Georg Ludwig Hartig

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Georg Ludwig Hartig
The Hartighaus in Dillenburg . Georg Ludwig Hartig set up a forestry school in the half-timbered house built around 1723

Georg Ludwig Hartig (born September 2, 1764 in Gladenbach , † February 2, 1837 in Berlin ) was a German forest scientist .

Life and effect

Like Heinrich Cotta , Georg Ludwig Hartig comes from a forest -oriented family - his father Friedrich Christian Hartig (1734–1815) and grandfather Ernst Friedrich Hartig (1698–1759) already practiced this forestry profession in the Hessian hinterland . After a two-year apprenticeship, he, who had been acquitted by a letter from his uncle, heard camera science at the University of Gießen , which was rather unusual for Förster at the time. In 1786 he joined the Prince of Solms-Braunfels as chief forester in Hungen and founded a forestry master school. In 1797 the Prince of Orange-Nassau appointed him to Dillenburg as state forest master . There he again set up a forestry school, where future forest officials from home and abroad were trained. In 1806 he accepted an offer from King Frederick I of Württemberg and went to Stuttgart as chief forest officer of the Württemberg forest administration , from where he was appointed chief forest master and co-director for forest and hunting matters in the Prussian general administration of domains and forests in Berlin in 1811 . In 1821 he set up a chair for forestry at the University of Berlin , which later became the Eberswalde Forestry University .

In an early work, Hartig compiled all the then known rules for establishing and maintaining forest stands. Summarized into short doctrines, he published them in 1791 as instructions for wood growing for foresters . Four years later he followed up with his instructions on the valuation of forests , in which he formulated how the principle of sustainability can be implemented in forestry practice. The term sustainable in connection with the management of forests goes back to the Saxon chief miner Hans Carl von Carlowitz . He was the first to coined the term sustainability in his work Sylvicultura oeconomica , which appeared in 1713 as "Haußwirthliche Nachrichten und Naturausweise zur Wilde Baum-Zucht" .

In a later edition from 1804, Hartig wrote the frequently quoted sentences on the principle of sustainability in forestry:

“Sustainable forest management cannot be imagined or expected if the timber output from the forests is not calculated for sustainability. Every wise forestry directorate must therefore have the state's forests appraised without wasting time and try to use them as high as possible, but in such a way that the offspring can benefit from at least as much as the generation now living appropriates. "

In the following he explains how the sustainable use of the forest can be achieved through the mass framework he designed . In the case of the mass framework, areas of the same extent are assigned to each economic period. For some selected holdings, Hartig worked out 120 to 180 year-old economic plans with precise guidelines for treatment. The slavish adherence to these plans was doubted by Heinrich Cotta and brought him an unsightly scientific dispute with the critical Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Pfeil .

Hartig published his textbook for foresters in 1808 , which was published over and over again for almost seventy years. This standard work also contained the general rules for establishing a portfolio.

Georg Ludwig Hartig in middle years

After the defeat of Prussia in the Napoleonic Wars , Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr vom Stein reformed the state from the ground up. Hartig was offered the position of chief forestry officer. The daunting task of restructuring the completely desolate forest administration lay ahead of him. Schooling for forest rangers had been suspended for years. The members of the Reitende Feldjägerkorps were more of a military formation than an administrative unit. Most of them were paid for in kind, the so-called accidents , which opened the door to corruption .

Hartig's grave in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery

Hartig consolidated the state forest enterprise by letting incompetent foresters retire and rounding off the often fragmented forest area through purchase, exchange or sale. He also managed to stop the unrestrained sale of state forests (to improve the budget). He took over the familiar southern German forest ranger system for the organization of the administration. He also introduced a new appraisal method for forest areas after he discovered that the previous method valued the stands far too low. The meticulous adherence to the principles of sustainability even earned the foresters the recognition of the writer Friedrich Schiller , who was very praiseworthy for their work.

Hartig pushed through the establishment of a forest academy in Berlin, whose first director, at his instigation, was Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Pfeil . Despite all his achievements, Hartig did not recognize the change that his reforms set in motion. His unreasonable adherence to general rules and to a schematic procedure meant that he had to see during his lifetime how the order he had created in the Prussian state forests was replaced.

Georg Ludwig Hartig died on February 2, 1837 in Berlin. His grave is located in the cemetery of the Dorotheenstädtische and Friedrichswerder communities and has been recognized by the city as an honorary grave of Berlin .

Overall, Georg Ludwig Hartig is probably the most important of the so-called “ forest classics ” ( encyclopedists ), who had a tremendous influence on forestry in Germany and around the world.

family

He was married to Theodora Elisabeth Klipstein (1767–1837), daughter of State Minister Jakob Christian Klipstein (1715–1786) , since 1787 . The marriage resulted in six sons and one daughter.

  • Friedrich Karl Theodor von Hartig (1788–1850), Prussian forester
  • Sophie Charlotte Friederike Hartig, ∞ Theodor Krüger, head forester in Peisterwitz near Brieg
  • Carl Wilhelm Hartig (1791–1868), head forester in Hammer near Buchholz
  • Leopold Heinrich Hartig (1793–1815), lieutenant, volunteer hunter
  • Franz Hartig (1796–1842), administrator in Wilhelmswalde
  • Theodor Hartig (1805–1880), forest scientist, Oberforstrat
  • Georg Karl Friedrich Hartig (1810–1874), Prussian forester in Görlitz

Monuments

Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Park in Gladenbach

Monuments erected in honor of Georg Ludwig Hartig can be found in several places. The Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Park is named after him in his birthplace Gladenbach . The Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Weg , on which a memorial stone for Hartig can also be found, leads through the extensive area . In Dillenburg there is not only a Hartigstrasse, but also a "Hartighaus" on Marbachstrasse. Hartig set up his Dillenburg forest school in this two-storey half-timbered building, which was probably built shortly after the great city fire of 1723. The building was renovated in 1979 at great expense.

There are other memorials in his workplaces in Hungen and Berlin. In Württemberg, it was the head of the Schorndorf Forestry Office , von Kahlden, and the forester Zaiser from the Engelberg Revier , who particularly campaigned for a memorial that was finally inaugurated in 1842 on the Goldboden on the Schurwald . It stands in the immediate vicinity of the monument dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Wilhelm I's crown, which was inaugurated in the same year, and was surrounded by an arboretum with the "Hundred Hartig species of wood". Further monuments can be found in Dietzhölztal and Darmstadt , where an impressive monument was erected in the park forest of the pheasantry in 1840 with donations from his students and admirers from Germany, France and Poland . The high obelisk was designed by the architect Georg Moller . The following inscription is on the plaque: “Here in the silent grove a memorial rises, speaking, to you, whose example and word teachings were and are to us. Light in the night of knowledge, and night in cleared forests, unifying nature with art, you created the people for salvation. Thousands of years ago, when only forests turned the globe green, gigantic plants and animals lived in vigorous form. Where his blessing did not wane, only there was life. Wherever he falls, there is steppe and bare rock. Posterity honor the man who encouraged the forest to flourish, because he also promoted life and home for you. "

In order to keep the memories of Hartig and his work alive, the Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Foundation was set up in 1987 on the initiative of the Hessian Forest Administration . It has awarded the Georg Ludwig Hartig Prize since 1990 . In this context, the Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Hain was opened in 1991 in the Hessisches Staatsforst Chausseehaus , Wiesbaden , in the middle of the forest. There a memorial stone and an information board remind of Hartig's life and work. With trees planted by personalities from all over the world, the principle of sustainability is to be thought symbolically, with the aim of transferring this idea of ​​protecting the natural foundations of life everywhere in politics and daily action.

  • Hartig monument (obelisk) in the Fasanerie Darmstadt

  • Inscription plaque on the Hartig monument

  • Another inscription plaque on the Hartig monument

  • Image plate with forestry equipment at the Hartig monument

  • Image plate with hunting weapons and hunting equipment at the Hartig monument

  • Memorial stone in the Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Hain in the Staatsforst Chausseehaus , Wiesbaden

  • Georg Ludwig Hartig memorial stone in Gladenbach

  • Memorial plaque at the Hartighaus in Dillenburg

  • Hartig monument on the Goldboden on the Schurwald ⊙

Fonts (selection)

Hartig wrote an autobiographical sketch for the forestry magazine Sylvan for 1816.
  • Instructions on how to grow wood for foresters. Marburg 1791 [R] ( digitized 4th edition 1804 ).
  • Physical experiments on the flammability ratio of most of the German forest-tree-woods ... etc. 1794 ( digitized version ).
  • Instructions for the valuation of the forests or the determination of the timber yield of the forests ... etc. Gießen 1795 [R] (digitized version of the 2nd edition 1804–1805: part 1 , part 2 ).
  • Principles of the Forest Directorate. Hadamar: Neue Gelehrten Buchhandlung 1803 [R] ( digitized version ).
  • Textbook for foresters and those who want to become one ... etc. Stuttgart 1808 (digitized: 1st volume ; 2nd volume ).
  • Textbook for hunters and those who want to become one ... etc. (2 parts), Stuttgart 1810/1812 [R] (digitized: 1st volume , 2nd volume ).
  • Cubic tables for cut, studded and round woods. 1815 ( digital version of the 4th edition 1837 ).
  • New instructions for the Royal Prussian Forest Geometers and Forest Estimators. Berlin 1819 ( digitized version ).
  • Instructions for forestry and pasture language. 2nd edition, Stuttgart and Tübingen 1821 ( digitized version ).
  • Contribution to the teaching of the replacement of the wood, litter and pasture servants. Berlin 1829 ( digitized version , alternative digitized version ).
  • Treatises on interesting objects in forestry and hunting (ed.), Berlin 1830 ( digitized ).
  • Forest science in its entirety in a compact summary. A manual for foresters, cameramen and forest owners. Berlin 1831 ( digitized version ).
  • Forest and forest science conversation lexicon. Berlin 1834 ( digitized version ).
  • Lexicon for hunters and hunting enthusiasts or hunter's conversation lexicon. Berlin 1836; Reprint Osnabrück 1979 ( digitized version ).

[R]: Book published as a reprint by the Georg Ludwig Hartig Foundation and available from it.

literature

  • Theodora Hartig, Karl Hasel , Wilhelm Mantel (eds.): Georg Ludwig Hartig with his family. Brief life and family history of the State Councilor and Chief Forestry Officer Georg Ludwig Hartig. Goettingen 1976.
  • Richard Hess :  Hartig, Georg Ludwig . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 659-665.
  • Kurt Mantel :  Hartig, Georg Ludwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , p. 711 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Albrecht Milnik : Georg Ludwig Hartig . In: Albrecht Milnik (Hrsg.) Et al .: In the service of the forest - life paths and achievements of Brandenburg forest people. Brandenburg pictures of life . Verlag Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter 2006, ISBN 3-935638-79-5 , pp. 115-119.
  • Hans-Joachim Weimann : Hartigiana - Brief life and family history of the State Councilor and Chief Forestry Officer Georg Ludwig Hartig and his wife Theodore, née Klipstein. Self-published by the author, Biebertal 1990.
  • Hans-Joachim Weimann: Georg Ludwig Hartig. In: Biographies of important Hessian forest people. Georg Ludwig Hartig Foundation & JD Sauerländer, Wiesbaden and Frankfurt am Main 1990. ISBN 3-7939-0780-5 , pp. 263-270.
  • Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) on the 150th anniversary of his death. Ceremony on March 11, 1987 in Gladenbach; Lectures and documentation . (= Notifications from the Hessian Forest Administration; Volume 21). Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-89051-064-7 .

Web links

Wikisource: Georg Ludwig Hartig  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Georg Ludwig Hartig  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Georg Ludwig Hartig  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ^ "Hartig, Friedrich Christian". Hessian biography. (As of February 25, 2013). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ resume GLHartig. Georg Ludwig Hartig Foundation, accessed on May 8, 2013 .
  3. ^ Hannß Carl von Carlowitz: Sylvicultura oeconomica or… . Leipzig, JFBraun, 1713, page 105 for the quote “/ that there is a continuous, permanent and sustainable use / […]” (as a digital copy of the SLUB Dresden or a digital copy of the BSB Munich ).
  4. ↑ Georg Ludwig Hartig: Instructions for the assessment and description of the forests. Volume 1: Theoretical Part . (2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition.) Heyer, Gießen 1804.
  5. ^ Information from the city of Dillenburg on the "Hartighaus" ; Retrieved November 7, 2009.
personal data
SURNAME Hartig, Georg Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hartig, Georgius Ludovicus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German forest scientist
DATE OF BIRTH September 2, 1764
PLACE OF BIRTH Gladenbach , Germany
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 1837
Place of death Berlin , Germany