Charter traffic
The charter traffic (or demand traffic ; from English charter , "freight contract") is a type of traffic that is supposed to bring goods or passengers to an agreed transport destination by means of transport at a certain point in time . The contrast is the regular service .
General
As a means of transport, railways , omnibuses , cable cars , trams or taxis ( land transport ), container ships , ferries , cruise ships , ships or tankers ( inland and sea shipping ) and, in the case of air traffic, aircraft ( airplanes , hot air balloons , helicopters , airships ) for charter traffic can be considered. In contrast to regular services, there is neither a fixed timetable nor fixed routes for charter services ; both are individually agreed with the respective client according to his needs for certain destinations and / or travel times.
species
Charter traffic ( English non-scheduled traffic ) is divided into content and according to the question of whether it takes place on land, on water or in the air.
- Content and scope
In the case of a full charter , the entire capacity of the means of transport is rented or leased , in the case of a partial charter (or room charter ) only part of the capacity for transport with personnel . This applies to all transport routes on land , water and in the air .
- Land transport
In land transport, the means of transport for scheduled and charter traffic are usually used separately. Tour groups can rent coaches for the duration of the trip or excursion , with a fixed flat-rate fare . The advantage is that the number of people traveling can reduce the fare, which is due to the law of mass production . This can be seen in mass tourism , which has made package tours cheaper. For group travel by train (railway, tram) are available by prior appointment separate trains ( bowling trips ) or additional cars to polylines possible ( company outings ). A lump sum also applies here, including pick-up at the destination if necessary. This is particularly useful on heavily frequented routes or secondary routes with reduced availability.
- shipping
Shipping distinguishes between actual ship charter with and without crew ( bareboat charter ). Tramp shipping is characterized by the fact that it has neither a fixed timetable nor fixed routes.
- Inland shipping
Excursion steamers , but also smaller ships such as houseboats or yachts , can be chartered individually on a temporary basis. The skipper and watercraft are always available and can make individual changes of location . This is not possible with regular services.
- Maritime shipping
With the exception of ferries, almost all motorized passenger ships are chartered, i.e. rented on a temporary basis. Cruises are pure ship charter. Shore excursions for the passengers are organized by them and possible for a fee. A program is available around the clock on board the cruise ships, which mostly includes animation and wellness . To the point of departure and destination of the trip, passengers are usually transported in charter flights in order to ensure a stress-free arrival and departure with bus transfer.
- aviation
In aviation, the "non-scheduled traffic" includes the
- Charter traffic , consisting of the packages air travel and the tramp and request traffic ;
- Air taxi traffic ;
- other traffic such as advertising flights , sightseeing flights or agricultural flights .
In charter traffic, the airlines usually rent out larger contingents of seats, even on scheduled flights , to tour operators who can combine the flight with hotel and other travel services to form a package tour . Low-cost airlines are typical charter traffic.
Legal issues
The legal basis for charter traffic is a charter contract concluded between the carrier and the charterer . The carrier is the owner of the means of transport or is authorized to act for its owner (e.g. shipping company ). The Commercial Code (HGB) only mentions the time charter in the maritime trade law in § 557 HGB , which obliges the “time charterer” to let the “time charterer” use a certain seagoing ship with ship's crew for a certain period of time and to use this ship to transport goods or people or others to provide agreed services.
Otherwise, laws don't mention charter or charter traffic. The Passenger Transport Act (PBefG) speaks rather in § 46 PBefG of various driving purposes with motor vehicles that do not represent regular services from occasional services .
That is why the charter contract only exists as a type of contract for occasional traffic and for seagoing vessels, so that rental or leasing law applies to all other means of transport.
economic aspects
In the case of charter traffic, the owner of the means of transport can precisely calculate the degree of utilization of his means of transport in advance based on the demand , taking no-shows into account. In the case of passengers, this results in the seat occupancy , and in the case of goods, the freight load accordingly . According to its general terms and conditions, charter traffic often only takes place if a certain minimum occupancy (minimum number of participants on a trip, minimum load tonne-kilometers for goods transport) is reached. In Section 651h (4) of the German Civil Code ( BGB) , the tour operator is granted a right of withdrawal for package tours if the minimum number of participants is not reached . When this minimum number is reached, the owner of the means of transport makes a profit , so that this minimum utilization is above the breakeven point . This is why charter traffic is usually more economical than scheduled traffic, which takes place even when there are no passengers or cargo on board ( empty capacity with empty costs ).
Charter traffic occurs in all travel purposes , be it in rush hour traffic , leisure traffic , school trips or vacation traffic .
Demarcation
In the scientific literature, the terms charter traffic, demand traffic, occasional traffic, order traffic or demand traffic are often used synonymously. However, according to the PBefG, occasional traffic is limited to demand traffic with motor vehicles, while charter traffic extends to all means of transport.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klaus Bichler / Ralf Krohn / Peter Philippi / Frank Schneidereit (eds.), Kompakt-Lexikon Logistik , 2017, p. 41
- ^ Georg Walldorf (Ed.), Gabler Lexikon Auslands -shops , 2000, p. 112
- ↑ Niels Klußmann / Arnim Malik, Lexikon der Luftfahrt , 2018, p. 417
- ↑ Niels Klußmann / Arnim Malik, Lexikon der Luftfahrt , 2018, p. 109 f.
- ↑ Sven Groß, Handbuch Tourismus und Verkehr , 2017, p. 229
