Hausmannite
| Hausmannite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
|
| chemical formula | Mn 2+ Mn 3+ 2 O 4 |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Oxides and hydroxides |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
4.BB.10 ( 8th edition : IV / B.05) 02/07/07/01 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | tetragonal |
| Crystal class ; symbol | ditetragonal-dipyramidal; 4 / m 2 / m 2 / m |
| Space group | I 4 1 / amd (No. 141) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 5.76 Å ; c = 9.44 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 4 |
| Twinning | often after (112) |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 5.5 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | 4.7 to 4.84 |
| Cleavage | completely after {001}, indistinct after {112} and {011} |
| Break ; Tenacity | uneven |
| colour | dark brown, black, gray, dark red to reddish brown internal reflections |
| Line color | brown |
| transparency | opaque, translucent in thin layers |
| shine | Metallic luster |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n ω = 2.46 n ε = 2.15 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.310 |
| Optical character | uniaxial negative |
Hausmannite obsolete as Blättricher black-brown stone , black and Braunsteinerz , Schwarzmanganerz and gloss Braunstein known is a mineral from the mineral class of " oxides and hydroxides ," which can be abundant in various localities partly true, but overall not widespread. It crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system with the composition Mn 2+ Mn 3+ 2 O 4 , so it is chemically a manganese (II, III) oxide .
Hausmannite mainly develops pseudo- octahedral crystals , but also granular to massive aggregates of dark brown, black or gray color with dark red to reddish brown internal reflections.
Etymology and history
The mineral was first described in 1813 by Friedrich Hausmann (1782-1859), who referred to it as Blättricher Schwarz-Braunstein in his "Handbuch der Mineralogie" and stated that it was found in Ehrenstock near Ilmenau in Thuringia (today Oehrenstock ).
An earlier mention of 1789 can be found in the mineral system of Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817), but apart from the listing of the name Schwarz-Braunsteinerz no further information is given and the name can only be assigned to the Hausmannite because later mineralogists are included the description of which relates to Werner's black brown stone ore.
The name Hausmannite, which is still valid today, goes back to Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger , who named the mineral Hausmann in 1828 in honor of the person who first described it.
Other synonymous names for Hausmannite include black manganese ore in Karsten's records from 1808 and the term gloss brown stone, which was also coined by Hausmann in 1847 .
classification
Already in the now outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the hausmannite belonged to the mineral class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there to the department of "oxides with the molar ratio of metal: oxygen = 3: 4", where it together with Filipstadit , Hetaerolith , Hydrohetaerolith , Iwakiit , Marokit and Tegengrenit named after him "Hausmannit group" with the system number. IV / B.05 .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns hausmannite to the class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there in the department of "oxides with the molar ratio of metal: oxygen = 3: 4 and comparable “. However, this section is further subdivided according to the size of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the sub-section “With only medium-sized cations”, where it is also named after the “Hausmannite Group” with the system no. 4.BB.10 and the other members hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite and iwakiite.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns hausmannite to the class of "oxides and hydroxides" and there in the department of "oxide minerals". Here it can be found together with Hetaerolite and Hydrohetaerolite in the unnamed group 07.02.07 within the subdivision of " Multiple Oxides (A + B 2+ ) 2 X 4 , Spinel Group ".
Crystal structure
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Hausmannite crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system in the space group I 4 1 / amd (space group no. 141) with the lattice parameters a 1 = a 2 = 5.76 Å and c = 9.44 Å as well as 4 formula units per unit cell .
properties
The Hausmannite crystals are similar to spinel and have a pyramidal to octahedral character, but with horizontal stripes . The stripes reveal the twin nature of the crystals, which often consist of five cyclically fused individuals.
Modifications and varieties
Arseniodialytite , which was treated as an independent mineral until November 2006, was recognized as a variety of Hausmannite.
Education and Locations
Hausmannite is mostly formed through hydrothermal processes in iron ore veins containing manganese , but it can also be formed through contact metamorphosis . The accompanying minerals include andradite , barite , braunite , jacobsite , pyrolusite and rhodochrosite .
In addition to its type locality Oehrenstock, the mineral was found in many other regions of Germany , including Baden-Württemberg ( Black Forest ), Bavaria ( Spessart ), Hesse ( Steeden ), Lower Saxony ( Peine ), North Rhine-Westphalia ( Siegerland ), Rhineland-Palatinate ( Hunsrück ), Saxony-Anhalt ( Harz ) and Saxony ( Ore Mountains ).
So far (as of 2012) around 280 sites for hausmannite are known worldwide, including in New South Wales , Queensland and South Australia in Australia; Province of Iténez and Province of Chiquitos in Bolivia; Minas Gerais in Brazil; several regions in the People's Republic of China ; Franche-Comté and Midi-Pyrénées in France; the Cyclades in Greece; England and Wales in Great Britain; Orissa in India; several regions in Italy ; Honshū , Kyūshū and Shikoku in Japan; Souss-Massa-Daraâ in Morocco; Durango in Mexico; Otjozondjupa in Namibia; Trøndelag and Telemark in Norway; al-Batina in Oman; Carinthia and Salzburg in Austria; the Urals in Russia; several regions in Sweden ; the cantons of Graubünden , St. Gallen and Valais in Switzerland; Banská Bystrica and Nitra in Slovakia; the North Cape and Northwest provinces in South Africa; Denizli in Turkey; many regions in the USA as well as Chaur Fakkan and Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates .
use
Hausmannite is an important ore for the extraction of manganese .
See also
literature
- Edward Turner: Chemical examination of the oxides of manganese. Part II. On the composition of the ores of manganese described by Mr. Haidinger . In: The Philosophical Magazine . tape 4 , 1828, pp. 96-104 ( rruff.info [PDF; 855 kB ; accessed on July 30, 2017]).
- Wilhelm von Haidinger : II. Pyramidal Manganese-ore Hausmannite . In: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . tape 11 , 1831, p. 127–129 ( rruff.info [PDF; 285 kB ; accessed on July 30, 2017]).
- D. Jarosch: Crystal structure refinement and reflectance measurements of hausmannite . In: Mineralogy and Petrology . tape 37 , no. 1 , 1987, pp. 15-23 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01163155 .
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Mineral Encyclopedia (= Villager Nature ). Nebel Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 78 .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Hausmannite (Wiki)
- Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy - Hausmannite (English)
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Hausmannite (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 190 .
- ↑ a b Webmineral - Hausmannite (English)
- ↑ a b c Hausmannite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 67 kB ; accessed on July 30, 2017]).
- ^ Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann : Handbook of Mineralogy , Göttingen 1813, Volume 1, pp. 285–286 ( PDF 234.7 kB )
- ↑ a b Thomas Witzke : Discovery of Hausmannite
- ↑ Hans Lüschen: The names of the stones. The mineral kingdom in the mirror of language . 2nd Edition. Ott Verlag, Thun 1979, ISBN 3-7225-6265-1 , p. 270 .
- ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 507 (first edition: 1891).
- ↑ Martin Okrusch, Siegfried Matthes: Mineralogie. An introduction to special mineralogy, petrology and geology . 7th fully revised and updated edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin et al. 2005, ISBN 3-540-23812-3 , pp. 266 .
- ↑ Mindat - Hausmannite (English)
- ↑ Find location list for Hausmannite in the Mineralienatlas and in Mindat