To collect in a memorial book ...: Pictures of German resistance fighters

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To collect in a memorial book ...: Pictures of German resistance fighters are fragments from the estate of Ricarda Huch , which she wanted to publish under the title "Pictures of the Martyrs" - consisting of the parts Die Geschwister Scholl , the Rote Kapelle and the 20th of July which Wolfgang Matthias Schwiedrzik published in Leipzig in 1997.

The material published by Schwiedrzik in book form contains a number of letters, a few shorter original works by Ricarda Huch, all of them biographical sketches or key points commemorating the dead of fighters against the National Socialist regime who participated in their resistance from December 22, 1942 to April 23, 1945 had to pay for life. Ricarda Huch expresses her writing concern in a letter dated July 28, 1946 to Herbert Krimm : "The purpose of the book is not to write the story of July 20, but to teach the German people to know and respect the people involved."

content

The sketches, letters and fragments can be found in three chapters.

The action of the Munich students against Hitler

The Scholl siblings , executed in Munich on February 22, 1943

When Hans Scholl was born in Ingersheim an der Jagst in 1918 and his sister Sophie in Forchtenberg in 1921 , the father - a Protestant , “ cosmopolitan and pacifist ” - was mayor of the respective town. Sophie wasn't afraid. As a six year old she crossed the stove . Hans, on the other hand, called the parents their "little savior" because of his sympathy for all suffering of every creature. The family of seven moved to Ulm when their father switched to a freelance business consultant. After graduating from high school, Hans did his labor service and went to Cannstatt as a cavalryman in the military . As a former wandering bird , Hans was temporarily imprisoned and the relatives therefore had to meet the Gestapo . Hans met Christoph Probst and Alexander Schmorell while studying medicine in Munich. During the campaign against France , Hans was a medic. Then Hans and Sophie made the acquaintance of the Catholic writer and Hochland publisher Karl Muth in Solln . Sophie meanwhile studied biology and philosophy in Munich. The young people around the Scholl siblings felt apart from the old courage nor of the musicologists , psychologists and folksong researcher Professor Kurt Huber and his Leibniz attracted -Kolleg. After her labor service on the Swiss border, Sophie continued her studies in Munich in the spring semester of 1942. The brother let her in on his intended calls to "eliminate the Nazi government." Neither appearances by Gauleiter Paul Giesler in front of the students nor warnings from friends in front of the Gestapo could prevent Hans Scholl from distributing his first leaflet . It is said to have originated under Muth and Haecker's influence. During the summer of 1942, Hans had to do military service in Russia and Sophie had to work in a factory. The White Rose resistance group met in the studio of the architect Manfred Eickemeyer . In the following autumn semester, more leaflets were produced, written by the students around the Scholl siblings, who in the meantime Willi Graf had joined. The leaflets were also distributed outside of Bavaria. On February 18, 1943, a leaflet campaign by the Scholl siblings in the lecture halls of the University of Munich was betrayed by the pedel of the university. Freisler , who had specially traveled to Munich, sentenced the Scholl and Christoph Probst siblings to death by guillotine for their leaflets on February 22, 1943. Hans Scholl is said to have shouted right in front of the execution block: "Long live freedom!" Sophie Scholl is said to have walked upright towards death.

Kurt Huber , executed on July 13, 1943 in Munich-Stadelheim

Kurt, born in Chur in 1893 , spent his youth in the Herdweghaus in Stuttgart . After the father, the teacher Theodor Huber, died in 1911, the mother Katharina went to Munich with her two sons. Kurt Huber completed his training with the musicologist Theodor Kroger and the philologist Erich Becker in 1920 with a habilitation. After the inflation , he made his way through as an associate professor from 1926 on. After Kurt Huber's marriage in 1929, the family of four had to be thrifty. From 1942 onwards, Prof. Huber took part in student meetings in the vicinity of the Scholl siblings in the house of the architect Eickemeyer and wrote the last leaflet that the Scholl siblings had distributed in the lecture halls of Munich University shortly before their arrest. After his imprisonment on February 27, 1943, his doctorate and civil servant titles were revoked. As a result, the wife and children were left with no income. Freisler sentenced Kurt Huber, Alexander Schmorell and Willi Graf to death by guillotine on April 19. Prison pastor Ferdinand Brinkmann assisted the professor in the twelve weeks before the sentence was carried out. Hans Leipelt , the last victim from the White Rose , supported Ms. Huber in the emergency.

Christoph Probst , executed on February 22, 1943 in Munich-Stadelheim

Hermann Probst, the father of Christoph, who was born in Murnau in 1919 , was a trained natural scientist and had turned to comparative religion through studying art history . The Catholic parents, whose marriage fell apart, did not allow their three children to be baptized.

Christoph made the acquaintance of Alexander Schmorell at a high school in Munich. Inspired by Schmorell's Russian origins on his mother's side, Christoph learned Russian . Labor and military service after graduating from high school were compulsory at the time. Christoph went to the air force , had to remain a soldier at the beginning of the war , but was allowed to study medicine in Munich from time to time. In Munich he met the medical student Hans Scholl and learned about the White Rose leaflets .

In 1940 Christoph married Harald Dohrn's daughter . The couple had three children. After the disaster in Stalingrad, Christoph Probst gave Hans Scholl a leaflet he had written himself, was arrested for the document, defended himself before the People's Court and was shouted at. In one of his farewell letters he wrote: "I die without any hatred."

Alexander Schmorell , executed on July 13, 1943 in Munich-Stadelheim

Alexander's father had studied medicine in Munich and then practiced as an assistant doctor in Moscow . There he married a Russian woman, the daughter of a clergyman. From 1917, the German doctor had to treat German wounded in Orenburg hospitals. Alexander was born in Orenburg in 1917. In 1919 the mother died. The father returned to Munich with his son in 1921 and married a German in 1926.

Alexander voluntarily joined the light mounted artillery after graduating from high school . He met Hans Scholl while studying medicine in Munich. Alexander and Hans went to war against Russia in the same student company. At home in Munich, Alexander took part in the meetings of the White Rose , produced, copied and sent leaflets and pasted posters on Ludwigstrasse : “Long live freedom!” “Down with Hitler !” After the Scholl siblings were arrested, Alexander fled but returned - probably because of the deep snow - back to Munich. On February 24, 1943, he was looking for a bomber , attack a bomb shelter and was recognized. Alexander Schmorell courageously admitted his actions before the People's Court, found the religion of a fellow prisoner in prison and wrote to the relatives before the beheading: "Death is not an end, but the transition to a new, far more glorious life than earthly."

Willi Graf , executed on October 12, 1943 in Munich-Stadelheim

The father of Willi, born in 1918 in Kuchenheim , was the manager of a dairy and in 1922 moved to Saarbrücken with the Catholic family . There he worked in the wine wholesale trade, among other things. In 1937, after graduating from high school, Willi studied philosophy and theology in Bonn . Active in the banned Catholic youth movement, he was imprisoned, but given an amnesty after a few weeks. Willi took part in the campaign against Russia and was allowed to study medicine in Munich in between. For the White Rose he transported leaflets to Saarbrücken and distributed them there. A good month before his arrest on February 18, 1943, he wrote down doubts in his diary: Can National Socialism be shaken with leaflets? Nevertheless, Willi Graf was ultimately convinced that his death would bear fruit. The prison guards admired his demeanor.

July 20th

Elisabeth von Thadden , executed on September 8, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Elisabeth, who was born in Mohrungen in 1890, was involved in social aid activities in Berlin and the surrounding area during the First World War under the direction of Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze . Anna von Gierke instructed Elisabeth in Berlin how to deal with young people in homes. Elisabeth worked in Marie Baum's holiday home for children in Heuberg, Baden, and went to Wieblingen in 1927 . Ricarda Huch got to know Elisabeth von Thadden personally in Heidelberg in 1933 as the director of a rural education home for girls at Wieblingen Castle.

In 1939 Elisabeth von Thadden relocated her reform home to Lake Starnberg in vain . Wieblingen Castle was confiscated and the educator was unable to continue working in Bavaria. Elisabeth von Thadden had to go back to Berlin. There she helped persecuted Jews and half-Jews . She was betrayed by a spy smuggled into her Berlin coffee company within the Solf district . Elisabeth von Thadden was arrested in January 1944 and sentenced to death on July 8, 1944.

Ernst von Harnack , executed on March 5, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

After studying law, shaken by the experience of the First World War, Ernst von Harnack, born in Marburg in 1888, joined the SPD despite his father's strong reservations . After working in the Prussian Ministry of Culture at Haenisch, Ernst von Harnack first became District Administrator in Hersfeld , then Vice President of Hanover and Cologne and finally, in 1930, District President in Merseburg . After the seizure of power of the NSDAP , he was released 1933rd The publication of his book "The Practice of Public Administration" was banned by the Reich Chamber of Literature. As a simple worker, he got by in the Hollerith company . He then worked as a textile dealer and as an advertising specialist for the mining industry. Ernst von Harnack helped the persecuted; took them to the authorities and stood up for their rights.

He was involved in the attempted coup of July 20, 1944, as the preparation was aimed at maintaining ties between the officers conspired against Hitler and the former trade unions.

Ernst von Harnack visited Ricarda Huch in Jena on September 15, 1944 . He was arrested in late September. The last thing Ricarda Huch knew about him: On March 4, 1945, the day before his death, Ernst von Harnack had a cell neighbor play three chorales on the violin for him. One of them was “If I should ever part, don't part from myself!” From Bach's St. Matthew Passion .

Hans Bernd von Haeften , executed on August 15, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Born in Berlin in 1905, Hans Bernd von Haeften graduated from high school in Berlin-Wilmersdorfer in 1924 . After four years of law studies - among others with Smend and Kaufmann - he became a trainee lawyer and studied law at Trinity College in Cambridge for another year .

One of his role models in Germany was Kurt Hahn . In 1930 he became the son-in-law of Julius Curtius . Hans Bernd von Haeften had five children with his wife Barbara. In 1933 he became an attaché in the Foreign Office and from 1938 to 1940 came to Copenhagen , Vienna and Budapest . In Vienna he made a National Socialist in a prominent position the enemy when he made his unfairness public.

At the end of 1940 he joined Adam von Trott zu Solz and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke in the Kreisau Circle . When the assassination attempt on Hitler failed and Hans Bernd von Haeften stood before the People's Court, Freisler screamed about the reason for his participation in the conspiracy. Hans Bernd von Haeften replied that for him Hitler embodied evil.

Nikolaus Christoph von Halem , executed on October 9, 1944 in Brandenburg an der Havel

Gustav Adolf von Halem , the father of Nikolaus, who was born in Schwetz in 1905 , was district administrator on the Vistula . His grandfather Christoph von Tiedemann , Bismarck's friend , had been head of the Reich Chancellery .

After graduating from high school in Roßleben , Nikolaus studied law, served in the Reichswehr in Rostock and became a trainee lawyer in Jena. After a brief activity in the Propaganda Ministry, he went into business for himself as a lawyer.

In 1931 Nikolaus von Halem married Victoria Maria Garbe from Aachen (December 23, 1902 to August 1, 1987). Friedrich was born in Naumburg in 1933 and Wilhelm Imanuel in Flößingen in 1941.

After 1933 Nikolaus von Halem got to know the practices of Gauleiter Sauckel in a case of expropriation and later got into trouble after helping Jews to flee to Czechoslovakia . Nikolaus von Halem mastered the art of dealing with people. Ricarda Huch cites as an example that he should even have put the Wroclaw Gauleiter Wagner on the right track.

As early as January 1941, Nikolaus von Halem said to friends that Hitler had to be eliminated. He won over the Munich Joseph Römer , who betrayed him in 1942. Nikolaus von Halem was arrested on February 18, 1942. During the detention and torture to him a verse of the Prophet until his execution Isaiah from the consolation for the displaced persons have given force: "Fear not, for I have redeemed you." EU

Klaus Bonhoeffer ,murderedby a shot in the neck on April 23, 1945 near Berlin's Invalidenstrasse

Born in 1901 in Breslau, Klaus grew up sheltered in his parents' home. He did not succeed his father, a respected psychiatrist at the Wroclaw University , but studied law after graduating from high school.

In 1929 Klaus got engaged to Emmi Dellbrück , the daughter of Hans Delbrück . During the house music in the Bonhoeffer house, Emmi played the violin, Klaus the cello, Dietrich the piano and the mother sang spirited. The professional career of the taciturn Klaus in a law firm was slow. When Klaus Bonhoeffer founded his own law firm together with a Jew, he ignored the objections from the National Socialist side.

In Klaus Bonhoeffer's opinion, Hitler absolutely had to die. Klaus would have loved to kill him. His brother-in-law Hans von Dohnanyi brought Klaus together with like-minded people.

Klaus Bonhoeffer was in Berlin Counsel of Lufthansa . Towards the end of the war, he persuaded his wife Emmi to leave Berlin with their three children. He lived alone. Elsa Teichmann took care of the household. July 20, 1944 brought disillusionment. First Otto John had to be sent to Spain by Lufthansa. John was able to get to England from there.

Out of consideration for his wife and children, Klaus Bonhoeffer did not use an opportunity to escape. He allowed himself to be arrested and remained silent despite the beating. When his wife's life was threatened, he lost strength.

Julius Leber , executed on January 5, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Born in 1891 as the son of a poor farmer in Alsace , Julius worked in a wallpaper factory after high school. Thus, the boy could do the Abitur and study economics . In 1914 his studies were interrupted by the war. Fighting one after the other as an officer on all fronts, he survived and was sentenced to death by Kapp putschists in March 1920 . But the Weimar Republic and Julius Leber stayed alive. The latter received his doctorate and in 1921 became editor-in-chief of an SPD newspaper in Lübeck . His father-in-law, a patrician from Lübeck, did not agree with the choice of his daughter. On the night of January 31, 1933, Julius Leber was seriously injured by several National Socialists. On March 23, 1933, the SPD politician was arrested for the above-mentioned incident when entering the Kroll Opera House - it was about the Enabling Act - and was imprisoned in Wolfenbüttel for almost nine months . He was then tortured in the Esterwegen concentration camp , brought to Sachsenhausen and released in May 1937.

Julius Leber stood for Friedrich Naumann's Central Europe . On the other hand, he rejected the communists as too radical and nevertheless advocated an alliance with them for the purpose of conspiring against Hitler. Wilhelm Leuschner (see below) did not want to cooperate with the communists. The meeting with the Communists in the early summer of 1944 was betrayed. Julius Leber and the communists Anton Saefkow and Franz Jacob were arrested by the Gestapo.

Ricarda Huch writes that Julius Leber calmly accepted the death sentence because he knew “that he had fought a good fight and fulfilled the meaning of his life”.

Theodor Haubach , executed on January 23, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

The father died before Theodor was born in 1896 in Frankfurt am Main . Theodor later changed from being a volunteer to becoming a socialist as a result of the First World War. And indeed he wanted socialism according to Marx without class struggle on a national instead of an international basis. During the Nazi era, he missed the opportunity to work for a socialist newspaper in safe Switzerland. Theodor Haubach wanted to stay in Germany while his friend Carlo Mierendorff was still in German concentration camps .

Jean Paul Oster , executed on April 9, 1945 in the Flossenbürg concentration camp Jean Paul was born in Dresden in 1887. The father, aReformedpastor from Alsace, preached alternately in German and French in Dresden. Jean Paul Oster became an officer and married in 1912. The couple had three children and lived inMecklenburgfrom 1924 to1929, then inMünsterand from 1935 in Berlin.

“As chief of staff of the Abwehr ”, Jean Paul Oster prepared “a coup d'état directed by the Wehrmacht ”.

Sketches, fragments and letters

Adam von Trott zu Solz , executed on August 26, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Ricarda Huch calls Adam von Trott zu Solz, who was born in Potsdam in 1909, conservative and traditional, and cites something from the program of his trip to America : A mass movement in Germany against the Nazis, Adam von Trott zu Solz initially admits, is unthinkable given their terror. Then there are two more views. If the Allies granted Germany sovereignty, the German generals could be persuaded to overthrow. In a new German government, the trade unions should dominate.

Carlo Mierendorff , perished by an Allied bomb on December 4, 1943 in Leipzig

Emil Henk wrote to Ricarda Huch on May 29, 1946 about Carlo Mierendorff, who was born in Großenhain in 1897 : When his friend Carlo Mierendorff was released in early 1938 after five years in a concentration camp, he admitted his guilt. Had Emil Henk not persuaded him to return to Germany from Switzerland in 1933, he would have been spared the concentration camp. The friend replied: “Here is my fate.” He would make the same decision in 1938 as he did in 1933. After 1938, Carlo Mierendorff dismissed Emil Henk's warning of caution by pointing out the soldiers who fell in the field. He - Carlo Mierendorff - dare his life in his own way: for a free Germany. Emil Henk admires his friend who has endured the most terrible things unbowed.

Wilhelm Leuschner , executed on September 29, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Wilhelm Leuschner, who was born in Bayreuth in 1890 and is the son of a stove fitter, together with Jakob Kaiser made careful attempts to contact the OKW . After his release from the concentration camp, into which he had come in 1933, he continued the resistance in Germany. Modestly he let Goerdeler (see below) go ahead.

Adolf Reichwein , executed on October 20, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Rosemarie Reichwein writes to Ricarda Huch on June 1, 1946 about her husband, who was born in Ems in 1898 , that she met him in 1932 at the Pädagogische Akademie Halle . At that time the lecturer had joined the SPD and organized evening courses for workers, among other things. The war volunteer had paid for his war disability pension to study in Frankfurt am Main and Marburg . After completing his doctorate as a historian at Wolters in Marburg, he headed the Jena Adult Education Center. The Prussian minister of culture, Becker, enabled the young scientist to go on a study trip to Mexico and the Republic of China . Then Adolf Reichwein went to Halle. The National Socialists dissolved the educational academy there and Adolf Reichwein went to Tiefensee as a village school teacher . 1939 at the beginning of the war brought in Prof. Kümmel as educational director in the Berlin museums . In Berlin Adolf Reichwein met Theodor Haubach, Carlo Mierendorff and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. In addition to Reichwein, Haubach and Mierendorff, Julius Leber was also a representative of social democracy in the Kreisau district from 1940 onwards. At first the circle was against the assassination attempt on Hitler in order not to make him a martyr. After Carlo Mierendorff's death in December 1943 and the advance of the Red Army , the district sought contact with the German communists. On July 5, 1944, Adolf Reichwein, who, accompanied by Julius Lebers, wanted to meet the communists Saefkow and Jacob (see above under Julius Leber), was arrested. During the detention, Adolf Reichwein had largely lost his voice due to abuse. When he whispered in front of the People's Court, he was bellowed by the mocking Freisler, according to the later testimony of the co-defendant Social Democrat Gustav Dahrendorf .

Helmuth James Graf von Moltke , executed on January 23, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

On June 7, 1946, Freya von Moltke wrote to Ricarda Huch about her husband, who was born at Gut Kreisau in 1907 , that he, Peter Yorck and the Kreisau Circle never wanted to kill Hitler themselves, but rather wanted to “build the intellectual foundation for rebuilding”. When the war broke out, Helmuth von Moltke was “drafted into the OKW as an international lawyer”. He would have been arrested for the first time on January 19, 1944, after he had killed Dr. Kiep had warned.

To strangers, according to Freya von Moltke, her cool, intellectual husband appeared to be a “very complicated person”. Strangers “often completely misunderstood him”. But Freya von Moltke had loved him dearly from 1929 until his death. He had "always taken her very close".

Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , shot dead on July 21, 1944 in Berlin

The entry about the colonel, who was born in Jettingen Castle in 1907 , contains only a few bullet points. For example, Ricarda Huch writes that Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was a deeply religious man and a dashing, outstanding officer.

Major General Henning von Tresckow , suicide on July 21, 1944 near Ostrów, Bialystok district

In her answer to Ricarda Huch's request, the wife Eta von Tresckow points out that “no written legacy” exists.

Heinrich von Lehndorff , executed on September 4, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

The wife Gottliebe, née Countess von Kalnein (1913–1993), wrote to Ricarda Huch about Heinrich von Lehndorff, who was born in Hanover in 1909, on July 28, 1946 that he was arrested on July 21, 1944 at the East Prussian family home in Steinort , two weeks in Königsberg was in prison, brought to Berlin and fled there. He was only four days free, then sentenced on September 4, 1944 and executed on the same day. Gottliebe von Lehndorff had to go to prison as a widow. The children were taken away from her for three months.

The memories of her husband's meetings with other fighters on Steinort are dear to Gottliebe von Lehndorff.

Carl Goerdeler , executed on February 2, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Theodor Litt wrote to Ricarda Huch on February 23, 1946, about Carl Goerdeler, who was born in Schneidemühl in 1884 , that although Carl Goerdeler had kept an eye on the monarchy, he wanted to give the workers their due political position. “The aberration of the German people” 1933–1945 was due to his “ignorance”, according to the sometimes “somewhat ruling” Carl Goerdeler. Carl Goerdeler wanted to prosecute Hitler in court. In general, he was "a man of smoothly rising accounts".

Walter Cramer , executed on November 14, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee

In the above-mentioned letter of February 23, 1946, Theodor Litt also writes about the textile entrepreneur Walter Cramer, who was born in Leipzig in 1886, that as a “capitalist” he would have preferred capitalism to socialism , but could have thought critically about capitalists. For the German people in the role of the largely uninvolved bystanders in “the excesses of the Nazi regime”, Walter Cramer could not muster any understanding. Walter Cramer was a Goerdeler intimate.

Colonel General Ludwig Beck , shot dead in Berlin on July 21, 1944

Lieutenant General Hans Speidel wrote about Ludwig Beck, who was born in Biebrich in 1880 , to the address of the Allies on June 5, 1947, saying that he had already been an opponent of Hitler in 1935. In 1938, Ludwig Beck warned in writing: Every war that Germany instigated ends tragically for Germany.

The overthrow - Speidel continued - was planned by the German General Staff as early as September 1938, that is, at the time when the Allies gave Hitler gifts .

Nikolaus Groß , executed on January 23, 1945 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Elisabeth Groß, née Koch (1901–1972), shared a word with Ricarda Huch on January 26, 1947, from her husband, the union leader Nikolaus Groß, who was born in Niederwenigern in 1898 . He said goodbye to her on January 18, 1945 with the consolation: "I can do much more for you and the children in heaven."

Arvid and Mildred Harnack , executed on December 22, 1942 and February 16, 1943 in Berlin-Plötzensee

In a reply to Clara Harnack , Arvid Harnack's mother, Ricarda Huch regrets the loss of valuable papers.

Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen , executed on December 22, 1942 in Berlin-Plötzensee

Marie Luise Schulze née Boysen, the mother of Harro Schulze-Boysen, who was born in Kiel in 1909 , wrote in a letter to Ricarda Huch dated February 24, 1947, that survivors from Harro's group admired how their son had not betrayed anyone under torture. On the other hand, his wife was not strong enough.

Letters

  • Letter from October 15, 1947 to Günther Weisenborn
    Ricarda Huch asks for a meeting during her stay in Berlin. For health and age reasons she would like to entrust Günther Weisenborn with the further work on the present material.
  • Letter to Hermann Hesse
    From sunny Ticino, Hermann Hesse had advised the Germans in defeated Germany to say goodbye to their national sentiment. Ricarda Huch admitted at the beginning of 1946 that the well-meaning advice of the well-deserved author was definitely worth considering, but she doesn't really know whether the Germans will really do it.

Quote

  • Baum quotes from Ricarda Huch's appeal in daily newspapers with the request to send usable material on the subject: "They didn't die in vain ... They tear us from the swamp of everyday life, they ignite us to fight against the bad ..." Ricarda Huch has around eighty sketches planned. It is not known whether the four “finished” sketches are the final versions. The work on the manuscript was also made more difficult by one circumstance: the material supplied by the pen of the relatives contained many things that were transfigured, i.e. hardly usable.

reception

Book editions

literature

  • Marie Baum : Shining lead. The life of Ricarda Huch. 520 pages. Rainer Wunderlich Verlag Hermann Leins , Tübingen and Stuttgart 1950 (6th – 11th thousand)
  • Helene Baumgarten: Ricarda Huch. About her life and work . 236 pages. Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1964
  • Wolfgang Matthias Schwiedrzik : I would rather break stones ... The philosopher and educator Theodor Litt in Leipzig 1933–1947 . Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 1997, ISBN 3-931922-52-9

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ See below: Ricarda Huch's letter to Günther Weisenborn.
  2. ↑ The classification of Elisabeth von Thadden in the chapter July 20 in Schwiedrzik's book contradicts the resistance fighter's statement to the prison pastor Ohm: "I had nothing to do with the July 20 assassination, I don't know any of these people." ( Elisabeth von Thadden: Life and Work , 4th Zvu)
  3. ↑ Nikolaus von Halem is the grandfather of Marie Luise von Halem .
  4. ↑ The timing of Ricarda Huch reads differently than in the article by Josef Römer .
  5. ↑ Hans von Dohnanyi had married Klaus Bonhoeffer's sister Christine in 1925.
  6. ↑ Carlo Mierendorff was a prisoner of the National Socialists from June 1933 to January 1938.
  7. ↑ Ricarda Huch's fragment says nothing about Theodor Haubach's resistance in connection with July 20. See for example: Theodor Haubach .
  8. ↑ See: Carlo Mierendorff in early 1933 in Switzerland.
  9. ↑ Otto Kiep was active with Elisabeth von Thadden in the Solf district.
  10. ↑ Eta von Tresckow (1904–1974), actually Erika Karola Olga von Tresckow, is the daughter of Erich von Falkenhayn .
  11. ↑ Ricarda Huch's fragment lacks details about Nikolaus Groß's resistance. See for example: Nikolaus Groß .
  12. ↑ Called the Red Chapel by the Gestapo .
  13. ↑ Richarda Huch's letter dates from the beginning of the year, at the end of which Hermann Hesse becomes a Nobel Prize winner .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Edition used, p. 92, 6. Zvo Also “Märtyrer der Freiheit” in the edition used, p. 27, 6. Zvu And Baumgarten writes on p. 217, 15. Zvu “Life pictures of the martyrs”
  2. ↑ Edition used, p. 179, 11. Zvo
  3. ↑ Edition used, pp. 85–102
  4. ↑ Edition used, p. 85, 3rd Zvu
  5. ↑ Edition used, pp. 103–108
  6. ↑ Edition used, pp. 109–113
  7. ↑ Edition used, p. 113, 4th Zvu
  8. ↑ Edition used, pp. 115–119
  9. ↑ Edition used, p. 118, 13. Zvo
  10. ↑ Edition used, p. 119, 7th Zvu
  11. ↑ Edition used, pp. 121–125
  12. ↑ Edition used, pp. 127–131
  13. ↑ Edition used, p. 130, 15. Zvo
  14. ↑ Edition used, pp. 133–138
  15. ↑ The Free State of Prussia. The ministries of state 1918–1933
  16. ↑ Johann Sebastian Bach: If I should ever divorce on YouTube
  17. ↑ Edition used, pp. 139–144
  18. ↑ Edition used, p. 142, 19. Zvu
  19. ↑ Edition used, pp. 145–149
  20. ↑ Edition used, p. 148, 8th Zvu
  21. ↑ Edition used, pp. 151–154
  22. ↑ Edition used, pp. 155–159
  23. ↑ Edition used, p. 159, 9. Zvu
  24. ↑ Edition used, pp. 161–163
  25. ↑ Edition used, pp. 165–167
  26. ↑ Edition used, p. 167, 11. Zvo
  27. ↑ Edition used, p. 183
  28. ↑ Edition used, pp. 187–189
  29. ↑ Edition used, p. 189, 2. Zvo
  30. ↑ Edition used, p. 193
  31. ↑ Edition used, pp. 195–200
  32. ↑ Edition used, pp. 201–206
  33. ↑ Edition used, p. 205, 18. Zvu
  34. ↑ Edition used, p. 205, 2nd Zvu
  35. ↑ Edition used, p. 206, 3. Zvo - 13. Zvo
  36. ↑ Edition used, p. 207
  37. ↑ Edition used, pp. 209–210
  38. ↑ Edition used, p. 210, 6. Zvo
  39. ↑ Edition used, pp. 211–213
  40. ↑ Edition used, pp. 215–220
  41. ↑ Schwiedrzik has taken Litt's letter about Carl Goerdeler and Walter Cramer from Schwiedrzik: “I would rather like to knock stones” , pp. 43–49
  42. ↑ Edition used, p. 219, 16. Zvu
  43. ↑ Edition used, p. 220, 4th Zvu
  44. ↑ Edition used, pp. 221–222
  45. ↑ Edition used, p. 222, 6. Zvo
  46. ↑ Edition used, pp. 223–226
  47. ↑ Edition used, pp. 227–228
  48. ↑ Edition used, p. 229
  49. ↑ Edition used, pp. 231–233
  50. ↑ Edition used, p. 235
  51. ↑ Edition used, pp. 238–241
  52. ↑ Ricarda Huch, quoted in Baum, p. 483, 12. Zvo
  53. ↑ Baum, p. 484