next phase. "

The RNN website published a video on the October 6 holiday that showed Army Chief Al-Sisi and his staff deliberating on how to curb media criticism of the army. Both the content of the video and the fact that it was leaked to the media were rated as embarrassing for military chief Sisi. Al Jazeera had already published a video allegedly from the months before the coup against Morsi on October 3, which shows how army chief Sisi reacts to the urging of officers to crack down on the press and radio with the question of how he reacts to the media To “terrorize” and as he explains that it takes a long time “to be able to influence and control the media”. You have not yet achieved what you intend, but you are working on it. Al Jazeera was already perceived as an enemy by the Egyptian military at this time. The broadcaster's signal was disrupted and several reporters were arrested. The international network Reporters Without Borders reported on at least ten journalists imprisoned.

On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War with Israel, supporters of the ousted President Morsi and supporters of the army that overthrew Morsi called for rallies:

  • On the national day of remembrance, the “National Alliance to Support Legitimacy”, which was dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood and founded in the summer, had mobilized its supporters in the previous two weeks as it has not since the brutal evacuation of the Cairo protest camps on August 14th. Dozens of signs along the Nile Road hung calls that said, "Out to October 6th". All over Cairo, Islamist activists had sprayed “Sisi murderers” or “Sisi traitors” on the walls.
  • The Tamarod group, financed by the Coptic billionaire Naguib Sawiris and infiltrated to the top by the Egyptian state security , which with the falsified and enormously exaggerated statement of 22 million signatures that it allegedly wanted to have collected in its anti-Morsi campaign, In June 2013, the mass protests against the elected government that preceded the military coup, which allegedly brought millions of demonstrators against Morsi to the streets and thus provided the pretext for the military coup of July 3, wanted the masses for military chiefs again on the 40th anniversary of the October war Mobilize Sisi and the military. She used the slogan "Hand in Hand: All Egypt Fights Terrorism" with huge letters on billboards, whereby the term "fight against terrorism" encompasses both the military offensive against militant Islamists in Sinai and the persecution of the Muslim Brotherhood who had previously won all democratic elections in Egypt since the fall of ruler Hosni Mubarak.

On the evening of October 5th, the interim president, Adli Mansur, appointed by military chief Sisi, announced in his televised address on the fortieth anniversary of the October 1973 war against Israel that the state authorities would "defeat much hated terrorism and blind violence". According to a report in the state newspaper Al-Akhbar about Mansur's spokesman Ahmad al Muslimani, the military -backed government openly threatened military opponents before the festivities began on October 5, announcing that anyone “will demonstrate against the army on this anniversary “Would be viewed as an agent for foreign powers and not an activist or protester. The Home Office warned against any "attempts that might disrupt the October 6th celebrations". On October 4th, the Deputy Minister of the Interior, General Sayed Shafik, warned in an interview on Al Hayat TV that the police would "not allow sit-ins anywhere" on October 6th, but would prevent them "at any cost".

Historical symbolic value of October 6th in Egypt

Egyptian troops cross the canal using water cannons against the Israeli positions on the Sinai during the October war 1973 (picture from the panorama of October 6, 1973 in Heliopolis / Cairo).

October 6th is a symbolic day in Egypt, on which nationwide festivities commemorate the attack on the Israeli troops on October 6th, 1973 and thus the Egyptian participation in the Fourth Arab-Israeli War of 1973 ( October 1973 , in Israel he Yom Kippur War ) is thought. The anniversary of the October war against Israel is considered the great national festival in honor of the military. It was invoked as a national festival day for "all Egyptians". It is of great importance to many Egyptians. Although the Yom Kippur War ended in a stalemate that favored Israel, it was viewed by the military-backed transitional government as an Egyptian victory. A visit to the museum in Cairo was a must for Egyptian school classes, where the beginning of the Egyptian-Israeli war and the expulsion of the Israeli troops from the east bank of the Suez Canal on October 6, 1973 can be relived in the panorama of the “War of October 6” is celebrated as the greatest success of the Egyptian army of the previous decades. The Egyptian historiography and the Egyptian school lessons ignore the severe defeat of the Egyptian army against the Israeli shortly after October 6th and instead emphasize the success of the militarily defeated Egyptians under President Anwar al-Sadat , who achieved through the political negotiations as a result of the war in the peace negotiations at Camp David received the Sinai Peninsula back for Egypt, which was completely conquered by Israel in the previous Six Day War in 1967 . Although the peace agreement with Israel has since been very controversial among the Egyptian population because many Egyptians saw it as a breach of pan-Arab solidarity, October 6th as the day of the Canal Crossing has since been celebrated on a large scale and used by the Egyptian media to glorify the army.

Symbolism of Tahrir Square as a gathering place for protests

Tahrir Square during 8 February 2011.jpg
Tahrir Square in Cairo as night falls - 27-Nov-2012.jpg


Tahrir Square as a symbol of anti-government movements (left: protests against long-term ruler Mubarak in February 2011; right: protests against the elected President Morsi in November 2012) was closed by military chief Sisi for anti-government demonstrations against the military-backed government after the 2013 military coup and shortly before greened on October 6, 2013.

As a meeting place for demonstrators, the large Tahrir Square became a symbol of the revolt in 2011, which in the same year led to the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the victory of the Freedom and Justice Party and representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood in all free elections in Egypt. After the military coup against the elected government of the Freedom and Justice Party Morsis, Tahrir Square has been closed almost every week since July 2013. Armed soldiers were posted in front of tanks on the access road and inspected ID cards, bags and cell phone cameras of passers-by who were no longer allowed to enter the square without a permit. After the military coup of July 3, the new rulers of Egypt tried to secure hegemony on Tahrir Square for themselves and to prevent supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi from marching to the symbolic location. According to the putschists' official interpretation, Tahrir Square was now the birthplace of the so-called "Second Revolution" and the scene of the "liberation" from "bondage among the Islamists". Tahrir Square, in addition to being the iconic epicenter of the so-called " January 25 Revolution ", became the location of pro-transitional government gatherings.

A week before October 6, the military-backed transitional government had the roundabout in the middle of Tahrir Square planted with flower pots. Andrea Backhaus commented at the time that the "struggle for the Tahrir" is about "the sovereignty of interpretation in national historiography".

Even after October 6, 2013, the design of Tahrir Square, which has become a symbol of the upheavals in Egypt, by the new rulers under the military-backed transitional government with the laying out of turf and the planting of flowers no longer reminded of how many people had died there. Instead, tanks standing by the roadside, the cordoning off of the back streets of the square and meter-high walls, which were supposed to prevent demonstrators from reaching Tahrir Square, testified to the renewed seizure of power by the military after Morsi's term of office, which was ended by the military coup.

Expires on the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War

On October 6, thousands of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated again despite previous threats from the military-backed interim government for President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military. The October 6 demonstrations were the largest in weeks. Nevertheless, not a single one of the many protest marches reached Tahrir Square. During the rallies and protests, there were several clashes between Islamists and their opponents. Security forces took massive action against supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. The worst fighting between the Muslim Brotherhood and security forces occurred since the bloody evacuation of the two protest camps in mid-August. With over 50 dead, it was one of the bloodiest days since the military came to power on July 3, 2013.

For the first time since President Morsi was overthrown, much of the violence against Islamists was perpetrated by civilians. There were brutal attacks on the demonstrators in several neighborhoods of Cairo. Eyewitnesses reported that residents with the backing of the security forces opened fire on Mursi supporters. The riots between Mursi supporters, residents and thugs in many places lasted late into the night.

Instead of a signal of Egyptian unity, the two largest political camps in Egypt, the opponent and the supporter of the ousted President Morsi, conveyed the image of a political split on the national holiday. The pro-Morsi protesters, whose marches filled the highways in West Cairo, used the day to demonstrate against the fall of Morsi, while the opponents of Morsi took Tahrir Square to praise the role of military chief Sisi in the fall of Morsi.

Victim

According to official figures, at least 57 people were killed on October 6 in the nationwide protests by the Muslim Brotherhood against the transitional government and the military, which began on October 4, at least 49 of them in the greater Cairo area (30 in the district of Dokki / Gizeh , 18 in Ramses / Cairo , 1 in Zeitoun district / Cairo), six in Bani Suwaif and two in Minya (at least one in Delga). According to the website Wiki Thawra , which is considered an independent website, the death toll for the clashes on October 6, 2013 was 82 fatalities, including 64 in the greater Cairo area.

The majority of the over 50 protesters killed across the country, most of whom were killed in street battles in Cairo, are believed to have been killed with live ammunition, according to medical reports. According to official figures, around 30 people died in the violent clashes on Tahrir Street in the Dokki district (Gizeh) and a further 16 near Ramses Square (Cairo).

From security sources, it was said that most of the dead were gunshot wounds. A health ministry official also said most of the victims died from gunshot wounds. As early as October 6, international media reported that several of the Islamists who were killed had gunshot wounds to the head and body. According to the forensic medical authority, most of the 30 people who were examined up to October 7th from the greater Cairo area had been killed by firearms, both shot and live ammunition, after initial autopsy findings. Human Rights Watch reported in early November that live ammunition had killed 44 of 49 cases in Cairo and Giza, while the other 5 were shot dead , according to a source in the Forensic Medical Authority . Twenty of the people had fatal wounds in the thorax, 17 on the head, 6 in the stomach, 4 on the limbs and 2 on different parts of the body. A minor was also among those killed.

Almost all of the fatalities came from the ranks of the Morsi supporters. No members of the security forces were killed during the violence.

Officials put the number of injuries nationwide at 391. According to official information, 191 of the injured were "critical cases" with fractures and gunshot wounds in the chest and head and with head trauma.

While the Home Office described the October 6 events as a result of "clashes between local residents and members of the Muslim Brotherhood" in a press release, Human Rights Watch concluded that police gunfire was responsible for the majority of October 6 deaths in Cairo and Giza and that “residents” clashing with the Muslim Brotherhood protesters included groups of men who appeared to be cooperating with the police.

What happened in Cairo

Anti-coup protester with Guy Fawkes mask and torch at protest rally in Cairo on October 6th.
Anti-coup protesters wearing R4bia T-shirts chant in Cairo on October 6th.

In Cairo, several districts were the scene of hours of street fighting, for example on Ramses Square.

Fatal scenes of violence occurred when tens of thousands of Mursi supporters marched in Cairo towards Tahrir Square, where they had originally planned a mass rally. Nevertheless, thousands of army supporters or supporters of the military-backed interim government had already gathered there. The clashes broke out when police tried to break up the Muslim Brotherhood marches to Tahrir Square. Soldiers, police and armed "vigilante groups" blocked the way for Mursi supporters and began to shoot. In the vicinity of Tahrir Square, the police fired shot, tear gas and rubber bullets, and later also volleys from automatic weapons, in order to push back Morsi's supporters. The use of the security forces was directed primarily against Mursi supporters. According to Amnesty International , 16 people were shot dead near Ramses Square when security forces used live ammunition to break up a pro-Morsi march to Tahrir Square. Among the injured was a 16-year-old schoolboy who was shot in the arm and leg. A doctor said the police and the military fired at supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood from a bridge.

The Mursi supporters were pushed back into the Dokki district in West Cairo by the police operation. Riot police caught and beat demonstrators before handcuffing them away while local residents applauded. In the Garden City neighborhood, Muslim Brotherhood protesters jumped into the Nile to escape the police who were chasing them. According to the photographer Mosa'ab Elshamy, who took part in the lead of the protest march, the Mursi supporters, which reached Dokki at around 3 p.m. and are said to have largely consisted of families, women and children, were initially with tear gas Plastic bullets and finally met with sharp shots. BBC reporter Quentin Sommerville reported that a number of protesters in the upscale Dokki neighborhood had been hit by sharp shots, some by shotgun fire, which they responded to by throwing stones at police and soldiers.

Vigilante groups and plainclothes police officers attacked people suspected of being foreigners, journalists or the Muslim Brotherhood in some streets. According to eyewitness reports, police officers beat demonstrators indiscriminately, some with the support of local residents and apparent civilians who appeared on the scene armed with pistols and in government vehicles. Patrick Kingsley reported in the Guardian that police, army and secular residents on the west side of Tahrir Square had fired bullets and tear gas at the protest march. Contrary to some reports claiming that some people in the protest march carried firearms, according to Mosa'ab Elshamy, protesters, including hard-core football fans who were not affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, threw rocks and stones for three hours burning tires claimed until they retreated. Some were shot down while retreating.

Other media stated that Mursi's supporters threw incendiary bombs at the police, which they responded with gunshots and tear gas. Still other reports spoke of demonstrators using "fire bombs" and "bird shot" against security forces. Stefan Maier stated in the Tagesschau that some "Muslim Brotherhood" had resorted to violence that had created "more and more counterviolence". Residents would then have thrown stones from the houses.

In Cairo, the coup opponents' clashes with the police lasted into the night. Until late in the evening, the Mursi supporters were unable to break through the tight police barriers around Tahrir Square. The army supporters' event continued on the east side of Tahrirplatz. At Tahrir Square, which is secured by numerous tanks and armored troop vehicles, visitors had to undergo strict controls before entering the square. Many of the pro-military protesters wore portraits of Army Chief Sisi. The supporters of the new rulers celebrated Army Chief Sisi, whose larger-than-life portrait hung on October 6th on the building of the Mugamma administrative complex at the front of Tahrir Square, as an idol and carried soldiers and policemen on their shoulders through the crowd. In the crowd, activists collected signatures for military chief Sisi as the next president. Military jets and Apache - Attack Helicopter with Egyptian flags were flying as the mass demonstrations just before the military coup of July 3 as a flypast in formation to the display of military equipment of the interim government over the square.

Occasionally there were violent attacks by the Islamist demonstrators on supporters of the army on October 6th. According to activists, Islamist demonstrators in Cairo beat up the well-known TV presenter Buthaina Kamel, a declared opponent of the Muslim Brotherhood, who in 2012 was the only woman who tried to run for president and was one of the founders of the Schayfeenkom movement.

What happened in other cities

In other cities too, security forces posted themselves around the most important places. In Alexandria , Suez and Aswan , depending on the source, there were also violent clashes between Morsi supporters and Morsi opponents or with the police. Clashes also occurred in Ismailia.

Arrests and Law Enforcement

According to official information, the police arrested over 423 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood who were accused by the Interior Ministry of vandalism and the use of firearms. The Interior Ministry said the 423 people arrested took part in the clashes and "attacked citizens". In a nightly statement on October 6, the Home Office also alleged that those arrested were in possession of firearms. According to the Interior Ministry, 243 of the arrests in Cairo were made after the clashes in Ramses Street and Al-Galaa Street, whereas 180 of the arrests in Giza for possession of automatic rifles and shotguns were after clashes in Bein Al-Sarayat and Dokki.

43 Morsi supporters were arrested after clashes between Morsi supporters, security forces and residents in Alexandria while in possession of anti-army leaflets and T-shirts with the R4bia slogan referring to the pro-Morsi sit -in on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square , which was forcibly disbanded on August 14 by the security forces, killing hundreds of demonstrators. Alexandria prosecutors accused the 43 men on October 7 of injuring 17 local residents, sabotaging public and private property, resisting security forces and using violence to terrorize citizens and block traffic.

Prosecutors transferred 98 protesters arrested on October 6 to pre-trial detention and renewed their arrest warrants. On October 10, prosecutors announced they had transferred 16 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to the Cairo Criminal Court, where they would be charged, among other things, with assaulting and killing citizens during the October 6 clashes. At the end of October, a court in the Cairo district of Boulaq Abu El-Ela sentenced 16 members of the Muslim Brotherhood arrested on October 6, 2013 to three years in prison for involvement in the riot in Boulaq Abu El-Ela on the 40th anniversary of the 1973 October War. According to media reports, the sentence consisted of two years for "illegal gathering" and one year for "inconsiderate action" (English: "thuggery"). The anti-coup alliance, also known as the National Council to Support Legitimacy , to which several parties and associations belonged in addition to the Muslim Brotherhood, described the 16 defendants as “anti-coup demonstrators”. Yasser Shaarawy, a lawyer for the anti-coup alliance, criticized the short period of 20 days for arrest, investigation and judgment as unusual.

According to Diana Eltahawy, an Egyptian investigator with Amnesty International , most of the pro-Morsi protesters injured on October 6 and interviewed by Amnesty International did not intend to file complaints with the prosecutor, but feared an investigation would lead to their arrest rather than lead to fair prosecution.

Human Rights Watch reported on November 2 that, nearly four weeks after using deadly force to break up demonstrations by supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian authorities had still not provided information that they questioned security forces about their use of firearms on October 6 had or intended to be interviewed. With the exception of an incident on August 18, 2013, in which 37 prisoners on remand were killed during a prisoner transport , the judicial authorities had not brought security forces to justice after the coup.

Reactions and opinions

National

The different reactions of various Egyptian groups and parties to the deadly violence in connection with the 40th anniversary of the October War of 1973 clearly reflected the state of polarization in Egypt:

  • With regard to the events of October 6, the interim government spoke of a “continuation of the fight against terrorism”. The presidential office of the transitional government suspected treason on behalf of foreign powers as responsible for the protests. The interior ministry of the interim government described the clashes as an attempt by the Muslim Brotherhood to "ruin the celebrations and create tension among the masses." In an interview recorded before the violence on October 6 and published on October 7 in a private Egyptian daily newspaper, military chief Sisi said that he had told Morsi in February that Morsi had failed and that his project was over. Morsi drove Egypt towards civil war. The national interests of Egypt would be different from those of the organization of the Muslim Brotherhood.
  • The former Egyptian Mufti Ali Gomaa called in front of an audience in which there were military chief Sisi, military officers and assembled police chiefs to shoot the protesters: “Shoot [sharply] with full [force]. We have to cleanse our city and our Egypt of these hooligans. They do not deserve our Egyptian [identity]. ”,“ Beat them and do not sacrifice your soldiers for these heretics ”.
  • Israa Abdel Fattah, who was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize as co-founder of the youth movement of April 6, 2011 among other things for promoting non-violence in protests, justified the killing by the military of the pro-Morsi demonstrators, whom she denounced as terrorists. According to Heba Moreyef ( Human Rights Watch ), she herself was accused by the Egyptian power apparatus after the military coup of receiving financial support from the USA and other states for her political activities. The April 6th youth movement led the first, cautious protests against the extension of the state of emergency, to which - as Astrid Frefel commented in the NZZ , "again as much courage as on January 25th, 2011" was required.
  • Egyptian television broadcast a large-scale show on October 6 to mark the celebration, despite the violence and bloodbath. The armed forces' celebrations for the 40th anniversary of the Middle East war against Israel in 1973 continued in a stadium in the evening and were broadcast live on television, despite the street fighting. Military chief Sisi and the interim president Adli Mansur, who was appointed by him, attended the ceremony. Sisi compared the military with the pyramids: “There are those who think the military could be smashed”, he said in his speech, “Do you see the pyramids? The military is like the pyramids because the Egyptian people are by their side. "
  • Egyptian party Al-Tayar Al-Shaaby spokeswoman Heba Yassin said the Muslim Brotherhood "tried to tarnish the historic day." She said, "They use all violence to take advantage of fallen victims." The Muslim Brotherhood would try to “destabilize the state” and create chaos.
  • The head of the Free Egyptians Party , Ahmed Saeed, said the insistence of the Muslim Brotherhood protests on October 6 reluctant "nationalism and togetherness".
  • Diaa al-Sawy, a spokesman for the opposition alliance, defended the marches by Mursi supporters on Tahrir Square as legitimate. The protest was not directed against the army as a national institution, but against individual officers who wanted to convert the troops into a militia.
  • The Muslim Brotherhood called the event yet another "massacre". On her website she called for an international investigation into the incidents and spoke out against the violent methods used by other Islamist groups.
  • As the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Freedom and Justice Party declared military chief Sisi responsible for the dead on October 6th. A statement from the party said: “We call on all human rights organizations to condemn the crimes committed today. We call for an international investigation into today's crimes. "
  • The anti-coup alliance said in an October 6 statement that Egyptians who came to "celebrate" the anniversary were "faced with cold-blooded coup troops who shot to kill with live ammunition". The anti-coup alliance accused the "coup commanders" and their collaborators of deadly violence. A youth group within the anti-coup alliance, the Youth Anti-Coup Alliance , stated in a statement on October 7th that “the militias” who committed a new crime against Egypt by killing peaceful demonstrators on the streets, “ Egyptians will not prevent them from claiming their rights ”. The youth group said it would continue its work "to throw off the coup and bring all its leaders to justice".
  • At the end of October, the political scientist and former foreign policy advisor to the Morsi government, Maha Azzam, claimed that “3,000 to 5,000 people” had been killed under Sisi.

International

State and supranational organizations

  • GermanyGermany Germany - The German Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle warned of a new wave of violence and appealed: “I call on all those responsible not to pour oil on the fire now and to do everything possible to prevent a bloody escalation of violence on the streets of Egypt coming. ”He declared that the“ roadmap ”for a return to democratic and constitutional order should not be called into question.
US Secretary of State John Kerry with delegation on November 3, 2013 in Cairo during the meeting with the Egyptian Interim Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmi.
  • United StatesUnited States United States - The US State Department initially expressed concern. After talks with the Egyptian interim government installed by the military, US Secretary of State John Kerry, during his visit to Egypt on November 3, 2013, was optimistic that the interim government would advance the democratization process. Kerry said, "So far there are signs that this is their intention." The roadmap for a return to democracy developed by the new administration is being carried forward to the best of its knowledge. Kerry pledged further US aid to the military-backed transitional government, but also called for more "compliance" with the Muslim Brotherhood. At a joint press conference with the Egyptian transitional foreign minister, Nabil Fahmy , he said the US government would continue to support the Egyptian transitional government in humanitarian terms and in the fight against terrorism. He stressed that Egypt's economic success was linked to its stability and democratization. At the same time, Kerry pointed out that US President Barack Obama had accepted the offer of talks by the Egyptian interim government. The US government decidedly called for the rapid implementation of the political “roadmap”, but continued to avoid the term “military coup”.
  • United NationsU.N. UN - UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon expressed concern and sharply condemned the violence.

Human rights organizations

Human rights organizations rated the violent crackdown by the security forces after the fall of Morsi as worse than in the past Mubarak years, when complaints were at least occasionally followed up. The Ministry of the Interior was now headed by Mohammed Ibrahim, who was known for his bloody practices, such as in a camp of refugees from Sudan in 2005. At the time of the event on October 6, 2013, human rights organizations feared an expansion of the circle at risk from state reprisals. During the previous weeks' arrests of more than 3,000 Morsi's supporters in Cairo alone, the police often broke into apartments like a raid at dawn, even though those wanted did not offer any resistance. This was seen as an attempt to re-create a climate of fear. In addition, the interim government extended pre-trial detention for serious allegations from 15 to 45 days, and the Ministry of Justice gave private security services at universities police powers. In the planned “anti-terror law”, critics saw a covert extension of the state of emergency, which the interim government did not intend to extend beyond November 14, according to media reports, which meant that the night curfew was due to be lifted in mid-November. By tightening the right to demonstrate, the military-backed transitional government planned to curb the protests. Representatives of the transitional government, in particular liberal ministers, stressed again and again that one should not speak of a return to a police state, but rather that the threat through the Muslim Brotherhood should be averted.

  • Human rights activists expressed concern about political developments in Egypt. The director of Human Rights Watch in Egypt, Heba Morajef, accused the judiciary of partiality: "The killing of hundreds of demonstrators has resulted in near impunity for the security forces," "And in such a climate of politicized accusations, the chance for real justice is jeopardized. Joe Stork, Middle East and North Africa director at Human Rights Watch , criticized the Egyptian security forces in handling the protests repeatedly escalating the situation quickly and using live ammunition without warning and with deadly effect. 1,300 people have died since July 2013 without the authorities having restrained the security forces or even set up a committee of inquiry to investigate the fatal violence. Human Rights Watch noted that small demonstrations of up to several thousand supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood had taken place in Cairo and other cities every Friday for the previous two months. While security forces had arrested many participants, the speed with which police made extensive use of lethal force on October 6 reappeared for the first time since the violent break-up of the major protest camps in Cairo on August 14.
  • The Arab Network for Human Rights said the Justice Department had drafted two new laws with a broad, unclear definition of "terror" that practically included any protest aimed at enforcing restrictions on those who criticize the regime. This is a reversal of the achievements of the 2011 revolution and shows the state's intention to silence people and return to a police state.
  • According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights ( EOHR), the “anti-terror law” and the planned demonstration law would undermine fundamental civil rights. The EOHR called for an immediate investigation into the events of 6 October 2013 and condemned the deaths of protesters. She stressed the need to deal with the demonstrators in a peaceful manner and avoiding the dead. The organization's head, Hafez Abo Seada, added that supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi who did not behave peacefully should have been treated within the legal framework by arresting the perpetrators without causing any deaths.
  • Amnesty International said on October 14 that evidence from eyewitnesses, health officials and wounded protesters suggested that security forces used live ammunition on October 6 to disperse the crowd of largely peaceful protesters. During the operation, during which at least 49 people were killed in Cairo alone, the security forces used excessive and unacceptable lethal force to disperse the pro-Morsi demonstrators. According to eyewitness accounts, in some cases the security forces assisted men armed with knives, swords or firearms who attacked and collided with demonstrators. The Deputy Head of Middle East and North Africa of Amnesty International , Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui, said the Egyptian security forces had failed clearly to avoid the loss of human life. Bystanders or non-violent demonstrators were also affected. She criticized the threat by the Egyptian authorities in the run-up to October 6th to view protesters protesting against the military on October 6th as a national security threat and not as activists: “This gave the security forces of certain masses the green light to commit mistreatment against demonstrators. "

Press and individual votes

  • One day after the incidents on October 6th, Markus Symank wrote for Deutsche Welle that no "independent investigations into the massacres of Islamist demonstrators during the past few months" had been carried out. "Security forces as well as civilians fighting on the side of the transitional government," said Symank, "had no consequences to fear in the current climate of impunity." A short time before, a video had become known in which army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi den Security forces also assure "that they would have no legal consequences to fear, should demonstrators die as a result of their actions."
  • Living in Cairo journalist and political analyst Martin Gehlen accused the military-supported regime on October 6 in the time a policy of "resentment, xenophobia and megalomania" before, let regarded as a terrorist organization which no contradiction of Western representatives in the classification of the Muslim Brotherhood: "The Supporters of the new ruling class are now dreaming of their homeland as a global role model in the fight against terrorism. Like aggressive sect missionaries, they attack every Western interlocutor, accuse him of ignorance, his government as the fifth column of the Muslim Brotherhood and willing followers of an American-Israeli mega-conspiracy to divide Egypt. Anyone who does not share this terrorist narrative, which is immunized against any criticism, is suspect from the start as a conversation partner. Western politicians who are arriving and who are campaigning for the reintegration of the Muslim Brotherhood are at best heard politely. Instead, fact-free resentment, blind hatred of foreigners and chauvinistic megalomania are spreading so massively as if the political self-liberation of the 80 million people with their revolution in January 2011 had never happened. ”Gehlen criticized the new rulers for getting the situation in Egypt not under their control, although the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood has already been imprisoned, the organization of the Muslim Brotherhood has been declared illegal, its assets confiscated, "thousands upon thousands of demonstrators" "tortured" in the detention centers and more than a thousand people shot by the police and military by the beginning of October have been.
  • The editorial of the Guardian of 9 October designated Egypt as a "country in the grip of a dictatorship", for in addition to the killings, the number of the country leaving Egyptians fell significantly as well as confirmation of many who had stood in opposition to Mursi such as from Protest by the resigned Vice President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammed el-Baradei after the mass killings in mid-August that Egypt was now moving in the direction of “ fascism ”. Patrick Kingsley reported in the Guardian on Oct. 6 that while Morsi's supporters would continue their protest against the army's “brutal” treatment of Islamists, often well into the nightly curfew, an even smaller minority of Egyptians hit by beating during curfew Pots and pans from their kitchen windows wanted to express their opposition to the authoritarianism of both the army and the Muslim Brotherhood. The majority of Egyptians only see the army or the Muslim Brotherhood as a choice and have sided with the army.

Further development

On October 7, 2013, 18 members of the army and police were killed in attacks across the country. Alone in Sinai, where Islamist militias and smugglers' gangs had established themselves after the fall of Husni Mubarak in the northern Sinai Peninsula, jihadists had intensified their attacks on state facilities, police stations and military bases since the military coup in early July 2013 and the Egyptian army had since Had launched a large-scale military offensive against armed groups and militant Islamists in early September, twelve police officers died on October 7 when a car bomb detonated in front of the security forces headquarters in at-Tur .

On October 9, the US State Department announced that it would suspend annual US military and economic aid to the Egyptian military for the first time since the Camp David Peace Accords, pending “credible progress” in political reforms since the fall of the president Morsi made and a new government elected in free and fair elections. The US government still did not officially qualify the military coup against President Morsi in July as a “coup”. During his visit to Egypt on November 3 to normalize the relationship between the United States and Egypt, which had cooled down since the US military aid freeze, US Secretary of State John Kerry stressed that withholding military aid was not a punishment. Relations between the United States and Egypt should not be measured by aid, but by political and economic ties. The US government is obliged to work with the Egyptian interim rulers.

The head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde , offered the competent Egyptian authorities cooperation with the IMF in stabilizing the Egyptian economy. The IMF could enter into existing cooperation agreements between Egypt and the Gulf States as a partner. Before the Morsis coup in July there had been negotiations for a $ 4.8 billion IMF loan to Egypt. The new military leadership, which was supported by rich Gulf states with billions after the coup, did not enter into negotiations with the IMF representatives "in view of the unpopular conditions associated with the loan aid" (Reuters).

On October 9, the media announced that President Morsi, who had been put in a coup and had been detained in an undisclosed location since the beginning of July, will appear in court on November 4 for “inciting the murder of demonstrators” ( Die Zeit ) or “torture and Killing of demonstrators ”( Reuters ).

After the Muslim Brotherhood Party had previously been banned, the transitional government also revoked the Muslim Brotherhood's status as a non-governmental organization on October 9. All organizations that assisted the Muslim Brotherhood or were financed by them were deprived of their legal basis as NGOs. At the same time, the Tamarod movement, which had contributed significantly to the overthrow of President Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood as the ruling party in June, but which itself had neither party status nor a political program, announced its start in the parliamentary elections planned for early 2014.

According to reports on October 9, the military chief Sisi, who was “significantly involved in the fall of Morsi”, kept open in an interview whether he was aiming for a candidacy in the 2014 presidential election. He currently considers it inappropriate "to ask this question in the light of the challenges and risks the country is going through". At this point in time, a heated discussion was already going on about his possible presidential candidacy, and attempts were made to get him to do this by collecting signatures.

On October 11th protests broke out again in several places in Egypt, with thousands of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrating on the streets and chanting “Sisi is a murderer” or “Away with the coup”. The Interior Ministry reiterated its warning against using violence against the Islamists if necessary. In Cairo, security has been strengthened around Tahrir Square, the US embassy and other central squares. Around 2,000 Islamists gathered in Cairo to protest and waved pictures of Mursi in front of the presidential palace. The Muslim Brotherhood-led anti-coup alliance that organized the demonstration had previously called on participants to stay away from Tahrir Square to prevent further violent clashes. One person was killed in the Sharkia province north of Cairo. Dozens were injured in Alexandria when a car drove into the protesters. In Alexandria, security forces dispersed Morsi's supporters with tear gas when they clashed with opponents of the disempowered president.

  • Gallery: Anti-coup demonstration in Nasr City on October 11, 2013

  • Protesters armed with vuvuzela and anti-coup flags shape their fingers into the R4bia symbol.

  • Morsi-loyal protester with portrait of the president who was overthrown by the military.

  • The anti-coup demonstration takes place in Nasr City, a stronghold of the Muslim Brotherhood.

  • A military vehicle drives through the anti-coup protest.

In October, the news site Rasd , which sympathizes with the Islamists, published audio recordings that were allegedly unapproved and that were supposed to come from a conversation between Sisi and Yasser Rizk, editor-in-chief of the state newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm , and that were intended to serve as evidence that Sisi was the military chief even after the new elections planned soon in the official political timetable and the election of a new government, regardless of the outcome of the elections, he wanted to secure far-reaching powers that would make his position inviolable. In the conversation published by Rasd , Sisi is supposed to tell the editor-in-chief: “You should start a campaign with other intellectuals. Demand that the constitution be given an article giving General Sisi immunity from his position as defense minister and allowing him to remain in office. Even in the event that he does not become president. ”Whether or not Sisi wanted to run in the presidential elections, the general had left open. The signature campaign calling for Sisi to become the next president should, by this point, have reportedly collected millions of signatures. Who was behind the campaign was not known.

In mid-October, both the government paid painters and residents painted over the facades with white paint, which was sprayed night after night by Sisi opponents with messages such as "CC murderer" or "CC traitor" (the letters "CC") English are pronounced for the name of the military chief "Sisi"). In the climate of a “fanatical personality cult” (Raniah Salloum / Der Spiegel ) around the person of Sisi, dissenting voices were not tolerated and opponents of Sisi were classified as Islamists and enemies of the state.

In October, a transitional government committee discussed an “anti-terror law” through which some special powers should be retained for the security forces even after the state of emergency imposed by the military government in mid-August was lifted. At the same time as the planned lifting of the state of emergency in mid-November, the transitional government installed by the army was supposed to pass the “Anti-Terror Law” and the planned demonstration law, which would continue to allow the government, the judiciary and the security forces to restrict certain civil rights.

In October, the media reported plans by the new rulers to limit the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on religion. The Ministry of Religious Affairs aimed a series of laws to bring the country's mosques more under state control.

In early November, an estimated 3,000 Muslim Brotherhoods were imprisoned alongside their leaders. On November 6, an urgent appeal court in Cairo upheld the ban on the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. Another appeal could be filed against the verdict. The court thus dismissed the complaint made by the Muslim Brotherhood, who wanted to prevent the implementation of the ban on all of their activities. The court ruling was seen as an indication that the Muslim Brotherhood would be excluded from the military-appointed interim government for 2014.

Morsi's supporters and human rights groups accused the military of wanting to restore the Hosni Mubarak regime after the military coup against Morsi.

References

Web links

Commons : Protests in Egypt 2013  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Publications from human rights organizations :

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil ( Memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, November 4th 2013 (last change: 8:51 am), archived from the original .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Egypt - Violence and impunity on the Nile ( Memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact-Finding Committee as a First Step ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Egypt: Protester Killings Not Being Investigated ( Memento from December 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, November 2, 2013, archived from the original .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Conflicting reactions to 6 October violence - The Anti-Coup Alliance calls for continued demonstrations ( Memento of 3 January 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, October 7, 2013, by Hend Kortam, archived from the original .
  7. ↑ a b c Power struggle - Mansour extends state of emergency ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 12, 2013, archived from the original .
  8. ^ A b Egypt - Muzzle for Egypt's media ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, September 29, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
  9. ↑ a b c Bloodbath in Egypt during protests ( memento from November 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , SRF (Swiss Radio and Television), October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  10. ↑ a b c Egypt - At least 44 dead in Egypt ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, October 6, 2013.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Over 50 dead in riots in Cairo ( memento from December 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  12. ↑ a b Rights groups demand Egypt probe killings of Mursi supporters ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters Edition US, December 10, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
  13. ↑ a b Support - USA stops military aid to Egypt ( memento October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
  14. ↑ a b USA calls for political reforms - for the time being no US weapons for Egypt ( memento from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, October 10, 2013, archived from the original ( memento from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) .
  15. ↑ a b Egypt - Egypt criticizes restrictions on US military aid ( memento of October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 10, 2013, by Nils Naumann, archived from the original .
  16. ↑ Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, August 17, 2013 (last change: 14:31), archived from the original .
  17. ↑ Minutes - The day when the military deposed Morsi ( memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , stern.de, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  18. ^ Coup in Egypt - The Stolen Revolution ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 6, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
  19. ^ Egypt - Campaign against Islamists in Egypt , Deutsche Welle, July 14, 2013, by Matthias Sailer, accessed on September 6, 2013.
  20. ^ Egypt - Public Prosecutor's Office brings charges against Mursi , Deutsche Welle, September 2, 2013, by Najima El Moussaoui, accessed on September 9, 2013.
  21. ↑ Islamists are prohibited from all activities - Egypt bans the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from September 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
  22. ^ Egypt - court bans Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
  23. ↑ Decision in Egypt - court forbids all activities of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, September 23, 2013, archived from the original .
  24. ↑ a b Egypt: Court of Appeal confirms the ban on the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 6, 2013, archived from the original .
  25. ↑ Egypt after a new excess of violence on the edge of the abyss ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
  26. ↑ a b At least 120 Morsi supporters reported killed in Egypt clashes ( memento of 19 September 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, July 27, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  27. ↑ Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies' - As the death toll rises, a report from Cairo's main mortuary after the police massacre of pro-Morsi supporters ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 28, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  28. ↑ Egypt - Police officers massacre Mursi supporters in Cairo ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, July 27, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  29. ↑ Egypt: More than 100 killed in Cairo massacre ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Asharq al-Awsat , July 27, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of July 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
  30. ↑ a b Egypt - Police in Cairo shoot at demonstrators ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
  31. ↑ After Friday prayers - again dozens of dead in Egyptian protests ( memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net (with? Christoph Ehrhardt), August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
  32. ↑ a b Egypt: deadly clashes erupt again on streets of Cairo ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013, by Shiv Malik and Adam Gabbatt, archived from the original .
  33. ↑ Violence in Egypt - people shot in front of church ( memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, October 21, 2013, archived from the original .
  34. ↑ Hundreds of dead when the protest camps were cleared - State of emergency imposed on Egypt - Vice President ElBaradei resigns ( memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
  35. ↑ a b State crisis on the Nile government: 343 dead when the protest camps for Mursi were cleared ( memento from August 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, August 15, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
  36. ↑ Christoph Ehrhardt: State of emergency and curfews imposed at faz.net, August 14, 2013 (accessed on August 14, 2013).
  37. ↑ a b c d Egypt: Court lifts the state of emergency ( memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
  38. ↑ a b c State of emergency - one dead during protests in Egypt ( memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 13, 2013, archived from the original .
  39. ↑ Egypt- In Cairo the nerves are on edge ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 17, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  40. ^ Egypt - Repressions against Al Jazira ( memento from September 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), September 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  41. ↑ a b Court decision - state of emergency in Egypt will be lifted ( memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
  42. ↑ Protests in Egypt ( Memento December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Voice Of America, September 20, 2013, archived from the original .
  43. ↑ a b Arab World - State repression in Egypt is increasing ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 20, 2013, by Matthias Sailer, archived from the original .
  44. ↑ a b Egypt - The Power of Martyr Logic ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 17, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
  45. ↑ a b Power struggle in Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood boss suffers heart attack in prison ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 31, 2013, archived from the original .
  46. ↑ a b c d Egypt's military chief: How General Sisi secures his power ( memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 17, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
  47. ↑ Amnesty International decries violence in Egypt ( Memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, Sep 11, 2013, by Aaron T. Rose, archived from the original .
  48. ↑ a b c Egypt: from bad to worse - Try as he might, General Sisi can not contain the continued protest against his takeover ( Memento of 11 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, October 9, 2013, editorial, archived from the original .
  49. ↑ a b Attackers kill Egyptian soldiers near the Suez Canal ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  50. ↑ a b Sinai Peninsula - 12 dead after attack on police and military ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , 20min.ch, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  51. ↑ a b Heavy attacks on Egyptian army ( memento from December 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  52. ↑ Ashton wants to initiate Egyptian dialogue ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, October 2, 2013 (print version: Der Standard, October 3, 2013), by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
  53. ↑ a b Mursi supporters protest on Tahrir Square in Cairo ( memento from October 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 2, 2013, archived from the original .
  54. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dead in riots in Egypt - On a new front ( memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 6, 2013, archived by Markus Bickel from the original .
  55. ↑ a b c d Rebel campaign calls for Tahrir celebrations on 6 Oct holiday - Tamarod's call comes as a response to news Muslim Brotherhood-aligned groups are planning to protest on 6 October, the anniversary of Egypt's 1973 war against Israel ( Memento vom 8. March 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, October 2, 2013, archived from the original .
  56. ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt: Muslim Brothers engage in street battles with security forces ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  57. ↑ a b c d e f g Violence in Egypt: Four dead in violent riots in Cairo ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 5, 2013, archived from the original .
  58. ↑ a b c d e f Again violence in Egypt - deaths in protests in Cairo ( memento from October 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, October 5, 2013, archived from the original ( memento from October 6, 2013 in the Internet Archives ).
  59. ↑ a b Muslim Brotherhood demonstrations: deaths in riots in Egypt ( memento from October 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online Video, October 5, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spiegel.de
  60. ↑ a b Comment Violence against the Muslim Brotherhood - Plan B for Egypt ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , die tageszeitung, October 7, 2013, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
  61. ↑ Five months after Morsi's fall - Egypt approves new constitution ( Memento from December 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, December 2, 2013, archived from the original .
  62. ↑ a b Thousands of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood protest again in Cairo (Video: MP4 ( Memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite )), ARD, daily topics at 9.45 p.m., October 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  63. ↑ Violence during Muslim Brotherhood Protests in Egypt ( Memento from October 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters, October 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  64. ↑ a b Egyptian army opens fire on Muslim Brotherhood demonstration in Cairo ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Oct. 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  65. ↑ a b c d e f g h i State repression in Egypt - anti-terror campaign as in Mubarak's time ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 7, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from Original .
  66. ↑ a b c d e f g h October 6 in Egypt - The military can be celebrated ( memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, October 4, 2013, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
  67. ^ Upheaval in Egypt - an interview with military chief al-Sisi as future president , Süddeutsche.de, September 9, 2013, accessed on September 10, 2013.
  68. ↑ Egypt eludes the influence of the West - Flirt with Russia ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Thüringer Allgemeine, October 23, 2013, by Anne-Beatrice Clasmann, archived from the original .
  69. ↑ Egypt - Disturbers in the operational process ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
  70. ↑ Video shows Egypt generals plotting media gag ( Memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, October 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  71. ↑ a b c d e f g h Escalation in Cairo: Dozens of Egyptians die in street battles ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  72. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Clashes across Egypt kill 51, more protests called ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters Edition US, October 6, 2013, by Yara Bayoumy, archived from the original .
  73. ↑ Egypt - The Torn Nation ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, February 24, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  74. ↑ a b c d e f Large demonstrations on the national holiday - dozens dead in riots in Egypt ( memento from October 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, October 6, 2013, archived from the original ( memento from October 8, 2013 in the Internet Archives ).
  75. ↑ a b Gunmen kill six Egyptian soldiers near Suez canal ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Oct. 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  76. ↑ a b c At least 51 dead in protests in Egypt ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  77. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt - Tanks are supposed to stop demonstrators ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 6, 2013, archived from the original .
  78. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Egypt: dozens of protesters killed as rival factions tear Cairo apart ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 7, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  79. ↑ a b c d e Egypt: '50 dead 'in clashes amid rival demonstrations ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). BBC News, Oct 6, 2013, archived from the original .
  80. ^ Trial of strength - Olaf Standke on the situation in Egypt ( Memento from December 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, October 8, 2013, by Olaf Standke, archived from the original .
  81. ↑ a b Egypt - Who Owns the Tahrir, Owns the Revolution ( Memento from November 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, November 21, 2013, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
  82. ↑ a b c More violence as Egyptians mark 6 October ( Memento from December 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). LiveWire - Amnesty's global human rights blog, October 8, 2013, by Diana Eltahawy, archived from the original  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / livewire.amnesty.org  
  83. ↑ Egypt - The Wish for Happy Easter - The Coexistence of Copts and Muslims in Cairo ( Memento from April 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandradio Kultur, April 17, 2014, by Anna Osius, archived from the original .
  84. ↑ a b c d e f g Demonstrations: Dozens of people die in protests in Egypt ( memento from October 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 6, 2013, archived from the original .
  85. ↑ a b c d e Violence on the Nile - Dozens of dead in clashes in Egypt ( Memento from October 28, 2013 on WebCite ) (update), Der Tagesspiegel, October 7, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  86. ↑ a b c Egypt: Ministry of Health Reports 57 Killed and 391 Injured in Sunday Clashes ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Las Vegas Guardian Express, October 8, 2013, by Jaylan Salah, archived from the original .
  87. ↑ الصحة: ارتفاع حصيلة "الصحة": ارتفاع حصيلة اشتباكات "ذكرى 6 أكتوبر" ل57 قتيلا و 391 مصابا ( Memento of 11 October 2013 Webcite ) (Arabic), almogaz.com, October 8, 2013, filed by the original (alternatively : http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/2190581 ).
  88. ^ A b Egypt - Twelve police officers die in car bomb explosion ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  89. ↑ a b c d e Bloodshed on all sides - Egypt mourns dozens of deaths ( memento of October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  90. ↑ 976 killed in greater Cairo in two months: Forensics Authority - Death toll includes 627 who died during the dispersal of Rabaa Al-Adaweya sit-in ( Memento of 26 January 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, November 16, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
  91. ↑ 2013 a 'black year' for human rights ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
  92. ↑ a b c 53 killed in clashes 6 October - Most deaths occurred in greater Cairo 423 detained ( Memento from 1 January 2014 to Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, October 7, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
  93. ↑ a b c Egypt: State-sanctioned pattern of excessive use of force by security forces ( Memento from December 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Amnesty International, October 14, 2013, archived from the original .
  94. ↑ a b Violence in Cairo ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  95. ↑ a b c d e f Violence in Cairo - 44 dead - police fire with tear gas and shotgun ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, October 6, 2013, archived from the original .
  96. ↑ Egypt: supporters and opponents of Morsi clash as country marks anniversary of Israel war - video ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Oct. 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  97. ↑ a b c Again bloodbath in Egypt ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (Video: 01:25 min.), Deutsche Welle, October 6, 2013, by Anja Koch, archived from the original .
  98. ↑ Escalation in Egypt - police officers shoot unknown persons spiegel.de on October 7, 2013.
  99. ↑ a b 16 arrested on 6 October sentenced to prison - Deadly violence on October 6 left dozens dead ( Memento of 27 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, October 27, 2013, by Hend Kortam, archived from the original .
  100. ↑ Five soldiers slain, blasts rock Egypt as deadly violence Continues ( Memento of 11 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). Worldnews on NBCNews.com, undated [? 7. October 2013], by Henry Austin, archived from the original .
  101. ↑ «السيسي» لـ «المصري اليوم»: أدركت أن مرسي ليس رئيسا لكل المصريين وقلت له: قد فشلتم ( Memento from October 11, 2013 in WebCite. ) (Arabic). al-Masry al-Youm, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
  102. ↑ a b Social Solidarity Ministry officially dissolves Brotherhood NGO ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
  103. ↑ Former Egyptian mufti supports the killing of protesters ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English). Middle East Monitor, October 9, 2013; accessed October 11, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.middleeastmonitor.com
  104. ↑ Goodbye Brotherhood, hello military dictatorship ( Memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013, by Elhanan Miller, archived from the original .
  105. ↑ Candidates for the 2011 award - Women, Facebook, Nobel Peace Prize ( memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 6, 2011, by Lydia Bentsche, archived from the original .
  106. ↑ A Conversation with Esraa Abdelfattah and Bassel Adel ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Journal of Middle Eastern Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Oct 21, 2013, by Avery Schmidt, archived from the original .
  107. ↑ Egypt's 'democrats' abandon democracy ( Memento of 27 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Washington Post, July 21, 2013, by Jackson Diehl, archived from the original .
  108. ↑ Egypt's Crisis - The Coup, A Death Blow For Democracy ( Memento October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 21, 2013, by Ian Buruma, archived from the original .
  109. ↑ Egypt's Military Holiday Marred By Deaths ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, Oct 7, 2013, from Alastair Beach, archived from the original .
  110. ↑ Egypt - Now it's against the liberal opponents of the regime ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 8, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  111. ↑ “Today is tortured again” ( memento from December 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, October 30, 2013, by Christof Münger (interview with Maha Azzam), archived from the original .
  112. ↑ a b c d Egypt - Kerry speaks of progress in Egypt ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, November 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  113. ↑ a b c Egypt - USA admonishes democracy in Egypt ( memento of November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  114. ^ Egypt's ex-president trial against Mursi postponed to January ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
  115. ↑ Trial of Mohammed Morsi in Egypt - The trial begins - and is postponed ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, November 4, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
  116. ↑ Egypt: Government classifies Islamist Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization ( Memento of 27 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Huffington Post - Edition: DE, December 25, 2013.
  117. ↑ Ban strongly condemns ongoing violence in Egypt ( Memento of 29 December 2015 Webcite ) (English), UN News Center, October 7, 2013.
  118. ↑ Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General - on Egypt ( Memento from December 29, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), un.org, October 7, 2013.
  119. ↑ a b c New Law in Egypt - State of Emergency through the Back Door? ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, October 23, 2013, archived from the original .
  120. ↑ a b c d e The right to demonstrate in Egypt is to be restricted even more ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, October 17, 2013, archived from the original .
  121. ^ Deputy head of the Muslim Brotherhood Party arrested in Egypt ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 30, 2013, archived from the original .
  122. ↑ Rights group adds to criticism of Egypt's draft protest law ( Memento of 18 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). ahramonline, October 16, 2013, archived from the original .
  123. ↑ Egypt's ousted President Morsi in court ( memento of November 3, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, November 3, 2013, by Michael Georgy, archived from the original .
  124. ↑ Military rule - Egypt - polarized, shattered and paralyzed ( memento from October 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  125. ↑ a b Cairo under the curfew: all-night parties ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 6, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
  126. ↑ Masmou3: Noise as dissent ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 19, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
  127. ↑ a b c d e f Thousands of Mursi supporters take to the streets in Egypt ( Memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , http://business-panorama.de/ (AFP report), October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
  128. ↑ a b c Bloody military campaign: The anger against Egypt's army is growing on the Sinai ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 9, 2013, by Christoph Sydow, archived from the original .
  129. ↑ New riots in Egypt - deaths on "Friday of Determination" ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 30, 2013, archived from the original .
  130. ↑ USA - No tanks for Egypt's military ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Zeit, October 10, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  131. ↑ US withholds Egypt military aid over crackdown - The US is suspending a large part of the $ 1.3bn (£ 810m) in aid it gives to Egypt's military. BBC October 10, 2013
  132. ↑ Kerry walking the tightrope in Cairo ( memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) (video, 1:35 minutes), Deutsche Welle, by Elke Sandtner, 2013 (? November 3, 2013), archived from the original  ( page no longer available , Search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dw.de  
  133. ↑ In Cairo, John Kerry says US will work with Egypt interim rulers ( Memento of 13 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Telegraph, November 3, 2013, AFP message edited by Hannah Strange, archived from the original .
  134. ↑ Kerry vows US backing for Egypt interim rulers ( Memento of December 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Hürriyet Daily News, November 3, 2013, archived from the original .
  135. ↑ IMF offers Egypt help with economic stabilization ( memento of October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
  136. ^ State crisis - Monetary Fund offers Egypt economic aid ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.NET, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
  137. ↑ a b US financial aid - US wants to cut military aid to Egypt ( memento of October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
  138. ↑ Egyptian court sets date for Mursi trial ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
  139. ↑ a b Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood no longer an NGO ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
  140. ↑ a b Muslim Brotherhood - Leveled Islamists Prevent Bloodbath in Egypt ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, October 11, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
  141. ↑ a b One killed and tens injured in Friday's protests in Egypt ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor, October 12, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.middleeastmonitor.com
  142. ^ Another riots in Egypt ( memento from October 11, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
  143. ↑ a b c d Protests in Egypt ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, October 11, 2013, archived from the original .
  144. ↑ رصد– السيسي: أبو الفتوح اخواني متطرف وياسر رزق يرد: الإخوان شواذ وأبو الفتوح مثلهم ( Memento from October 17, 2013 in WebCite. ) (Arabic). leaks.rassd.com/, October 16, 2013, archived from the original . Link to the live stream (login required): رصد | السيسي: أبو الفتوح اخواني متطرف وياسر رزق يرد: الإخوان شواذ وأبو الفتوح مثلهم ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has not yet been checked automatically. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / new.livestream.com
  145. ↑ Street Art in Egypt - Brush Fight for Cairo's Facades ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
  146. ↑ Egypt's TV star: Dr. Youssef tests the limits of freedom ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, November 1, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
  147. ^ Egypt - Prohibition of sermons for Islamists in Egypt ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 16, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
  148. ^ Conflicts - Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt failed with a complaint against the ban , Tiroler Tageszeitung, November 6, 2013.
  149. ^ Tensions in Egypt grow before the Mursi trial ( Memento of November 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , Reuters Germany, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
  150. ^ Tensions in Egypt grow before the Mursi trial ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 1, 2013, accessed on November 2, 2013. (Reuters video channel).