Jürgen Spanuth

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Jürgen Georg Ferdinand Spanuth (born September 5, 1907 in Leoben , Austria ; † October 17, 1998 ) was a German Protestant pastor who had also studied archeology for a few semesters . He became known for his controversial Atlantis theory.

Life

Spanuth experienced the time of National Socialism between the ages of 26 and 38. During this time he continued, since October 1, 1931 NSDAP -member, actively promote the connection of the " Eastern March " to the German Reich one, for which he by in July 1938 , Adolf Hitler founded medal commemorating the March 13, 1938 was . As a pastor of the Bordelum community (from 1933) on the North Frisian west coast of Schleswig-Holstein , he initially belonged to the National Socialist German Christians and later, according to his own statements, was employed as a field curate on the eastern and western fronts, possibly with the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler . He is said to be seriously wounded off Leningrad, but was able to escape from Soviet captivity and was later deployed in the Ardennes. After the end of the war he resumed his pastoral office in Bordelum, which he held until 1978.

In 1938 Spanuth published a small study on an alleged pagan cult center on Stollberg in North Frisia. He lectured on this, among other things, at the conference of the Reich Association for Prehistory and Early History in Hanover in 1938.

From 1953, Spanuth published several books and brochures about Atlantis - for example with the subtitle "Heimat, Reich and Fate of the Teutons" - the Philistines , first at Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft and Otto Zeller Verlag , later mainly at Grabert Verlag and the Phoenicians . He also wrote numerous articles for the magazine “Germany in History and Present” from the latter publisher.

Spanuth was a member of the Society for Prehistory and Protohistory, which was re-established in 1968 by Bolko Freiherr von Richthofen .

Since the late 1970s, Spanuth has given lectures at events of various groups. These included Lions clubs and the Association of German Cultural Work of the European Spirit (DKEG), which in 1990 awarded him the Schiller Prize they donated annually .

Jürgen Spanuth's Atlantis theory

Spanuth developed the idea that the island kingdom of Atlantis , mentioned in the Platonic dialogues Timaeus and Critias , was located in the North Sea in the area of ​​today's island of Helgoland and should be regarded as the political and religious center of the Nordic Bronze Age . This island is also identical to the King's Island (Basileia) of the Phaiacs from the stories of Homer, and the Atlanteans or Phaiacs are also the Hyperboreans of Greek mythology. Spanuth regards the entire area of ​​the Nordic Bronze Age as equivalent to the realm of Atlantis, of which the submerged island between Heligoland and the mouth of the Eider was merely the center.

According to Spanuth, the downfall of the center of this high Atlantic civilization came about through the impact of a comet and the allegedly related eruption of the Santorin volcano. Various characters or events in the mythologies of the Middle East and Europe, in his opinion, reflect such an event. So with the Greeks the Phaeton myth, with the Egyptians Sekhmet , in Syria as Anat , in the Awesta as Tistrya , among the Teutons as Ragnarök . The place where the comet struck was the “deep depression” (also known as the “Helgoländer Loch”) in front of the mouth of the Eider , which Spanuth identified as the amber stream “ Eridanos ” in Greek mythology. The latter thesis also finds its support in the map of Hecataeus of Miletus (around 500 BC) and has recently been advocated by Kai Helge Wirth in his controversial book "The Origin of the Zodiac" (2000) with new arguments.

This catastrophe (approx. 1250 BC) and its immediate consequences (floods, droughts and fires) forced the surviving Atlanteans (= Teutons) to move south and, in turn, to leave a strip of devastation as far as Athens . Teutons were also the so-called sea ​​peoples who lived around 1200 BC. Attacked Egypt . The thesis that the Sea Peoples were the Atlanteans was put forward by Wilhelm Christ as early as 1886 . Within the multi-ethnic alliance of the Sea Peoples, some supporters of Spanuth's theses identified in a linguistically dubious way the “ Phrst ” with the Frisians, the “ Sakar ” with the Saxons and the “ Denen ” with the Danes.

Spanuth brings with the natural disasters around 1250 BC BC and the supposed sinking of Atlantis consequently the Urnfields migration and Doric migration as well as the "dark centuries" and the Deucalionic flood in Greece, the biblical plagues in Egypt and the exodus of the Israelites, the sea ​​peoples storm , as well as the settlement of the Philistines and the rise of the Phoenicians in Palestine. The northern Atlantic peoples migrating south are said to have brought the Greeks the culture and the foreign Hyperborean god Apollon as Dorians . Later, as a sea peoples tribe of the "Sakar", they are said to have become the Phoenician seafarers who settled in Palestine and brought the alphabet with them to the Semitic peoples who lived there and built the Solomonic Temple for them .

Dating

In dating the Atlantis report, Spanuth initially starts from the thesis that the events of Plato date back to 9000 BC. Chr. Is wrong, because at that time mankind was still in the hunter-gatherer stage in the Paleolithic and thus none of the cultures described in the Atlantis account existed even in the earliest beginnings. On the basis of a detailed examination of the described realities (for example bronze but not yet iron swords) he identifies the scenario as a Bronze Age .

Spanuth explains the obvious incorrect dating of the Atlantis report with a misinterpretation by Solon . The priests told Solon that the events in their report took place 9,000 years ago. Unlike the Greeks, however, Egyptian priests used a lunar calendar . 9000 lunar orbits correspond to about 673 solar years. Extrapolated to Solon's stay in Egypt (around 560 BC), this results in the time around 1230 BC. At that time Egypt was invaded by the sea peoples.

A similar justification for a possible temporal connection between the Atlantis report and the "collapse" at the end of the Bronze Age was represented in 1992 by Eberhard Zangger , who equated Atlantis with ancient Troy and identified the sea peoples as Trojans (Atlanteans).

Oreichalkos

A " core problem of Atlantis research " (Spanuth) is the legendary Oreichalkos . According to Plato, this is a naturally occurring material of the Atlanteans, to be excavated from the ground. In his - Plato's - time, this material was only known by name, but earlier it had "among the people living at that time the highest value next to gold " (Crit. 114).

Spanuth identifies Oreichalkos with amber : “All information in the Atlantis report about the Oreichalkos applies to amber and only to amber. There are really types of amber that have a 'fiery glow'. Amber was, in fact, most valued next to gold; you can boil it in oil and use it as 'amber varnish' to paint walls. ”Amber, which was widespread in ancient times as far as Egypt, was extracted in the North and Baltic Seas in large quantities to be used as heating material. Therefore, the localization of Atlantis must also be sought here. Spanuth used archaeological finds to demonstrate the course of the Amber Roads in Northern Europe and drew them on his maps. Both the roads to the buried sites on the North Sea as well as the currently rich ones on today's Polish territory.

The Atlantean campaign in Greece

Of central importance for the further course of European history is the campaign which, according to Spanuth, the Germanic "North Sea peoples" are said to have undertaken before their Egyptian campaign. This campaign reported by Plato (Tim. 24 f., Crit. 109 f.) Is for Spanuth identical with the Doric migration .

The Dorians would therefore be Germanic sea peoples who migrated from the North Sea coast to Greece.

"Before they crossed over to Asia Minor, the North Sea peoples had invaded Greece by land from the north, had stormed all castles, burned all cities and brought an abrupt end to the Mycenaean culture ." (1953) p. 49 " The orientalization of the southeast region, which was inexorably advancing until the northern peoples broke in, was abruptly ended and, above all, Greece, which had already seemed lost to Europe, was wrested from the Orient. "(Ibid. P. 215)

The long-held theory, according to which the violent advance of the Dorians ended the Mycenaean culture, is now considered obsolete due to more detailed archaeological studies.

“Archaeological is d (ie). W (variation). intangible. (...) Also for the destruction of the myk. Palaces around 1250 BC And the fall of the myk. Palace system are used in the mod (ernen). Research . factors other than d. (ie) W. (change) made responsible. ”“ Basically (…) the immigration of various Doric tribal groups into the former core landscapes of the Mycenaean culture of the Peloponnese is to be expected, their settlement at different times, but only about 150-300 years after the destruction of the myk. Palaces took place. ”(Neuer Pauly, article“ Dorer / Dorian migration ”).

Spanuth took this new scientific knowledge into account in his later work and modified his theory accordingly. Instead of a violent advance of the Atlanteans, he developed a disaster scenario, according to which the Mycenaean culture was almost exclusively destroyed by the same series of natural disasters that caused the migration of the Germanic tribes. He stuck to the identity of the Dorians with the Germanic "sea peoples". For the Atlanteans, Greece was originally just a passage to their destination Egypt. Only when they could not have achieved their military goals there did they resettle as Dorians in the ruins of the Mycenaeans (which is thematized in the legend as the "return of the Heraclids "): "The Mycenaean culture (...) did not become, as always is said to be (Vietta) [but not by Spanuth himself?] destroyed by the northern peoples (...). It was caused by the terrible natural disasters that (...) began with a period of heat and dehydration, but especially around 1220 BC. Destroyed by the eruption of the Santorin (...) (...). Then (...) the North Sea peoples returned and settled (...) ”(1965, p. 517).

research

Spanuth financed his research with his own money and with considerable help from sponsors. He organized diving trips to the sunken sites in the North Sea and prepared reports and maps of the finds and localities. He looked for the effects and traces of the meteorite impact in the North Sea. As a trained classical philologist, he studied the myths and reports of the Mediterranean. For him, the exodus from Egypt was a consequence of the weakening of Egypt's power through the struggle of the North Sea peoples. That is why the Phoenicians and Philistines and the inhabitants of Lebanon are so important for his history education that he later devoted his own books to them.

Other locations of Atlantis in the North Sea

Main article: Atlantis localization hypotheses

For Spanuth, the high culture of the Atlanteans is a Northern European, "proto-European" culture. Such theses were already widespread before National Socialism. The idea of ​​a Northern European high culture initiated by the Atlanteans can also be found marginally in the anti-Semitic and racial theory book Myth of the 20th Century by Nazi chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg .

Following on from the work of Herman Wirth , the right-wing German author HK Horken claims to have identified Atlantis with the sunken Doggerbank in his book Ex nocte lux: Unraveled prehistory in the light of recent research , which was published by Grabert Verlag in 1972, and identified with the postglacial Sea level rise in the North Sea went down. However, his Ice Age theory is incompatible with modern scientific knowledge from a wide variety of disciplines.

The ominous Ura Linda Chronicle relocates the legendary island kingdom of Atlantis to the Friesland region and describes it as a matriarchal paradise. The Dutch book was translated into German by Herman Wirth . In 2004 Goffe Jensma unmasked the book as a forgery, which was apparently created by the Dutch writer François Haverschmidt in the 19th century with satirical intent.

British author Paul Dunbavin published his book Atlantis of the West: The Case for Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization in 2003 , in which he equated the region of Ireland and Wales with Atlantis.

The history of reception of Spanuth's theses

Spanuth's main work was translated into several languages ​​between 1954 and 1980 and appeared in London, Paris, New York and Barcelona. In 1954 the novel Sturm über Atlantis by Alfred Salomon was published , who, based on Spanuth's work, locates Atlantis in the North Sea off Heligoland.

In Germany, shortly after his first publications appeared in 1953, Spanuth was invited by the head of the Geological Institute at the University of Kiel, Karl Gripp , to a panel discussion with twelve representatives from various disciplines who were unanimously opposed to his theses.

Two camps continued to exist in the scientific sphere; some rejected Spanuth's ideas, others accused their colleagues of unscientific handling of the Atlantist theses. Exposed advocates for the Atlantean theory did not appear, however. Spanuth's work has since been ignored in specialist circles and is rarely discussed in public. Exceptions are the writings of Arn Strohmeyer, a journalist in Bremen , and the book author Felix Paturi (2007).

Spanuth's conflict with his "opponents" at the University of Kiel was expressed in a series of publications that followed his first publication:

  • Jürgen Spanuth: The Unraveled Atlantis , 1953
  • Richard Weyl (Hrsg.): Atlantis riddled ?: Scientists comment on Jürgen Spanuth's Atlantis hypothesis. , 1953.
  • Karl Gripp: Spanuth's Atlantis research did not stand up to criticism , 1954
  • Jürgen Spanuth: ... and yet: Atlantis unraveled! A reply from Jürgen Spanuth , 1955

In his reply from 1955, Spanuth responded to almost all of the arguments of his opponents from the Kiel event and Weyl's polemic and pointed out alleged inconsistencies in these criticisms. He also pointed out that a few well-known and renowned historians at the time, such as B. Sprockhoff and Schwantes vehemently contradicted theses that they themselves had represented in their own publications only a few years earlier.

Spanuth's theses and writings were extensively researched and provided with comprehensive scientific sources. Nevertheless, from today's perspective, most of his hypotheses must be considered refuted by more recent findings.

criticism

The identification of the Greek Dorians with “Atlantic” Germanic peoples, which was still popular in the interwar period, especially among scholars closely related to National Socialism and also among some of the later Spanuth critics, is now rejected by the majority of scholars for numerous reasons: For example, there is no linguistic one References to noteworthy Germanic language influences in Greece (loan words, etc.). The Doric dialect of the ancient Greek language belongs “to the group of Greek dialects that changed after the immigration of Indoeurop. Tribes around 2000 BC In Greece, and does not provide any nachmyk. Development ” (Neuer Pauly, ibid.). It is neither a "Germanic" (pre-Proto-European) from 1250 BC, graced with time. BC, another Greek spoken broken down by Germanic peoples (with grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, etc. influenced by Atlantic / Germanic). Apart from that, the actual existence, or the time and extent, of a Doric migration is now very controversial among historians and is rather doubted by the majority.

Recent research has shown that other elements of Spanuth's theses cannot be upheld either:

  1. The handle-tongue swords of the type Naue II (= Sprockhoff II) are referred to by Spanuth as "common Germanic" due to outdated sources and their origin is located in the Nordic Bronze Age . In fact, the oldest evidence of these bronze swords come from northern Italy (approx. 1450 BC) and then spread first to Central, Western and Northern Europe, later (around 1200 BC) via Southeast Europe to Greece, the Aegean Sea, Asia Minor, the Middle East and Egypt. Spanuth, however, emphatically pointed out that it is not decisive where the handle-tongue swords originally came up, but only that they were around 1200 BC. BC were also common among the North Sea peoples and the other opponents of Athens, Mykenes and Egypt.
  2. Spanuth's theses on the Central European origin of the sea peoples' ship type ( bird barge ) previously unknown to the Mediterranean have been partially confirmed by modern research. However, the origin seems to be more in the urnfield culture than the Nordic Bronze Age. Contrary to Spanuth's assertion, zoomorphic boat stems in depictions of the Nordic Bronze Age never explicitly show bird heads. The motif of the bird barge has its origin neither in the area of ​​the Nordic Bronze Age nor in the Danube region, but rather lies in the Central European urn field culture.
  3. In the Nordic Bronze Age there were no sailing ships, only rowing ships. The use of sails in Central and Northern Europe is only documented from 700 AD (beginning of the Viking Age ) and began at the earliest around 200 BC. Chr. Tacitus describes the ships of the Scandinavians in great detail in his Germania and mentions, among other things, "... They also don't use sails ...".
  4. According to Spanuth (1980), the immigrating northern peoples (identical to the Dorians in his case) brought to Greece a horse breed with standing mane, which corresponded to the Norwegian fjord horses and which existed before the 13th century BC. Was not known from the Mediterranean area. Horses with standing mane can be found in images of the Hittites as well as the Egyptians. The standing mane is also not breed-related, but can occur in all horse breeds by shaving the mane accordingly. In the fjord horse, too, according to the breed standard, the standing mane is only achieved by shaving.
  5. Analyzes of the European copper ore discovery sites and determinations of origin of archaeological finds (also from the Nordic Bronze Age ) showed that none of these finds was made from Heligoland copper (the Nebra sky disc was made from alpine copper from Mitterberg , for example ). Processing of Heligoland copper could only have taken place during the Viking Age in the Middle Ages , as the copper bars and smelting slag found off Heligoland also come from exactly this time . Schmitz (2004) also demonstrated that earlier assignments of prehistoric copper artifacts to Heligoland copper ore were all incorrect. Analyzes of the Heligoland copper find also showed that they were not obtained from Helgoland copper, but probably came from a shipwreck.
  6. The Minoan eruption of Thera ( Santorini ) took place at least 300 years, according to scientific data even around 400 years before the sea peoples storm. According to archaeological-historical dating, it took place towards the end of the 16th century; more recent scientific methods (using radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology ) even provided an even earlier date in the late 17th century BC. BC (probably 1628 BC), which is still a matter of dispute. A connection between the Thera-eruption and the appearance of the sea peoples is impossible in any case.
  7. Horn helmets ( spectacle helmets ) were not worn by either Germanic or Celtic warriors. The popular image of the Viking with a horned helmet is a modern legend. The few finds of horned helmets and statuettes with horned helmets from the Nordic Bronze Age show that they were more of a ritualistic object. In addition, the horned helmets are only worn by the Shardana within the Sea Peoples . In contrast to the other Sea Peoples tribes, the Shardana have been known since the 18th dynasty , as Amarna letters from the reign of Akhenaten show, long before the "great migration". Bronze Age statuettes with corresponding horned helmets were u. a. found in Sardinia, so the similarity of names could actually indicate a relationship between the Shardana and Sardinia.
  8. The Ipuwer papyrus stems contrary to what Spanuth not the time in question in 1250 v. Chr., But can be identified due to the ancient grammar as a copy (actually from the New Kingdom in the 13th century BC) of an original text that was written in the Middle Kingdom or in the Second Intermediate Period (1850-1600 BC), long before the sea peoples storm.
  9. It is doubtful whether a meteor or comet ( Phaeton ) could have triggered the devastation and incendiary layers as well as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the entire Mediterranean region and in the Middle East, since the postulated impact in front of the mouth of the Eider would have caused more than just a "scratch" (deep depression ) should have left behind (this is however seen differently by some supporters of Spanuth's thesis). Spanuth's thesis of a cosmic cause for the collapse at the end of the Bronze Age is not as absurd as it has sometimes been presented; as in recent times an impact event (Lake Umm al Binni in Iraq) was also the cause of the catastrophic collapse of the Mesopotamian cultures around 2200 BC. Is discussed.
  10. DNA tests on various Phoenician skeletons have shown that these were genetically identical to the present-day Semitic population in Palestine (markers K2 and J2), i.e. H. a genetic contribution of the sea peoples cannot be proven. However, these results of the Genographic Project are not without controversy.
  11. The evidence of an Aegean origin of the Philistines intensified in 2007 after Frank Moore Cross and Lawrence E. Stager from Harvard University in Ashkelon found several tablets of the Philistines with inscriptions in the Cypro-Minoan script. This agrees with the biblical statements that the Philistines had their home in Crete, although the Bible is of course not a historical chronicle. Another indication of a Cretan-Minoan origin of the Philistines is the characteristic headgear, which, according to the British archaeologist John Chadwick, can also be found in a similar form on the Phaistos disc.
  12. A derivation of the Phoenician script from the Germanic runes is not tenable in terms of script history . Rather, it developed from the Protosinaitic script of the 17th century BC and the Wadi-el-Hol script of the 19th century BC. Runic inscriptions, however, have only been known since around 150–200 AD. The argument that is often put forward that the ancient Teutons could have used runic script long before, but only on perishable tree bark instead of permanent stones (as later in the Viking Age) or clay tablets, is not really convincing, as there is not a single other There is an example of the use of writing without any archaeological tradition through incisions in stone surfaces. The linguist Theo Vennemann has reversed Spanuth's thesis and believes that the Germanic runes were created through the direct influence of the Phoenician script, without detour via the Greek alphabet, as only then certain peculiarities of the Futhark (e.g. the Fehu initial rune) explain.
  13. The translation of the Egyptian word "sin-wur" in the Harris I papyrus with "Großer Kreisozean" is based on Gardiner's translation of "sn-wr" as "the ocean supposed to surround the earth" (1957: 595) apparently undisputed, but it is unclear whether the Egyptians may have used this term as a term for the Black Sea.
  14. The term “nine arches” did not refer to a latitude system among the Egyptians, as Spanuth claims, but rather, according to the American author Kevin Wilson, should have been a collective term for all enemy peoples of the ancient Egyptians. The number three stood symbolically for “plural” among the Egyptians, and the number nine, as the product of 3 * 3, was simply representative of the indefinite quantity “very numerous” or “all conceivable”. That the "Nine Arches" did not designate a fixed geographical system is also evident from the fact that the composition of the peoples of the "Nine Arches" was subject to strong fluctuations in Egyptian history. The old world map on which Spanuth was based, which supposedly represents the worldview of the ancient Egyptians, bears a striking resemblance to the much more recent world map of Hecataeus of Miletus , which in turn was based on the lost map of Anaximander . Spanuth's view that the “nine arcs” of the Egyptians corresponded to the parallel circles of the Greeks (or “circulus” of the Romans) was based exclusively on an outdated work by Ukert (1816: I, 2, 187). In the opinion of Spanuth defender Günther Kehnscherper , the addition made in the Egyptian sources speaks of “the ninth arc, where the day lasts seventeen hours ”, but rather for an area around the 54th parallel north and would therefore fit Spanuth's localization in the north .
  15. In 1950, 1952 and 1953 Spanuth and the diver Eberhard Fries from Siegen organized a total of five diving expeditions to the so-called Steingrund near Heligoland, where supposedly a double wall, a rectangular stone pavement and a stone discus were discovered. Traces of artificial structures are said to have been discovered there as early as 1911 and in 1943 there was already a diving exploration on behalf of Himmler's Ahnenerbe Foundation by local researcher Peter Wiepert. The complete lack of recognized archaeological finds is, however, a strong indicator against the existence of a high culture center at this location. Such finds are actually to be expected, since divers have been visiting the rock bottom regularly for years. However, there have not been any more targeted archaeological searches. Today the stone ground is considered to be a crescent-shaped reef of natural origin, with weathering material from a glacial terminal moraine , and is under nature protection as an FFH area.
  16. Amber melts at around 295 ° C and can be processed into amber varnish by adding linseed oil, but this process has only been known since the Middle Ages (cf. Lexicon of historical painting techniques by Brachert, 2001). In addition, amber varnish does not produce a coating that looks like “fiery shimmering metal” (Plato, Kritias 116c) on stone surfaces . It is just a particularly hard and colorless varnish to protect wooden surfaces. In Plato's original text it says: “Finally, the wall, which ran around the outer wall, was surrounded by ore to its full extent, using the same as an anointing oil, but the inner wall was melted with tin, finally the castle itself with gold copper ore, which had a fire-like sheen, "which suggests a coating made of a molten metal alloy, especially since the word Oreichalkos in modern Greek simply means brass or bronze.
  17. According to Spanuth, the roofs of the Philistines' houses were supported by first-standing wooden pillars, which, according to biblical history, the strong Samson lifted and brought the house to collapse. Spanuth claims that this type of house was only common in the northern countries. For the time in question, i.e. the Bronze Age, there is no evidence for this claim.
  18. The identification of the Philistines, Sakar and Denen as Frisians, Saxons and Danes, which does not go back to Spanuth, but which goes back to his later follower Walter Stender, is not only linguistically untenable, but also chronologically unconfirmed: The popular name Friesians was only used in 12 BC. BC, Saxony not mentioned before the year 285 and Danes only mentioned in the 6th century.
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Moreover, there are two blatant contradictions between Spanuth's hypotheses and Plato's Atlantis report. First: The order of the attacks is reversed: The sea peoples storm started from the Aegean Sea and the Dorians (according to Spanuth a part of the sea peoples) first occupied Greece - which has now been as good as refuted (see Doric migration ) - only then did they attack Sea peoples of Egypt and were by the Egyptians under Ramses III. beaten. With Plato it was exactly the opposite: the Atlanteans had occupied Egypt and were defeated by the Athenians. Since Solon received the Atlantis report from Egyptians, it is difficult to understand why they should keep quiet about their glorious victory over the Sea Peoples and confess to the Greeks. Second: The catastrophes in politics and nature are reversed: The sea peoples migration was triggered by natural disasters (drought); the political catastrophe followed this natural disaster. With Atlantis it was the other way around: the Atlanteans were defeated by the Athenians at the height of their power. Only then did the island go under due to natural disasters. In addition: If the Mycenaean culture was not destroyed by the Atlanteans, but by a natural disaster, then it cannot be the events reported by Plato, since Plato clearly speaks of a campaign (before the Egyptian) in which the Atlanteans would have subjugated all Greek cities except for “Ur-Athens”.

Spanuth's publications in right-wing extremist publishers

Since Spanuth's theses were largely rejected by established science, he turned to publishers from the right-wing extremist spectrum to publish his research results, which had been compiled over twenty years. Spanuth was therefore criticized by associations and associations after 1952.

As early as 1955, Spanuth wrote about his Heligoland theory in the magazine " Nation und Europa ", which was then still headed by the former SS Sturmbannführer Arthur Ehrhardt . For a reprint of the book "The Nordic Race among the Indo-Europeans of Asia" published in 1934 by the Nazi race researcher Hans FK Günther , he wrote the opening chapter on the "Fate of the Philistines and other North Sea peoples".

Today's meaning

Today, Spanuth's views are no longer discussed by academic science because of numerous contradictions. Serious consideration is only given to the possibility of a general causal connection between Bronze Age natural disasters (e.g. periods of drought) in the 13th century BC and the upheavals and sea peoples' attacks around 1200 BC. The equation of the royal island of the Atlanteans Plato with Scheria , the land of the Phaeacians of Homer, was represented independently of Spanuth by other scholars before and after him.

Spanuth obviously also had a certain influence on the German ethnologist Hans Peter Duerr and his controversial thesis that Minoan merchant ships were already in 1600 BC. BC the area of ​​the town of Rungholt , which was sunk in the North Sea in the Middle Ages , to exchange tin (in southern England) and amber (in Friesland). Duerr allegedly found Minoan artifacts in the Rungholt-Watt and explicitly mentions Pastor Jürgen Spanuth in the acknowledgment of his book Rungholt: The Search for a Sunken City (2005).

In the right context, Spanuth's Atlantis hypothesis is still valued as a contribution to the “great German prehistory” and the continuous rejection by today's science is explained with conspiracy theories and opinion censorship.

Fonts

Literature on Spanuth's theses

  • Atlantis / Research: Between Sylt and Heligoland . In: Der Spiegel . No. 39 , 1950 ( online ).
  • Carl Gripp: Spanuth's Atlantis research did not stand up to criticism . In: Aus der Heimat , 62, Heft 3, 1954, pp. 50–53.
  • Albert Panten: Atlantis downfall . In: Nordfriesisches Jahrbuch , New Series, Volume 29, 1993, pp. 15–51.
  • Richard Weyl (ed.): Atlantis riddled? Scientists comment on Jürgen Spanuth's Atlantis hypothesis. Mühlau, Kiel 1953.
  • Ingo Wiwjorra: "Ex oriente lux" - "Ex septentrione lux" .medea On the conflict between two identity myths . In: Achim Leube, Morton Hegewisch (ed.): Prehistory and National Socialism. Central and Eastern European Prehistory and Early History Research in the years 1933–1945 . Studies on the history of science and universities 2. Synchron, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-935025-08-4 , pp. 73-106

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ^ Yearbook for the History of Protestantism in Austria 119 (2003), p. 219.
  2. ^ Friesen-Courier (Bredstedt), July 31, 1938
  3. ↑ Jürgen Spanuth: My way to Atlantis. In: Meria - The Monthly Issue, ed. Heinrich Leippe, 2 (Hamburg 1949). H. 5., p. 69. The statement that Spanuth was active as a pastor in the SS division of Adolf Hitler is based on statements by the publisher Wolfram Zeller, who, as a friend of Spanuth, should be regarded as a reliable informant. The information is contradictory. Source: Team Atlantisforschung.de, Art. Jürgen Spanuth (accessed on May 4, 2020).
  4. ↑ Reinhard Bollmus: The office of Rosenberg and its opponents. Stuttgart 1970, 2nd edition Munich 2006, p. 315 (note 158).
  5. ↑ artandscience.de ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artandscience.de
  6. ^ Wilhelm Christ: Platonic Studies: The Critias a historical novel . In: Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , XVII. Volume, Division II. Munich 1886, pp. 451-512, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  7. ↑ Walter Stender: The Reality of the Phaéton Legend (PDF)
  8. ^ E. Zangger: Atlantis. A legend is being deciphered . Knaur, Munich 1992
  9. ↑ Spanuth 1953, p. 97
  10. ↑ Atlantis Battle of the Scholars . In: Die Zeit , 46/1953
  11. ^ R. Drews: The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe approx. 1200 BC Princeton Univ. Pr., 1993, 280 pp.
  12. ↑ K. Romey: The bird bark of Medinet Habu . (PDF; 2.1 MB) Master's thesis, Texas A&M Univ., 2003
  13. ^ Zipf, 2006, p. 436
  14. ^ GE Zipf: Studies on the beginnings of figurative representations in Late Bronze and Early Iron Age France and Italy . Dissertation, FU-Berlin, 2006
  15. ↑ Ling et al. (2013)
  16. ↑ Raw copper finds off Heligoland (PDF; 2.1 MB)
  17. ↑ Mysteria3000 → Archive → The controversy about the Heligoland copper
  18. ↑ userpage.fu-berlin.de
  19. ↑ scidok.sulb.uni-saarland.de (PDF)
  20. ↑ Heligoland . In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , Volume 14. Berlin 1999.
  21. ↑ Amarna letters EA 81, EA 122, EA 123.
  22. ^ Egyptian art records the Invasion of the Sea People, sea faring in the 12th Century BCE . artsales.com
  23. ^ Günter Bischoff: The fall of the Phaethon
  24. ↑ S. Master: Umm al Binni lake, a possible Holocene impact structure in the marshes of southern Iraq: Geological evidence for its age, and implications for Bronze-age Mesopotamia . In: S. Leroy, IS Stewart (Eds.): Environmental Catastrophes and Recovery in the Holocene . Abstracts volume. Department of Geography, Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London, UK, 29 August - 2 September 2002, pp. 56-57
  25. ^ Phoenicians Online Extra. National Geographic Magazine
  26. ↑ Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean ( Memento of the original of February 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / download.cell.com
  27. ^ "Phoenician" Y-chromosomes
  28. ^ Assaf Yasur-Landau: The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, ISBN 0-521-19162-9
  29. ^ Philistines, but Less and Less Philistine . New York Times
  30. ↑ The Phaistos Disc . ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / angelika-franz.net
  31. ^ Wolfgang Krischke: Characters: Carthaginian School . In: The time . No. 9 , 2007 ( zeit.de ).
  32. ↑ chronico.de
  33. ^ Hans Goedicke : The Perimeter of Geographical Awareness in the Fourth Dynasty and the Significance of h3w-nbwt in the Pyramid Texts . In: Studies on Ancient Egyptian Culture , Volume 30, 2002, pp. 121-136
  34. ^ Google Books - African presence in early Asia
  35. ↑ Kevin A. Wilson: The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine. In: Research on the Old Testament , 9, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2005.
  36. ↑ Ukert, FA, 1816–1846: Geography of the Greeks and Romans from the earliest times to Ptolemy . - Verlag des Geographisches Institut, Weimar, 3 volumes.
  37. ↑ Günther Kehnscherper: In search of Atlantis. URANIA-Verlag, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1978, p. 118.
  38. ↑ Euskirchener Volksblatt No. 191 of August 19, 1953
  39. ↑ Spanuth's Stone Ground Expeditions and the discussion of their results
  40. ↑ Atlantis - the unraveling in the 20th century ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.efodon.de
  41. ^ J. Spanuth, the SS-Ahnenerbe and the Atlantisforschung before Helgoland
  42. ↑ FFH area Steingrund ( Memento from March 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 16 kB)
  43. ↑ Stender (1997): The Reality of the Phaeton Sage (PDF; 524 kB)
  44. ^ History, Atlantis.
  45. ↑ terra-x.zdf.de
  46. ↑ z. B. Richard Hennig : New Findings on Homer's Geography. , Rheinisches Museum für Altphilologie Volume 75, 1926, pp. 266–286, esp. Pp. 284ff. (with mention of earlier equations, whereby Henning localized the Phaiaks and Atlantis in Andalusia ) rhm.uni-koeln.de (PDF)
personal data
SURNAME Spanuth, Jürgen
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Spanuth, Jürgen Georg Ferdinand (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German classical philologist, pastor and Atlantis researcher
DATE OF BIRTH September 5, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH Leoben
DATE OF DEATH October 17, 1998