History of the city of Wiesbaden
This page deals with the history of the Hessian state capital Wiesbaden .
Beginnings and Roman times
The first traces of settlement in the Wiesbaden city area date from the Neolithic .
In the late Augustan period (around the year 6 to 15 AD) the Romans built a fortification above the Quellenviertel, where the street names Römerberg and Kastellstraße of the modern Wiesbaden refer to it. The hot springs were first 77 in the work Naturalis Historia of the Elder Pliny described. The legions I Adiutrix , XIIII Gemina , XXI Rapax and XXII Primigenia expanded the thermal baths in Flavian times . The leaden water pipes were made by Legio XIIII Gemina . With the expansion of the thermal baths, a Roman settlement was founded, which was first mentioned in 121 under the name Aquae Mattiacorum . The name referred to the local Chatti tribe of the Mattiaker . Aquae Mattiacorum was the capital of the Civitas Mattiacorum .
In 2009, the remains of a Roman villa rustica were unearthed in the suburb of Erbenheim, and earlier and later settlements were also found there. The villa is only part of a whole series of villae rusticae around Wiesbaden, which stretched south of Erbenheim along the Waschbach stream to the north in the direction of Igstadt. These settlements were probably oriented towards agriculture, while the villae rusticae , which are located north of Wiesbaden in the city forest, were more oriented towards cattle breeding. Helmut Schoppa suspects, based on brick stamps that were found here, original road posts in at least two of these villas along the road leading from Wiesbaden to Fort Zugmantel .
In 259/260 the fortifications were conquered by the Alemanni and largely destroyed. The area around Wiesbaden served as a Mainz outpost for the Romans as a collection point for conquest expeditions to the Wetterau and the Elbe . In this context, the so-called heath wall was built. The wall is the oldest preserved building in Wiesbaden from the time of the Roman Empire .
Migration and the Middle Ages
In the 6th century the Franks ousted the Alemanni and established a royal court in the 8th century . Einhard , the biographer of Charlemagne , mentioned Wisibada around 828/830 , the earliest tradition of the name Wiesbaden .
On May 9, 1239, Emperor Baldwin II of Courtenay and the Archbishop of Mainz Siegfried III met in Wiesbaden . from Eppstein . Baldwin tried to get supporters to recapture the Latin Empire .
In the 1270s the Counts of Nassau were enfeoffed with the rights of rule in and around Wiesbaden. It is presumed that Wiesbaden was elevated to the status of imperial city in 1232, which may have been one of the reasons for the conquest by the Archbishop of Mainz in 1242. This let the city burn down, subsequently the status of the imperial city for Wiesbaden was no longer mentioned. In 1270 Wiesbaden returned to the County of Nassau. Around 1283, Wiesbaden and Sonnenberg Castle were destroyed again in a Nassau-Eppstein feud .
Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian issued Nassau the minting privilege in 1329 and coins were minted in Wiesbaden.
The Kochbrunnen was first mentioned in 1366 as "Brühborn". It brought 15 sources together and was the center of the Wiesbaden drinking cure in the 19th century . The 66 ° C hot sodium chloride thermal baths are the most famous spring in the city and deliver 346 liters of healing water per minute.
The village of Seeroben was abandoned in 1367 and fell desolate.
During the Peasants' War in 1525 the Wiesbadeners rose up and after their suppression lost all granted privileges; they were only given back in 1566. With the appointment of Wolf Denthener as Evangelical Lutheran pastor, the Reformation was introduced in Wiesbaden in 1543 . In the same year a Latin school was founded, which served as preparation for the grammar school in Idstein and later became today's Dilthey School.
The old town hall was built from 1609 to 1610 , the oldest building still in existence in Wiesbaden. Most of the older buildings were destroyed by two fires in 1547 and 1561.
In 1676 and 1677, under Johann Graf zu Nassau, Lord of Wiesbaden and Idstein , six people from Wiesbaden were convicted in witch trials and executed. The most prominent victim of these witch hunts in Idstein in 1676 was the 69-year-old pastor's wife Elisabeth Hoffmann from Sonnenberg .
Nassau Residence (from 1744)
After the principality passed to the Usinger line of the House of Nassau , the Biebrich Palace , originally a garden house that was expanded into a summer residence, became the main residence in 1744, and in 1806 Wiesbaden became the seat of government and capital of the newly founded Duchy of Nassau .
In 1771, the Prince of Nassau-Usingen granted a license to gamble in Wiesbaden. From 1810 the Wiesbaden casino was located in the old Kurhaus . After a Reich law of 1872 closed the casinos, the game could not be resumed until 1949 in the foyer of the theater. Today the casino is located in the former wine room of the Kurhaus. The Russian poet Fyodor Dostoyevsky (who probably drew part of his inspiration for his novel The Gambler from it) and the composer Richard Wagner also tried their luck in the casino .
The revolutionary events of 1848 did not leave Wiesbaden unaffected. On March 4th, 30,000 Nassau citizens - in the age of the stagecoach, an enormous crowd that significantly exceeded the number of residents - gathered in front of the city palace and demanded that the Grand Duke conclude a constitution, which they also received.
After the fire in the Mauritius Church in 1850, the first volunteer fire brigade in Wiesbaden , the Pompier Corps , initially had 42 men.
Rise to the world spa town (1852 to 1918)
In 1818 the architect Christian Zais presented the basic building plans and expert reports for what would later become known as the historical pentagon . He planned to delimit the city center by five straight streets and thus hide the city that was perceived as unsightly behind them. From 1847 to 1855 the Russian Orthodox Church on Neroberg was built as the grave church of Duchess Elisabeth Michailowna Romanowa and in 1862 the market church was consecrated. (See also chapter " Sights ")
The Landeskreditanstalt Nassau was founded in Wiesbaden in 1840 , from which today's Nassauische Sparkasse and Helaba emerged .
The Turnerbund Wiesbaden was founded in 1864.
In the German war (civil war) between Prussia and Austria and its allies Nassau Austrian allies and 1866 as a party of the losing side of was Prussia annexed , bringing Wiesbaden lost its status as a state capital. In 1867 the Wiesbaden administrative district was formed, and Wiesbaden became the seat of the Main District , later, after its division, the seat of the Wiesbaden district, but remained an independent city itself. In the period that followed, Wiesbaden was expanded as a spa, congress city and administrative center and experienced a great boom. The time around the turn of the century is considered the city's heyday. Wiesbaden became a world spa town and called the Nice of the North . Kaiser Wilhelm II visited the city regularly for summer vacation. In the wake of the imperial court, numerous nobles, artists and wealthy entrepreneurs came to the city and increasingly settled there.
On July 27, 1872, the fire brigade association for the Wiesbaden administrative district was founded in the Römersaal in Wiesbaden.
Rising food prices during the start-up crisis led to protests by the poor population in 1873 , which culminated in the Wiesbaden bread riots .
On the Kochbrunnenplatz a new drinking cure facility was built by Bogler in 1887/1888 to replace an open cast-iron hall . The Z-shaped building connected the still existing arcade hall with the source temple. The portal, which had not been destroyed, and the drinking spa hall were demolished in 1955. Numerous hotels were built around Kochbrunnenplatz, including the Palace Hotel and the Hotel Rose, today the seat of the Hessian State Chancellery .
On behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II, today's Hessian State Theater was built in 1894 by the Viennese architects Fellner and Helmer; the representative foyer in the splendid neo-baroque style was added by Genzmer in 1902 .
Due to the strong population growth in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries , the city grew significantly. The population increased almost tenfold between 1840 (around 11,650) and 1910 (around 109,000). Extensive city extensions were necessary. By 1910 there were almost 4,000 telephone connections. In addition to the mansion areas east (between Frankfurter and Bierstadter Strasse) and north (around the Nero valley), which are now under monument protection, the new residential areas around the Ringstrasse, which runs in a quarter arc from south to west around the historic pentagon (Kaiser-Friedrich Ring and Bismarck ring). The Feldherrenviertel in the north-west , the Rheingauviertel and the Dichterviertel to the south , which owe their names to the corresponding streets, should be emphasized here . In World War II destroyed only about 25%, there are still many villas and houses in the style of historicism , classicism and art nouveau . Due to the overall complex as well as numerous outstanding individual buildings, Wiesbaden is now known as the “city of historicism”, from which the architectural development of an entire epoch can be read.
The new town hall was built from 1884 to 1887 and in 1888 the Nerobergbahn went into operation, which leads from the Nero valley up to the Neroberg . (See also chapter " Sights ")
As a breakthrough in the pagan wall , the Roman gate was built in 1902 in an antique style as a covered wooden bridge. In the Roman Open-Air Museum next to the Roman Gate, copies of stone tablets from the Roman era found in Wiesbaden are on display today.
The classicistic old spa house by Christian Zais from 1810 was demolished in 1904 and replaced by a more representative spa house for six million gold marks by Friedrich von Thiersch . In 1907 it was inaugurated by Kaiser Wilhelm II.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Wiesbaden was under the command of the Mainz fortress . All foreign spa guests were expelled from the city and military hospitals were set up in the public buildings. As a result, the spa business in the city came to a standstill.
Weimar Republic and Third Reich (1919 to 1945)
After the First World War , Wiesbaden fell under the Allied occupation of the Rhineland and was occupied by the French army in 1918. In 1921 the Wiesbaden Agreement on German reparation payments to France was signed in Wiesbaden . In 1925 Wiesbaden became the headquarters of the British Army on the Rhine until the occupation forces withdrew from the Rhineland in 1930.
In 1929 the trotting track near Wiesbaden-Erbenheim was converted into an airport . The Jagdgeschwader 53, which had been part of the Condor Legion since 1936 , a formation of the Luftwaffe, was stationed there . The Condor Legion became known in connection with the bombing of Gernika , which took place as part of Adolf Hitler's support for the Spanish general and later dictator Francisco Franco in the civil war against the democratically elected government.
Since 1933 several offices of the Nazi regime were settled in the city, including the General Command of the XII in October 1936 . Army Corps . During the Reichspogromnacht on the morning of November 10, 1938, the large synagogue on Michelsberg, built in 1869 by Philipp Hoffmann in the Moorish style, was destroyed. Occasionally it is reported that the second synagogue in Wiesbaden-Biebrich was also destroyed on that day. However, this is unclear, as almost nothing has come down to us. According to a neighbor, the building did not burn down (article Wiesbadener Kurier of April 5, 1979), but the interior was demolished. The synagogue building was destroyed in the war by an air mine or bombs. The ruins were then demolished before the end of the war.
During the time of National Socialist Germany , a total of around 1200 Wiesbaden Jews were deported and murdered. Some residential buildings in the city center were used as so-called " Jewish houses ", in which Jews were forcibly quartered before they were transported to the slaughterhouse. This, in the immediate vicinity of the main train station, was the last stop before the deportation. Ludwig Beck from Wiesbaden was involved in the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 and paid for it with his life. In his honor, the city awards the Ludwig Beck Prize for civil courage every year. Martin Niemöller , resistance fighter , co-founder of the Pastors' Emergency League and honorary citizen of Wiesbaden, gave the last sermon in the Marktkirche before his arrest.
During the Second World War , Wiesbaden was attacked by Allied bombers on 66 days between August 1940 and March 1945. About half of the attacks were emergency, false or casual drops. A total of 22.3% of the apartments were destroyed in the attacks. About 1700 people lost their lives. The heavy air raid in the night of February 2 to 3, 1945 by 495 Lancaster bombers and twelve mosquitos partially missed the planned target area and thus had full effect due to the poor weather conditions. Nonetheless, around 1,000 people died, 350 were wounded and 28,000 were left homeless. The spa district was particularly hard hit, from the Paulinenschlösschen to the spa gardens, the spa house, the theater, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten , the market church, the city palace, the town hall and the police headquarters. Particularly tragic was the direct hit by an aerial mine in the lyceum next to the market church on Schloßplatz. The massive structure became a grave for many Wiesbaden residents who sought shelter in the cellar that served as an air raid shelter, and it was not rebuilt after the war. After the Biebrich Castle had been badly damaged in the course of the war, in February 1945, shortly before the end of the war, the Platte hunting lodge was purposefully destroyed because an anti-aircraft control center was located there. Altogether, 1,600 houses were completely destroyed by air raids in Wiesbaden, 968 heavily damaged, 1,476 moderately severe and 7,810 slightly damaged. 604,000 m³ of rubble were removed.
Post-war development (from 1945)
On March 28, 1945, Wiesbaden was occupied by US troops. With that the Second World War came to an end for the city. The Mainz suburbs of Amöneburg, Kastel and Kostheim, north of the Main, on the right bank of the Rhine , were assigned to the Wiesbaden district in the summer of 1945 by order of the military government . General Dwight D. Eisenhower founded the state of Greater Hesse through Proclamation No. 2 of September 19, 1945 , and Wiesbaden became its capital on October 12, 1945 through organizational order No. 1 of the military government. That was the case even after the founding of the State of Hesse on December 1, 1946, the day of the referendum on the constitution of the State of Hesse , because no capital is specified in the constitution.
The decision was made in favor of Wiesbaden for several reasons: Compared to the other cities discussed, Frankfurt , Kassel , Darmstadt and Marburg, Wiesbaden remained relatively unscathed after the Second World War. The city in the Rhine-Main area was conveniently located and close to the Allied Control Council in Frankfurt. The capital question was linked to the discussions on the division of the countries . With the expansion of Greater Hesse to include the administrative districts of Montabaur and Rheinhessen and possibly the Palatinate , the situation on the state border would have ended with the Hessian politicians .
During the Berlin blockade , the Erbenheim military airfield was one of the two main West German bases for the US Air Force as part of the Berlin Airlift . For almost eleven months, supply flights with cargo planes, the so-called cherry bombers , took off from here to West Berlin . The airlift was coordinated by the Combined Airlift Task Force under the command of Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who organized the airlift from the Taunusstrasse 11 building in Wiesbaden.
With the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , Wiesbaden acquired the status of the state capital of a federal state. The city became the seat of two federal authorities, the Federal Criminal Police Office and the Federal Statistical Office . After the rearmament of the Federal Republic and the establishment of the Bundeswehr , Wiesbaden became the location of a military area administration . In addition, Wiesbaden was temporarily the headquarters of the US Air Force for Europe ( USAFE ) in what was then Camp Lindsey .
1954 Erich Mix (FDP) was elected Lord Mayor of Wiesbaden. Mix held this office as early as 1937–1945. This made Wiesbaden the largest West German city in which a mayor of the Nazi regime was also mayor after the Second World War. The election was possible because the Wiesbaden CDU chose not its own candidate Hermann Callies, but Erich Mix. The reason given was that Callies had left the church in 1937 and was therefore not eligible for the CDU. This choice was already highly controversial in advance.
To alleviate the housing shortage after the Second World War, increasing numbers of large estates were built on the outskirts of the city. These emerged particularly south and west of the city. As a result, the districts of Biebrich and Dotzheim developed into the most populous districts of the city. The first large housing estate was Gräselberg, whose groundbreaking took place on November 26, 1959. In the 1960s, the urban planner Ernst May was commissioned to build new settlements. The starting point was an architecture competition that was announced in 1959 for the Parkfeld estate in Biebrich. The realization of May's winning design took place until 1970. May was then appointed the city's planning officer and designed the Klarenthal (1960–1969) and Schelmengraben (from 1961) settlements. In 1963 he published the work Das neue Wiesbaden . Despite his commitment to high-quality living space or the expansion of the Biebrich Palace Park, the proposal to demolish 150 villas and residential buildings from the 19th century was later added to him. In addition, the entire Bergkirchenviertel should give way to new high-rise buildings. The Kochbrunnenplatz should be redesigned and the high-quality buildings, such as the palace hotel, removed. However, the clear-cutting projects could be prevented due to a successful citizens' initiative, so that the historicist building stock of the city was largely preserved.
The ZDF moved on April 1 1964 transmit mode in the makeshift studio complex of TaunusFilm Unter den Eichen . In the same year, however, the station began expanding its current location in Mainz-Lerchenberg .
Population development
The course of the population development of Wiesbaden shows that the population in the 19th century, initiated by the elevation to the ducal-Nassau royal seat, doubled about every 20 years. From 1800 to 1905 the population grew from 2,239 to 100,953. Wiesbaden thus achieved the status of a large city. The subsequent stagnation in growth was ended by a first wave of incorporations in 1926 and 1928. By the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, the city had grown to 170,354 inhabitants. This was favored by the economically favorable location on the Rhine and the proximity to the Ruhr area. After the Second World War, many people streamed into the relatively little destroyed city. In 1956 there were already 244,994 inhabitants. In the next 20 years the population grew only slightly to 250,592. It only received a boost from the incorporation of 1977 and reached the number of 274,464 in 1980. Contrary to the trend towards a shrinking population that has been observed in major German cities since then, Wiesbaden was able to maintain its population with 274,865 inhabitants in 2005. This also contributed the construction of ever new residential areas in the city districts.
In 2002 the proportion of residents without a German passport was 17.5% and was thus significantly lower than the respective proportions in Frankfurt (26.4%) and Offenbach (31.2%). However, the proportion of the foreign population in Wiesbaden has increased by about 55% since 1980 (11.3%).
The following overview shows the number of inhabitants according to the respective territorial status. Up to 1833 these are mostly estimates, then census results (¹) or official updates by the respective statistical offices or the city administration itself. From 1843 onwards, the information relates to the “local population”, from 1925 to the resident population and since 1987 to the “Population at the place of the main residence”. Before 1843, the number of inhabitants was determined according to inconsistent survey methods.
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¹ census result
Incorporations
The first incorporations were those of Biebrich, Schierstein and Sonnenberg on October 1st, 1926. This made Wiesbaden a city on the Rhine. As early as April 1, 1928, nine more communities from the Wiesbaden district were incorporated, which was dissolved at the same time. The remaining towns and communities in the district became part of the newly founded Main-Taunus district .
As a result of the war, Mainz-Kastel, Mainz-Amöneburg and Mainz-Kostheim became districts of Wiesbaden on August 10, 1945. Since the Congress of Vienna, Wiesbaden was separated from these three places by a state border, the state border between Nassau or Prussia on the one hand and Hesse on the other. Otherwise it is not about any of the usual incorporations, since the city of Wiesbaden has not simply become the legal successor to the city of Mainz in these districts. The water rights for drinking water production, for example, have remained with Mainz and nothing has changed in the ownership structure of urban land.
The last incorporations concerned six municipalities in the Main-Taunus district on January 1, 1977. It should be noted that the draft law for the reorganization of the Main-Taunus district and the city of Wiesbaden originally provided that Delkenheim should become a district of Hochheim and Wallau a part District of Wiesbaden. The municipal bodies of both municipalities, however, vehemently advocated the regulation ultimately made in the law. The city boundary to the Main-Taunus-Kreis has some noticeable indentations and bulges, although these have even been smoothed out by swapping larger parts of the field markings.
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¹ these city districts belonged to Mainz until 1945. The military administrations of the occupying powers France and the USA , however, defined the Rhine, which ran through the middle of the previous Mainz city area, as the border between their occupation zones and, consequently, the newly founded states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate . Three of the six districts of Mainz on the right bank of the Rhine were therefore assigned to the city of Wiesbaden. However, they kept their previous names "Mainz-".
Desolation in today's urban area
Within the boundaries of today's city of Wiesbaden there are a number of settlements that were largely abandoned during the Middle Ages ( desolations ). In the following list, the year of the last mention is given in brackets.
- Arnoldsrod in the Sonnenberg district (1221)
- Costloff in the Medenbach district (16th century)
- Eigenhausen in the district of Igstadt (1609)
- Kirchrode in the district of Bierstadt
- Meilingen in the district of Auringen (1592)
- Lifted off in the district of Wiesbaden (1385)
- Seeroben in the Wiesbaden district (1367)
- Rosenkopplerhof in the Frauenstein district (burned down in the 19th century)
- Sling in the district of Wiesbaden (1436)
The historical thermal and mineral springs
In Wiesbaden there have been a number of warm springs in the so-called Quellenviertel since Roman times. The water-bearing layers in the underground of the Quellenviertel are in many ways connected to one another. If you drill for thermal water in one place and take it out, it is missing in another place.
In 1991 the municipal civil engineering office installed the Wiesbaden springs "after the storage and distribution system was put into operation" for the supply of thermal water. The source names are closely related to the Wiesbaden bathhouses and the history of the city.
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Thermal springs :
- Primary sources:
- Kochbrunnen , borehole III (owner: City of Wiesbaden 66.66%; Römerbad GmbH, Schwarzer Bock , Hotel Rose , 11.11% each. A 2 / 45th share of the city goes to the Allianz baths in Wilhelmstrasse 8.)
- Salmquelle , borehole I (City of Wiesbaden)
- Large and Small Eagle Spring , drilling (City of Wiesbaden)
- Schützenhofquelle , borehole (City of Wiesbaden)
- Pariser-Hof-Quelle , near-surface drilling (private)
- Secondary sources:
- Kochbrunnen , pond (City of Wiesbaden)
- Sonnenbergquelle , Spiegelgasse 9 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Bäckerbrunnenquelle , Wagemannstraße / Goldgasse (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Source Goldgasse 1–3 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Quelle Goldgasse 4 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Sternquelle , Webergasse 21 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Goldenes-Kreuz-Quelle , Spiegelgasse 15 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Goldenes-Roß-Quelle , Goldgasse / Häfnergasse (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Quelle Grabenstrasse 9 (City of Wiesbaden; out of order)
- Römerquelle , Kranzplatz / Spiegelgasse (City of Wiesbaden; removed)
- Spiegelquelle , Kranzplatz 11 (City of Wiesbaden, Nassauer Hof; removed)
- Source Häfnergasse / Schellenbergpassage (City of Wiesbaden, Zwei Böcke, 50% each; out of service)
- Kölnischer-Hof-Quelle , Drei-Lilien-Platz (private property)
- Zwei Böcke-Quelle , Webergasse / An der Dreililienquelle (Zwei Böcke)
- Bärenquelle , Drei-Lilien-Platz (former Hotel Zum Bären)
- Goldener Brunnen-Quelle , Goldgasse 10-12 (Goldener Brunnen)
- Three lily source (City of Wiesbaden 75%, Schwarzer Bock 25%)
- Goldene -kette-Quelle , Langgasse 45 (Schwarzer Bock)
- Community bath source (City of Wiesbaden; removed)
- Kranzquelle (pump source), Langgasse 56 (City of Wiesbaden; removed)
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Mineral spring (primary spring, no thermal spring):
- Faulbrunnen , borehole (City of Wiesbaden)
This list includes 26 sources, including six primary sources. Wiesbaden traditionally advertises with the number of 27 thermal and mineral springs in the city area. The missing source could be the Wilhelms-Heilanstalt-Quelle or the source of the former Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten . Of the secondary sources listed, 13 sources are labeled out of service or removed . In a report by the city administration for the city council from the year 2008, a stock of 15 existing springs is given that actually give water.
The fact that water runs in the fountain house of the baker's fountain in Grabenstrasse, although the baker's fountain source is out of order, is due to the fact that this tap is connected to the widely ramified pipeline network that was created in the 1930s in connection with the conversion of the Kurhaus colonnade into a fountain colonnade . The pipeline network distributes the water from various sources, such as the Kochbrunnen, the Adlerquelle and the Schützenhofquelle. The actual source of the baker's fountain is below the small square between Goldgasse and Wagemannstrasse (in front of Goldgasse 10 and 12). The building of the baker's fountain does not stand on the source of the baker's fountain, but is only an outlet of this pipeline network.
The three lily spring is another example of the networking of the springs. This source was created in the early 20th century and from the sources of the bath houses Golden Chain , White lilies , Four Seasons fed and an urban Brühbrunnens in the "small Webergasse" (this alley is now the parking lot of the Three lilies square before since 2016 closed hotel bears ).
See also
literature
- Baedeker Wiesbaden Rheingau , Karl Baedeker Verlag, Ostfildern-Kemnat, Austria, 2001.
- Klaus Kopp: Water from Taunus, Rhine and Ried: Wiesbaden's water supply from 2 millennia . lost v. Stadtwerke Wiesbaden AG. Wiesbaden 1986, ISBN 3-9801288-0-6 .
- Helmut Schoppa : Aquae Mattiacae-Wiesbaden's Roman and Alemannic-Roman past. F. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1974, ISBN 3-515-02039-X .
- Walter Czysz : Wiesbaden in Roman times. Stuttgart 1994.
- Walter Czysz : victim of the witch madness. Witches trial against Wiesbaden citizens (1676) , in: Hans-Jürgen Fuchs (Hrsg.): Verbrechen und Schicksale. A Wiesbaden pitaval. Spectacular criminal cases from four centuries , Edition 6065, Publishing House for Regional Culture and History, 2005, pp. 33–52. ISBN 978-3-9810365-0-3
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gabriele Wesch-Klein : Social aspects of the Roman army in the imperial era , Steiner, Stuttgart 1998 (= Habil. Heidelberg 1995). ISBN 3-515-07300-0 , p. 86.
- ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Wiesbadener Kurier from November 19, 2009 ).
- ↑ Helmut Schoppa: Aquae Mattiacae. Wiesbaden's Roman and Alemannic-Merovingian past (History of the City of Wiesbaden, Volume 1). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1974, p. 79.
- ↑ Wiesbadener Tageblatt: The Wiesbaden City Archive commemorates numerous anniversaries in 2014 ( Memento from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed January 1, 2014)
- ↑ http://www.nassau-info.de/geschichte-hexenverendung.htm The witch persecution in Idstein. The list contains the names of the victims from Wiesbaden. (Accessed September 14, 2015)
- ^ History of the voluntary fire brigade Wiesbaden-Stadtmitte. Volunteer Fire Brigade Wiesbaden-Stadtmitte, accessed on September 12, 2016 .
- ↑ Individual spa guests can be researched in the digital Wiesbadener Kurliste 1867-1933 ( https://www.hs-rm.de/landesbibliothek/hessen-und-nassau/tageszeitungen-der-region-digital/wiesbadener-badeblattkurliste/index.html )
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : The foundation of the Nassau fire brigade association . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 2012 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg-Weilburg 2011, ISBN 3-927006-48-3 , p. 65-67 .
- ↑ Senior Advisory Board Telekom Wiesbaden: Chronicle of the telecommunications office in Wiesbaden
- ↑ Nikolas Werner Jacobs: The "City of Historicism" - a special case. On the reception history of historicism in Germany using the example of Wiesbaden . In: Tobias Möllmer (Ed.): Style and character. Contributions to the history of architecture and the preservation of monuments in the 19th century. Festschrift for the 75th birthday of Wolfgang Brönner , Basel 2015, pp. 372–375 and 384f.
- ↑ Manfred Gerber: First World War: City Archives and City Museum call on Wiesbaden residents to make historical documents available for two exhibitions in Wiesbadener Kurier on February 26, 2014
- ^ German Association of Cities: Statistical Yearbook of German Communities , p. 381. Braunschweig 1952
- ^ Philipp Kratz: The air raids on Wiesbaden during the Second World War 1939-1945 In: Nassauische Annalen . 117, Verlag des Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde und historical research, Wiesbaden 2006, ISSN 0077-2887
- ↑ AC Grayling: The Dead Cities: Were Allied Bombing War Crimes? S. 385. Munich 2009
- ^ State capital Wiesbaden on wiesbaden.de: History of Wiesbaden from 1848 to 1945
- ↑ Private website with time table Wiesbaden until 1945 ( Memento from February 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Thomas Weichel: Wiesbaden in the bombing war 1941–1945 . Wartberg Verlag, October 2004, ISBN 3-8313-1408-X
- ↑ Erich Keyser. Hessian city book . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1957
- ↑ German Association of Cities: Statistical Yearbook of German Communities , p. 375. Braunschweig 1952
- ^ Diether Degreif: Identity Foundation and Integration . In: Nassau Annals . tape 123 . Verlag des Verein für Nassau antiquity and historical research, 2012, ISSN 0077-2887 .
- ↑ City of Wiesbaden: Gräselberg (accessed May 1, 2015)
- ↑ Quiring, Claudia; City of Wiesbaden (ed.): Large housing estates (accessed April 5, 2015)
- ↑ Nikolas Werner Jacobs: The "City of Historicism" - a special case. On the reception history of historicism in Germany using the example of Wiesbaden . In: Tobias Möllmer (Ed.): Style and character. Contributions to the history of architecture and the preservation of monuments in the 19th century. Festschrift for the 75th birthday of Wolfgang Brönner , Basel 2015, pp. 378–383.
- ↑ Law on the reorganization of the Main-Taunus district and the city of Wiesbaden (GVBl. II 330–30) of June 26, 1974 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1974 No. 22 , p. 309 , § 8 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
- ^ List of the desertions in the Wiesbaden district . In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
- ↑ List of sources can be found in: Walter Czysz: Vom Römerbad zur Weltkurstadt. Writings of the Wiesbaden City Archives, Wiesbaden 2000 , page 378
- ↑ Wiesbadener Tagblatt from September 18, 2008: Sources are an image question. From the report of a project group for the city council: For thermal and mineral springs, a stock of 27 springs is given. However, there are actually only 15 sources. Seven wells are out of service and five more have been eliminated.