History of the city of Bolzano

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Bolzano Cathedral

See also: Bozner Bürgerbuch , Bozen Chronik , Bozen City Book , Bozen City Law and Urbar of the Marienpfarrkirche Bozen from 1453–1460

The history of the city of Bolzano begins with the establishment of a planned street market settlement to 1170 / 1180  - in the late period of the reign of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa  - by the Bishops of Trento . The system typical of the time was built with a central grain market (the Kornplatz ) and a (abandoned) city ​​castle . The bishops tried to create a trading center they controlled in the Bolzano basin, but control they had to quickly share with the Counts of Tyrol and subsequently lost to them. From the beginning, Bolzano was conceived as a supraregional trading center, the markets of which were contractually regulated in 1202 between the bishops of Brixen and those of Trento. Due to its favorable traffic situation, Bolzano was able to prevail against Trient , Meran , Gries and Innsbruck and developed into the most important trading center in Tyrol . The establishment of the mercantile magistrate by the Tyrolean duchess Archduchess Claudia von Medici in 1635 had a positive effect on the continued existence of long-distance trade. From 1800 Bozen lost its international importance. Faced with this wilting, the mercantile magistrate was converted into a chamber of commerce in 1851 . It was not until the second half of the 19th century that the city experienced a new boom and, in the Perathoner era, a real founding period . After the seizure of power by fascism , Bozen was structurally altered and expanded significantly as part of an Italianization program . In 1927 Bozen became the capital of South Tyrol, in 1964 the seat of the bishopric of the newly founded Diocese of Bozen-Brixen , and in 1997 with the Free University of Bozen as a university town .

Ancient and early Middle Ages

Oldest view of the city of Bolzano from 1541, made by Mayor Leonhard Hörtmair for documentation of flood damage

The valley basin of Bozen was uninhabitable in the early Middle Ages because of its swamps and frequent floods. However, there was already in Roman times next to a street station called Pons Drusi (named after Drusus , who probably passed here on his Germanic campaign) in the vicinity of today's cathedral, where the remains of an early Christian church and some buildings from this time have been found. This settlement was probably called Baudianum or Bauzanum , probably after one of the first residents, who was called Baudius or something similar. The military station was probably on the bridge over the Eisack , near the present-day village of Kardaun , from where the road went via Rentsch to the Renon . The settlements in the valley were abandoned during the migration in favor of fortified structures at an elevated point. At that time there was probably a castle called Bozen on the Virgl . For this castle (" castrum Bauzanum ") a Bavarian count of Bozen (" comes Baioariorum quem illi gravionem dicunt ") is attested in the Longobard history of Paulus Deacon from the 7th century (679) . Before that, the area of Romanized Rhaetians inhabited and was temporarily under the influence of the Lombards . In 769, Duke Tassilo III. - " in Bauzono rediente de Italia " (ie in Bolzano on the return from Italy, ie already in the Bavarian area) - the establishment of the San Candido monastery decided. Of course, the only evidence of this is the Vigilius Church on the Virgl , which dates from that time and is therefore the oldest existing church in the Bozen area. Its name suggests that the church was built by the Romans or the Lombards, since Saint Vigilius was a bishop of Trent .

The Bolzano Basin fascinates with its unique wealth of castles . Around 40 castles in a confined space form the largest density of castles in Europe. Since the 12th century, castles have been built by noble hands in the Bolzano Basin, mostly at exposed points, in order to make the prestige, wealth and worldly power of these families visible. Facilities such as Greifenstein , Rafenstein or Weineck were built in strategically favorable locations and combined the claim of political power with the functions of jurisdiction and tax collection. Most of the taxes were paid in kind, which is why there were stables and stores for grain and wine in the castle area.

The bishops of Trient gave the county to the bailiffs of the diocese of Brixen (the "Arnoldinger") in the 12th century until approx. 1170 as a fief : Arnold, Vogt of Brixen (approx. 1077 to approx. 1107), becomes Count of Bozen. He was a son of Arnolf, who had been bailiff of Bishop Altwin von Brixen around 1050-1070. (Arnolf is said to have been a son of Arnold, Count in the Upper Isar Valley - approx. 974 until after 1027 - and this in turn was an illegitimate son of Duke Heinrich II of Bavaria from the Liudolfinger family.) He was followed by Count Arnold II. ( died 1125), married to Irmgard von Eppan , and then their son Arnold III. (died 1173), who was also Count of Greifenstein and Morit . He was childless and the bailiwick of the church of Bressanone passed to the Counts of Tyrol , who, as prince-bishop's bailiffs, also ruled Bolzano. The bailiwick power thus became a prerequisite for the Counts of Tyrol to successfully usurp and take permanent possession of political rule in this and other counties of the prince-bishops of Trento and Brixen by the middle of the 13th century at the latest. The last mention of the county of Bolzano dates from 1242, which subsequently became the prince's regional court of Gries (documented in 1272) with the city court of Bolzano.

In the late Middle Ages, political and economic power shifted to the cities of Bolzano, Meran and Brixen and to the royal court in Tyrol Castle (from around 1420 to Innsbruck ). At the same time, the markets established themselves and the money economy definitely prevailed. The 14th and 15th centuries therefore meant a change in the function of the castles in the Bolzano area. Many of them were left to decay. This is the fate that struck the castle on Johanneskofel and Walbenstein , for example . Other castles, such as Runkelstein Castle , Haselburg or Maretsch Castle , were converted into palaces in the Gothic and Renaissance styles .

The wealthy citizens of that time also set up some monuments for themselves, for example in the parish church (since 1964 Con cathedral ) there is space for more people than in any other church between Verona and Munich. The Vintler family tried to acquire a position equal to the rank of nobility by purchasing Runkelstein Castle in 1388.

Founding and becoming a town

Bolzano arcades

The former county Bolzano ( "comitatus Bauzanum" - roughly equivalent to today's communities Bolzano, Laives , Terlan , Mölten , Jenesien , Sarn Valley , parts of Karneid and German oven ) was around 1,027 during the Ottonian-Salian imperial church policy of Emperor Conrad II. The Subordinate to Hochstift Trento . The bishops or their bailiffs were now responsible for securing the Brenner route, as the counties of Brixen and Trento had been transferred to them or the Brixen church princes at the same time.

At that time there was the village settlement of Bozen in the Bolzano area, which roughly corresponded in size to today's cadastral community of Zwölfmalgrei , as well as pre-communal settlement points, especially near the Marienpfarrkirche and Eisack crossing, where market activity can also be proven.

The urban market settlement of Bolzano, on the other hand, was founded around 1170/80 according to the findings of recent urban history research and originally consisted of only one street (today's Laubengasse ) and one square (the northern part of today's Kornplatz ) including the former episcopal city castle and St. Andrew's chapel . The episcopal Neustadt was built around 1200 with the construction of further streets (today Silbergasse , Dr.-Streiter-Gasse , fruit market ). Around 1210 the Lords of Wangen founded their own suburb in the east and north of the episcopal market (today Weintraubengasse , Bindergasse and Vintlerstrasse ).

"Botzen", copper engraving by Matthäus Merian , 1649

Since it was founded more than 800 years ago and later elevated to the status of a city, Bozen has been a trading city that is conveniently located between the formerly important trading hubs of Venice and Augsburg . The large markets to which traders from the north and south came to Bozen were first mentioned in documents in 1202.

The convenient location of Bolzano in terms of traffic was made even more advantageous by the construction of the Kuntersweg (1314) and meant a great loss of trade for Merano, because the routes over Reschenpass and Jaufenpass had become secondary. In 1357 the Andreasmarkt, built by Count Otto von Tirol in Gries as a competitor, was relocated to Bozen, so that there were now three large markets there.

In 1381 Bozen received from Duke Leopold III. of Austria together with a council privilege its city ​​coat of arms : It shows the reversed Austrian shield as a sign of the sovereign affiliation of the city, whereby the red bar is covered with a six-pointed gold star, probably as a reference to the Mother of God Maria (stella maris) , the main patroness of the City parish church.

City view of Bozen by Ludwig Pfendter from 1607, handed down in Matthias Burgklechner's Tyrolean Eagle

A formal Bolzano town charter is only handed down from the year 1437, albeit only in transcript form; It comprises 104 articles and mainly regulates market economy, trade police and security law matters.

A major fire destroyed large parts of the city center on February 19, 1483; According to the eyewitness report of the Mantuan merchant Giovanni Giacomo Arrigoni, who was just in town, only six houses in the old town were spared the fury of the fire.

Archduke Sigmund der Münzreich moved the Bozen markets to Mittenwald in 1487 on the occasion of his war with the Republic of Venice . To compensate for this, despite violent protests from the Merans, their Corpus Christi market was transferred to Bolzano, preferred by long-distance traders, in 1501.

Mercantile Museum: the most important late renaissance building in the city and seat of the former mercantile magistrate

In 1635, Archduchess Claudia von Medici established the Mercantile Magistrate , a bilateral German-Italian-occupied special court in commercial matters. In this way, she accommodated the Italian market visitors, since these cases were thus removed from the jurisdiction of the city court, whose sole official language was German . With this, the Tyrolean sovereign ruined Venice's attempt to outdo the Bolzano markets by creating a similar institution in Verona (1630). In 1679 the Mittenwald markets were moved back to Bolzano.

In 1805 the city fell to Bavaria ( Regional Court Bozen ) in the course of the Napoleonic redesign of Europe . In the years 1810-1814 Bolzano belonged temporarily to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy . Then it came back to Austria.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the famous Bolzano fairs had become provincial markets, as the list of dealers from 1817 shows. In 1849 there were no longer large long-distance traders but only small country merchants who haggled for horse whips, saw blades, nails and pocket knives. As a result of this commercial wilting, on March 10, 1851, the mercantile magistrate was transformed into a chamber of commerce and industry. The powers of jurisdiction were transferred to the newly established judicial district of Bolzano .

2nd half of the 19th century and until the First World War - the Bolzano early days

City map of Bozen from Geuter's travel guide from 1914

After the revolution of 1848/49 and the beginning of the restructuring of the state in the liberal sense, a new era dawned for Bolzano. The almost ten-year term of office of Mayor Dr. Joseph Streiter . In the place of international trade, tourism came increasingly to the fore , which also encouraged the construction of hotels and the establishment of local transport connections to Kohlern, on the Renon and on the Mendel.

The club system , in which the predominantly national liberal citizenship organized itself , such as the Bozen section of the German and Austrian Alpine Club , the Bozen Men's Choir , the Museum Association and the Bozen Gymnastics Club in 1862 , experienced a great boom .

In 1874 a committee was founded in Bozen, which campaigned for the erection of a monument dedicated to Walther von der Vogelweide . Members of this committee were in particular representatives of the German-minded bourgeoisie. Walther, looking south, was supposed to mark and defend the border area between the German and the Italian language and culture. The Walther Memorial was inaugurated on September 14th and 15th, 1889 .

In 1895 Dr. Julius Perathoner , one of the most important exponents of the German Freedom Party in Tyrol, was elected mayor. During his term of office the establishment of the city ​​museum (1905), the theater (1913–1918), the tram to Gries (1909) and Laives , the Landesschützen- and Kaiserjägerkaserne (1898), the Talferbrücke (1900), the promenades to both fall Pages of the Talfer (1901–1905), the elementary schools for boys (1911) and girls (1908, today Goetheschule) , the Etschwerke (1898) and the new town hall (1907) as well as the incorporation of Twelve Males (1911).

20th century

Semirural building from the 1930s

After Italy's victory over Austria-Hungary in World War I , South Tyrol, and with it Bolzano, was initially occupied by Italy in 1918 and later annexed. In 1922 the fascists organized the march on Bolzano , which was directed against the German ethnic group. In the time of fascism , many Italians were resettled from southern regions to Bolzano, while numerous German-speaking Bolzano residents - as in South Tyrol in general - had to choose between emigration and ruthless assimilation (see: Option in South Tyrol ). An Italian-speaking majority of the population emerged in the previously predominantly German-speaking city.

In order to promote the Italianization of South Tyrol and to give the Italians work, an important industrial area with steel-producing companies was built in Bozen from 1935/36; Their high energy consumption was covered by the systematic expansion of the considerable hydropower resources. The population grew by leaps and bounds. For the Italian immigrants, rural-style settlements were also built (so-called semirurali , ie "semi- rural settlements"), which, according to the requirements of fascist ruralism, often had gardens. The policy of majorization was continued by the Republic of Italy after the war until the granting of extensive autonomy to South Tyrol , so that today over 70% of the approximately 100,000 inhabitants are Italian as their mother tongue. As a clearly visible sign of Italianization and the victory over Austria-Hungary in World War I, the Italian fascist government erected a victory monument in the middle of the city in the form of a triumphal arch and the court square with the Casa Littoria (today's tax office). At the same time, monuments and buildings that appeared too German were removed or rebuilt. The Walther monument was removed from the Bolzano main square and relocated to a peripheral park, the tower of the city ​​museum demolished, the train station rebuilt and the Kaiserjäger monument demolished in favor of the new monument to victory. In the area of ​​the former market town of Gries , which was incorporated in 1925, a new "Greater Bozen" in the style of Italian rationalism with main roads and new squares was built in the mid-1930s according to the general development plan by Marcello Piacentini .

During the Second World War , the German occupation shaped Bolzano, which was the headquarters of the Alpine Foreland operational zone . This is where the Nazis built the concentration camp Bolzano Transit Camp , starting point of at least 13 deportation trains with Italian Jews and resistance fighters.

In 1964, the boundaries of the Catholic diocese of Bressanone were changed so that the area of ​​Bolzano, which was originally part of the diocese of Trento, was added and the new diocese of Bolzano-Brixen now included all of South Tyrol. Bolzano thus became the bishopric, and south of the cathedral parish church, the new diocesan and pastoral center was built in 1997 based on a design by the architect Othmar Barth .

21st century

Siegesplatz (formerly Friedensplatz)

Life between the language and ethnic groups is still not always problem-free and is sometimes charged with tension. One of the more recent disputes concerned the naming of the Victory Square on which the so-called Victory Monument stands. It was initially renamed Friedensplatz by the Bolzano municipal administration in order to remove a stumbling block. As a result, some Italian parties, with the post-fascist Alleanza Nazionale at the forefront, initiated a referendum - with the result that, due to the voting behavior of the Italian majority population, Friedensplatz had to be renamed Victory Square again in 2003.

In November 2005 the election of the mayor and local council had to be repeated after the mayor Giovanni Benussi , who was elected in May (with 50.1%) and who headed a right-wing coalition, could not raise a majority in the local council. This was followed by an electoral victory for a Middle Inc coalition under Mayor Luigi Spagnolli . This ruled until 2015 and was replaced in 2016 by a new coalition of center-left and SVP under Mayor Renzo Caramaschi .

literature

  • Andrä Johann Bergmeister: Physical-medical-statistical topography of the city of Bozen with the three rural communities twelve Malgrei, Gries and Leifers, or the former municipal district of Bozen . Bolzano: self-published 1854.
  • Franz Huter : Contributions to the population history of Bolzano in the 16th – 18th centuries Century (Bozen Yearbook for History, Culture and Art 8). Bolzano: Athesia 1948.
  • Bozner Bürgerbuch 1551–1806 . Published by the Bolzano Home Care Association, 2 volumes, Innsbruck: Wagner 1956.
  • Karl Theodor Hoeniger : Altbozner picture book. 100 illustrations and 40 essays on the city's history . 3rd, extended edition, Bozen: Ferrar-Auer 1968.
  • City in upheaval - articles on Bolzano since 1900 (Yearbook of the South Tyrolean Cultural Institute 8). Edited by the South Tyrolean Cultural Institute , Bozen: Athesia 1973.
  • Bruno Klammer (Ed.): PJ Ladurner’s Chronicle of Bozen 1844 . Bolzano: Athesia 1982.
  • Rolf Petri: Storia di Bolzano . Padova: Il Poligrafo 1989. ISBN 88-7115-007-4 (with literature index, p. 265ff).
  • Bolzano from the beginning to the razing of the city walls / Bolzano dalle Origini alla Distruzione della Mura . Bolzano: Athesia 1991. ISBN 88-7014-559-X .
  • Bozen from the Counts of Tyrol to the Habsburgs / Bolzano fra i Tirolo e gli Asburgo . Bozen: City of Bozen 1999. ISBN 88-7014-986-2 .
  • Hans Heiss : Successful pacification? The city of Bozen / Bolzano in the field of tension between national and cultural conflicts 1919–1999 . In: Roland Marti (Ed.): Border culture - mixed culture? . Saarbrücken 2000, pp. 209-241.
  • Siglinde Clementi, Martha Verdorfer: Women - City - History (s): Bozen / Bolzano from the Middle Ages to today . Vienna / Bozen: Folio 2000. ISBN 3-85256-134-5 .
  • Gabriele Rath et al. (Ed.): Bozen - Innsbruck: contemporary city tours . Vienna / Bozen: Folio 2000. ISBN 3-85256-125-6 .
  • Bruno Mahlknecht : Bozen through the centuries . 4 volumes, Bozen: Athesia 2005–2007. ISBN 88-6011-020-3 .
  • Hannes Obermair : Bozen South - Bolzano North. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . 2 volumes, Bozen: Stadtgemeinde Bozen 2005–2008, ISBN 88-901870-0-X and ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 .
  • Renate Brenn-Rammlmair: City architect Gustav Nolte. The Heimatstil in Bozen 1908–1924 . Bolzano: Athesia 2007. ISBN 978-88-8266-361-2 .
  • Hannes Obermair: Bozen / Bolzano 1850–1950 (series of archive images). 2nd edition, Erfurt: Sutton 2010. ISBN 978-3-86680-489-0 .
  • Museum Association Bozen (ed.): Zeitgeist 1790–1830: ideology, politics, war in Bozen and Tyrol . Bolzano: Edition Raetia 2011. ISBN 978-88-7283-393-3 .
  • Hans Heiss, Hannes Obermair: Cultures of remembrance in conflict. The example of the city of Bozen / Bolzano 2000–2010 . In: Patrick Ostermann, Claudia Müller, Karl-Siegbert Rehberg (eds.): The border area as a place of remembrance. On the change to a post-national culture of remembrance in Europe (Histoire 34). Bielefeld: transcript 2012, ISBN 978-3-8376-2066-5 , pp. 63-79.
  • Hannes Obermair: “City in transition” - the Bolzano example “revisited”. In: Razionalismi. Percorsi dell'abitare - Living appropriately, Bolzano / Bozen 1930–40. Bolzano: La Fabbrica del Tempo / Die Zeitfabrik 2015, pp. 35–40, doi: 10.13140 / RG.2.1.2831.5927 .
  • Hannes Obermair, Fabrizio Miori, Maurizio Pacchiani (eds.): Lavori in Corso - The Bozner Freiheitsstraße . La Fabbrica del Tempo - The Time Factory, Bozen 2020, ISBN 978-88-943205-2-7 .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ To the processes fundamentally Hannes Obermair : Bolzano deeds of the Middle Ages and the establishment of the urban settlement Bolzano . In: Bolzano from the beginning to the demolition of the city wall. Reports of the international study conference in Maretsch Castle . Publishing house Athesia, Bozen 1991, ISBN 88-7014-559-X , p. 159-190, esp. 170-179 . , as well as Ders .: Church and City Development (PDF; 2.6 MB). In: Der Schlern , Bozen 1995, esp.p. 459ff. (each with a detailed discussion of older research).
  2. ↑ Hans Heiss: 800 years of the trade fair and markets in Bolzano ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freshline.it
  3. ↑ See Paulus Diaconus : Historia Langobardorum V 36 (ed. Georg Waitz , MGH SS rerum Langobardicarum), Hannover 1878, pp. 12–187, reference pp. 35f.
  4. ^ Theodor Bitterauf: The traditions of the Hochstift Freising. Munich: Beck 1905, p. 61f. No. 34.
  5. ^ Josef Weingartner : Bolzano castles. With 35 layouts . 3rd edition Innsbruck / Vienna / Munich 1959.
  6. ^ Oswald Trapp : Tiroler Burgenbuch . Vol. 8: Bolzano area . Bolzano: Athesia 1989. ISBN 88-7014-495-X
  7. ↑ See: Family of the Counts of Bozen
  8. ↑ a b Bruno Mahlknecht : Bozen through the centuries . tape 1 . Athesia Spectrum, Bozen 2005, ISBN 88-6011-020-3 , From the episcopal market to the city magistrate, p. 40-48 .
  9. ^ A b Hannes Obermair: Church and city development. The parish church of Bozen in the High Middle Ages (11th – 13th centuries) . In: The Sciliar . 1995, p. 457 .
  10. ^ Franz-Heinz Hye : The beginnings and the territorial development of the city of Bolzano. In: Der Schlern 52, 1978, p. 67
  11. ↑ Hannes Obermair: Church and city development. The parish church of Bozen in the High Middle Ages (11th – 13th centuries) . In: The Sciliar . 69th year, issue 8/9, 1995, p. 449-474, esp. 459-463 ( bozen.it [PDF]).
  12. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, p. 263 ff .
  13. ^ Josef Riedmann : History of Tyrol . Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Oldenburg 2001, p. 43 .
  14. ↑ Norbert Mumelter: The Kuntersweg. Karneid Municipality, Bozen 1986, p. 15
  15. ↑ Helmut Rizzolli: Bozen: the city of markets. In: Mercantile Museum Bolzano. Catalog, Bozen 1998, p. 10
  16. ↑ Bruno Mahlknecht: Bozen through the centuries. Volume 2, Athesia Spectrum, Bozen 2006, Around 1300 Gries almost became a city, p. 36
  17. ↑ Bolzano City Archives: Bolzano's coat of arms in 1471 (with explanations)
  18. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 2 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 , p. 79-83, no.996 .
  19. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 2 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 , p. 182, no.1207 .
  20. ↑ Helmut Rizzolli: Bozen: the city of markets. In: Mercantile Museum Bolzano. Catalog, Bozen 1998, p. 17
  21. ↑ Franz Huter : The sources of the Archduchess Claudia's privilege to judge the Mass for the Bozner Markets (1635). In: Bozen Yearbook for History, Culture and Art, Vogelweider Publishing House, Bozen 1927, p. 43
  22. ↑ Helmut Rizzolli: Bozen: the city of markets. In: Mercantile Museum Bolzano. Catalog, Bozen 1998, p. 39
  23. ↑ Hans Heiss : Poet prince and bourgeoisie - Walther's contribution to the constitution and self-representation of the bourgeois camp in South Tyrol . In: Oswald Egger , Hermann Gummerer (eds.): Walther, Dichter und Denkmal , Vienna / Lana: edition per procura 1990, p. 45
  24. ↑ Bruno Mahlknecht: Bozen through the centuries . tape 4 . Athesia Spectrum, Bozen 2007, The Walther Monument in Bozen, p. 84 .
  25. ↑ Bruno Mahlknecht: Memorial sheet for Julius Perathoner , Dolomites, 23 August 2001
  26. ↑ Andrea Bonoldi: Energia, industria e politica nazionale: l'economia dell'Alto Adige tra le due guerre . In: Ders., Hannes Obermair (ed.): Tra Roma e Bolzano: Nazione e Provincia nel Ventennio fascista - Between Rome and Bozen: State and Province in Italian Fascism . Bolzano 2006, ISBN 88-901870-9-3 , pp. 41-54.
  27. ↑ Hannes Obermair: "City in transition" - the Bolzano example "revisited". In: Razionalismi. Percorsi dell'abitare - Living appropriately, Bolzano / Bozen 1930–40. Bozen: La Fabbrica del Tempo / Die Zeitfabrik 2015, pp. 35–40.
  28. ↑ Juliane Wetzel: German police detention and transit camp Bozen / Bolzano-Gries . In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 9: Labor education camps, ghettos, youth protection camps, police detention camps, special camps, gypsy camps, forced labor camps. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57238-8 .
  29. ↑ See Hans Heiss, Hannes Obermair: Memories Cultures in Widerstreit (op. Cit.), Pp. 69–70.
  30. ↑ Download Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord , Vol. 1. PDF 5.9 MB
  31. ↑ Download Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord , Vol. 2. PDF 10.1 MB