Negro money

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cowrie shells, called “negro money” in colonial Germany. Drawing from 1893

Negro money is a collective term that is no longer in use for cowboy money and other means of payment in African and sometimes also Asian trade. Jewelry that was exported to Africa from the German-speaking area also bore this name. In the 20th century, negro money was also a term for worthless small and black money and liquorice thaler .

Evidence in reference books

The word Negergeld is neither in the vocabulary dictionary of the University of Leipzig nor in the digital dictionary of the German language of the 20th century . It was not included in German multi-volume dictionaries and conversational encyclopedias of the 20th century, and rarely in other reference works after 1945. The archive of the written language of the Institute for German Language with more than two billion recorded words contains five hits from 2003 to 2010.

Name for cowrie money in Africa and Asia

Cowry money was a popular topic in the accounts of explorers and travelers. Drawing from 1742

Negro money in travel and missionary literature

The fact that cowrie shells were used as a means of payment in Africa had been known in Europe since the 16th century. The shell was often wrongly called cowrie shell , and the currency was then called shell money .

In German and Dutch, the cowries were also called negro money ; the word was occasionally used in missionary literature. An early German document comes from the end of the 18th century and names the Kauris for the Niger region, which has just been explored, as "Kardie, which is another expression for this Negro money." In a history of Christianization in the Yoruba country from 1858, it is stated that Portuguese slave traders persuaded their prisoners that the English wanted to use them as bait "to fish the mussel kauris (negro money) from the depths of the sea." Cyprian trees , which "do not just serve as negro money," touched on the review of one, also in 1858 natural history textbook. In a Dutch report from 1864 about a collection in Abeokuta , today a major city in Nigeria , the collection result of 246.55 guilders is broken down by currency . In addition to English, French, American and Dutch coins, 222,000 kauris worth 83.25 guilders were donated to "Negro money" , "which had to be carried away by eleven strong men."

Blackamoor's tooth , Negro's money

The Romanesque colonial languages have a variety of expressions for the cowries. With Negroes money comparable forms such as French monnaie nègre and Portuguese moeda negra are rarely occupied. Similar to the German language with Mohrische Münze (see below), on the other hand, the English language first developed an expression based on maurus ('Mohr') and then on niger ('negro') for the cowrie money used in Africa. The nickname blackamoor's tooth , which has been handed down in many spelling variants and can be translated into German as Mohrenzahn , relates directly to the cowrie money . The wrinkles of the snail shell along the mouth are understood here as teeth. Earliest printed evidence for“Blackamoor's tooth” is a satire by the writer William King that appeared in 1700. King wrote: "He has shells called 'Blackmoors teeth', I suppose [...] from their whiteness", in German, for example: "He has mussels called Mohrenzähne, I think because they are white."

In contrast, the term negro money is less precisely related to cowries. "This Negro money, if I may be indulged the expression", German: "This Negro money, if you can ignore the expression," excused an unnamed author who traveled along the African coast in 1747. The English nature writer Denham Jordan described a relative's cabinet of curiosities in 1897 with "strings of cowrie shells - 'nigger's money', as the old boy called them", in German for example: "Stringing cowrie shells, nigger money, as the old fellow called them". The designation was carried over early. In 1797 the naturalist William Bullock wrote about Negro money , which he had sent from London to the West Indies ; It was a disparagingly black dog -denominated overminted copper coin from other colonial powers. The name black dog , of which both components were meant derogatory, came up with canceled, darkened silver coins around 1700.

Example of a respected Moorish coin : Indian pagoda, gold coin from Madras, minted between 1740 and 1807

Moravian coin , Nigritarum moneta

Forerunners of the term Negergeld were the Mohrische Münze and Nigritarum moneta . They stayed in use even when Negro money came into use. The stories of meaning and designation of the three terms have mixed up with one another.

The word Mohr was initially used for dark-skinned people both in Africa and in South Asia, Mohr as a designation for their area of ​​distribution. From the Indian port city of Goa , the traveler Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo reported in 1668 about a gold coin and the next smaller currency unit: "a pagoda (is a Mohrische Müntze)" has a value of 14 to 16 tanks. Corrected in 1748 in Johann Theodor Jablonski's General Lexicon of Arts and Sciences to “Padogen, a Moorish coin”, it is listed in 1807 as “Padagen, a Moorish coin” in Johann Georg Krünitz 's Oeconomic Encyclopedia . The German name went over to the Kaurigeld. Johann Christian Ficks English-German dictionary from 1802 contains the translation “Mohrische Münze” for “Blackamoor-tooth” ( see above ) The Tübingen technology professor Wilhelm Ludwig Volz wrote in 1854 in his history of the shell money of the “name of the Moorish coin, the coin of Guinea".

Martin Lister's cowrie shell Nigritarum moneta , now correctly called Monetaria moneta ( Linnaeus , 1758)

Since the 17th century, when researchers began to systematize nature according to scientific criteria, the cowrie shells were given names according to their economic function. Nigritarum moneta , 'money of the nigrites', was the name given to the species by the English naturalist Martin Lister in 1688. This is the oldest zoological name. The British naturalist James Petiver named the snail Moneta nigretarum in 1711 . Latin nigritus , German nigritier is a predecessor form of negro that was used well into the 20th century .

The theologian and natural scientist Friedrich Christian Lesser wrote in 1744 of the "Moneta nigritarum", the "hunchbacked porcelain snails". They "are also taken as money in Nigritia and are therefore called the shells of the Nigritians." The equation of the "Moravian coin" with the "moneta Nigritarum" can also be found again in 1854 in Volz. The Swedish taxonomist Carl von Linné classified it in 1758 as Cypraea moneta in his Systema Naturae . Due to the establishment of the genus Monetaria in 1863, its scientific name is today Monetaria moneta ( Linnaeus , 1758).

Like travelers, mollusc researchers of the 18th century knew this cowrie shell as the Moorish coin , which became the German translation of the species name. The physician Johann Ernst Hebenstreit listed it in 1747 with reference to the first name as "the Mohrische Müntze des Lister". Johann Samuel Schröter recorded them in 1774 as “common blue cowries. Guinean or Moravian coin ”, Johann Georg Krünitz brought the phrase Hebestreits in 1790. Around 1800, the “Guinean or Moravian coin” has come down to us in a transcript of lectures by the philosopher Immanuel Kant .

  • In 1668 Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo named the forerunner of Negergeld : Mohrische Müntze

  • Martin Lister named the cowrie shell for the first time in 1688 as Nigritarum moneta , about "money of the blacks"

  • An early mention of negro money appeared in Georg Forster's "New Contributions to Völker- und Länderkunde" in 1791

  • From the Königsberg philosopher Immanuel Kant his knowledge of the Moorish coin is passed down in 1802

Name for jewelry in Africa

Agates from Idar-Oberstein

Under names such as Negro money , African money or Senegal items , around 100 million pieces of cut Brazilian agate from Idar-Oberstein were exported to North, West and East Africa between 1830 and 1980 , where agates have been worn as jewelry for several hundred years; In East Africa, agate from India was also used as a means of payment. “The fact that the producers and merchants in Idar-Oberstein only had imprecise ideas about the purpose of the agate did not detract from their sales success,” wrote the ethnologist Gerd Spittler . Brought by merchants from Paris via Marseille to Dakar and by merchants from Birmingham via Liverpool to Cairo and Lagos , the agates then reached buyers via intra-African trade. Around 1980, the extensive exports of grinding and trading companies from Idar-Oberstein ended.

Glass beads from the Bohemian Forest

As with the use of agate, there was also a lack of clarity about the use of glass beads in Africa. In 1954, a standard work on glassmaking culture stated:

"They were primarily intended as a means of payment for the slave trade and their main customers in Nuremberg delivered the glass beads to the seafaring peoples, who mainly negotiated the vain trinkets as jewelry."

The idea that these mass-produced “Paterln” from the Bohemian town of Gablonz were in circulation in Africa as “Negro money” was followed by writers. Hans Watzlik wrote in 1932: “The fathers were the coin with which the white shopkeeper duped childish Africa. A lot of such glassy Moor money was poured here in the past. ”In Herbert Achternbusch's film text Heart of Glass , filmed in the following year by Werner Herzog , one of the characters recommends:“ Must switch to Glaspeterl. That is a mooring money. The Moors are happy with the Peterl. "

Amber from East Prussia

Unprocessed amber. East Prussian goods were traded as jewelry throughout northern Africa.

Since the 18th century, amber exports from the coasts of the Baltic Sea, especially from East Prussia, to Africa have developed briskly. It has not been researched whether the gemstone was called negro money at the time . After the Second World War , a trade journal named amber that to explain a striking demand for synthetic resin:

“Sometimes political developments lead to unexpected consequences. Since the war there has been an increasing economy for high-quality electrostatic synthetic resin, not because of the special requirements of the electrical industry, but because the amber, which is otherwise used for negro money and negro jewelry, whose value is checked by the consumer using a triboelectric method, is no longer available from the East Prussian sites. "

In the 20th century evidenced other meanings

Worthless money, loose change, black money

Further meanings of “negro money” can be traced back to the 20th century. A dialogue in Horst Mönnich's radio play Kopfgeld from 1962, which he wrote about the currency reform of 1948 , takes up the idea of ​​worthlessness that stems from direct references to Africa: “ Zander: 'Why Negergeld?' Man: 'Have you looked at the new banknotes? There's not even a signature on it. ' Young man: ' Something like that is offered to negroes, illiterate people.' ” A memoir volume mentions the“ exchange of our old Reichsmark rags for the new DM notes reminiscent of 'Negro money' ”.

Colloquially disparagingly, negro money is used up to the present day for “'small change' that one does not like to carry in one's wallet”. In the review of a cabaret program by Georg Schramm , the term was used for a play on words: Rotarians had set up a stand "where they charitable collect 'negro money' for those in need in Africa".

There is also evidence of a synonym for black money . “Negro money: black money that was kept secret from the tax office”, a dictionary of the Ruhr area sociolect cited in 1984 . "Schwattgeld, the lawyer vouches for the fact that it is dealing with impeccable negro money," said the writer Wolfgang Bessel from the Ruhr area. “Black money: It is also called 'negro money' or, especially among bankers, 'tax-neutral money'”, wrote the authors of a financial guide in 2008. The term black money does not originate from an allusion to black Africa, but refers to the area of ​​the secret, the unauthorized, carried out under cover of darkness.

Licorice thaler

Licorice thalers of different denominations of the Haribo brand Super-Piratos

Negro money has also been known as liquorice discs with embossed numbers since the 20th century . They were under this name "to be found on almost all stalls selling confectionery at folk festivals and Luna parks". It has not been investigated when the use of the word began and whether it was retrospectively carried over to the matter in memorial literature and fiction.

Even before the First World War, liquorice was popular, a local magazine reported in 1957 on children's pleasures in Düsseldorf: "The place of today's chewing gum was represented by liquorice and negro money." In a "factual novel" that he published in 2006, the writer Rafael Seligmann leaves his protagonist Zosia Get around 1910 "Negro money, small coal coal-black liquorice thalers". The culture journalist Kurt Dörnemann from Witten , born in 1913, remembered the order “For five pfennig negro money” and the sale from a window in 1991 , and the painter Sigrid Wachenfeld, born in 1922 , remembered the sale of the drinking halls in the Ruhr area and Büdchen in the Rhineland in 1984. The term also appeared in children's and young people's literature: "The floor was knee-high with torn colored paper, rotten exercise books, unrolled color ribbons, peeled bill pads, crumpled glossy pictures, smeared cut-out sheets, colorful candy canes and black negro money," wrote the author Hans Peter Richter 1961 about a Jewish shop that was devastated during the Reichspogromnacht . In Richter's novel We were there from 1962, the first-person narrator smashed a jar with “Negro money” while a Jewish shop was being destroyed.

In 1965, Hans Riegel junior , whose company Haribo had been producing liquorice thalers since 1925, protested against the complaint by the former Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht that the penny candies had disappeared in Germany: “My slice of liquorice, my negro money and some other liquorice candy cost a penny a piece in the shop and are also available individually. ”In 1974,“ Negergeld […] liquorice coins ”was included in a large German-English dictionary.

In 1981, the writer Peter Schütt criticized the "racist resentments" in the German language in the Frankfurter Hefte :

"Negro kiss, Negro bacon, Negro sweat, Negro croissants or Negro money, nothing but the products of our confectionery industry, arouse suspicion that we consider all Africans to be edible, as if we were, linguistically, the last cannibals in world history."

In 1993, Haribo changed its well-known trade name Negertaler to Licorice Taler. Its product name Schwarzgeld (licorice in the form of coins) goes back to the CDU donation affair that became known in 1999/2000 . In the context of candy, the word negro money is still used in everyday language, in Internet forums and in books to this day. A dictionary from 2010 says that child benefit is “a good hard currency, unlike so-called negro money.”

Negative connotation in the present

Ever since the racially derogatory and hurtful dimension of the term “ negro ” was worked out in the 1950s and 1960s , word combinations with this term have conflicted with the conventions of non-discriminatory language use . The term has another negative connotation due to the change in meaning, which relates to the low monetary value. The term is explained in the press as "entered into linguistic usage" and is placed in quotation marks. Unquoted, especially in memory literature, it refers to a time when the term had positive connotations.

literature

  • Marie Lorbeer, Beate Wild (Hrsg.): Menschenfresser, Negerküsse: The image of strangers in everyday German life. Elefantenpress, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-88520-394-4 .
  • Manfred Paeffgen: The image of black Africa in public opinion in the Federal Republic of Germany: 1949–1972. World Forum, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-8039-0130-8 .
  • René Sedillot: Shells, Coins and Paper: The History of Money. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1992, ISBN 3-593-34707-5 (translated from the French by Linda Gränz).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Query page for the vocabulary portal of the University of Leipzig
  2. ↑ Digital dictionary query page
  3. ↑ References for example in: Trevor Jones: Harrap's standard German and English dictionary. Part 1, Volume LR, p. N 26 sv Negergeld. - Claus Sprick: Hömma! Language in the Ruhr area. Straelen 1984, ISBN 3-89107-001-2 , S. 67. - Manfred Günther: Dictionary youth - age. From the abba to the zygote. Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-935607-39-1 , p. 65, books.google.de
  4. ↑ Project page Institute for the German Language (with registration requirement)
  5. ↑ René Sedillot: shells, coins and paper. The story of money. Frankfurt am Main / New York 1992, ISBN 3-593-34707-5 , p. 42. Paul Einzig: Primitive money in its ethnological, historical and economic aspects. 2nd edition Oxford 1966, cited for Nigeria p. 137 from: Richard Hakluyt: The principal navigations voyages, traffiques & discoveries of the English nation. London 1589, cited from the Dent edition, Volume 4, London 1927, p. 297; for Sudan cited from: Leo Africanus: A geographical historie of Africa, London 1600, cited from the edition by Robert Brown, London 1896, volume 3, p. 825. For Ethiopia, understood as the interior of Africa, cf. for 1520 to 1550 Giovan Battista Ramusio: Delle Navigationi e Viaggi , quoted from Giovambattista Ramusio: Il Viaggio de Giovan Leone e Le Navigazioni. Venice 1837, p. 221, books.google.de , and Leo Wiener: Africa and the discovery of America. Volume 2, Philadelphia 1922, cited from New York 1971 edition, p. 217
  6. ↑ z. B. in the latest from East Africa: State of the area belonging to Zanzibar, Burton's expedition. In: August Petermann: Mittheilungen from Justus Perthes' geographical institution. Gotha 1858, p. 255
  7. ^ Resolution of the news, begun in the fifth part, of the Company's undertakings to promote the discoveries in inner Africa. In: Matthias Christian Sprengel, Georg Forster: New contributions to ethnology and geography. Volume 7, Leipzig 1791, p. 213, books.google.de
  8. ^ Founding history of the mission in Yorubaland. In: Evangelisches Missions-Magazin. Basel / Stuttgart, New Series, Volume 2, 1858, p. 61, books.google.de
  9. ↑ o. V., o. T. In: Literarisches Centralblatt für Deutschland. Volume 8, 1857, Col. 313, hdl.handle.net
  10. ↑ Dutch: "The door elf sterke mannen has been carried away." - Mededeelingen. In: Stemmen voor waarheid en vrede. Evangelisch Tijdschrift voor de protestantsche kerken. Amsterdam, Volume 1, 1864, p. 203, books.google.de
  11. ^ Franz Albert Schilder: The ethnological significance of the porcelain snails. In: Journal of Ethnology. Volume 58, 1926, pp. 313-327, especially p. 324. - Paul Christophersen: Some Special West African Words. In: Joey Lee Dillard: Perspectives on black English. The Hague 1975, ISBN 90-279-7811-5 , p. 205, books.google.com with US proxy
  12. ↑ Claude Allibert: Des cauris et des hommes. Reflection on l'utilisation d'une monnaie-objet et ses intineraires. In: Claude Allibert, Narivelo Rajaonarimanana: L'extraordinaire et le quotidien. Variations anthropologiques. Homage au professeur Pierre Verin. Paris 2000, ISBN 2-84586-083-8 , p. 66, books.google.com
  13. ↑ Estêvão Pinto: Os indígenas do nordeste. In: Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira. Series 5, Volume 44, 1938, p. 186
  14. ^ William King: The transactioneer, with some of his philosophical fancies, in two dialogues. London 1700, quoted in Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford 1989 sv Blackamoor, definition 1c
  15. ↑ above: Conclusion of the Voyage of a Dutch Gentleman to the Island of Ceylon, in: The London magazine. Volume 23, 1754, p. 467, books.google.de
  16. ^ A son of the marshes (= Denham Jordan): Old guns and their owners. In: The Fortnightly. Volume 61, 1897, p. 141, books.google.com with US proxy
  17. ↑ James Stanier Clarke, Stephen Jones: The naval chronicle. London, Volume 10, July – December 1803, pp. 128 f., Books.google.de - Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition 1989, sv dog sb.1, definition 11, and black dog, def. 1. - Seth Richardson: Historiography and Meaning of the Depressed Black Dog . ( Memento of December 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 235 kB); Retrieved December 7, 2010
  18. ↑ Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo: Oriental travel description. Schleswig 1668, p. 123, books.google.de
  19. ↑ Johann Theodor Jablonski: General Lexicon of the Arts and Sciences. Königsberg, Leipzig, 2nd ed. 1748, p. 768 books.google.de . Not yet included in the 1st edition in 1721.
  20. ^ Johann Georg Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia. Edited by Heinrich Gustav Flörke, Volume 106, Berlin 1807, p. 147, online full-text search
  21. ^ Johann Georg Christian Fick: Complete English-German and German-English lexicon. Volume 1, Erlangen 1802, p. 65 sv black, books.google.de
  22. ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Volz: History of the shell money. In: Journal for the entire political science. Volume 10, 1854, p. 112, books.google.de
  23. ↑ Martin Lister, Historiae conchyliorum, Volume 4, London 1688, plate 709, fig. 59. Ramón de la Sagra: Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'île de Cuba. Paris 1842, p. 92, books.google.de , states that the work began to appear in 1685
  24. ↑ Cf. the compilations in Ramón de la Sagra: Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'île de Cuba. Paris 1842, p. 92. books.google.de . So also Janine Brygoo, Edouard Raoul Brygoo: Cônes et porcelaines de Madagascar. Antanarivo [1978], p. 127, with the correct year of publication 1688. See also the collection of documents in Johann Samuel Schröter: Introduction to the Concyle Knowledge according to Linnaeus . Volume 1, Halle, 1783, p. 120, books.google.de
  25. ↑ James Petiver: Gazophylacii naturae & artis decas nona. Plate 97, Figure 8. London [1711?]. Also in: James Petiver: Catalogus classicus & topicus, omnium rerum figuratarum in V decadibus, seu secundo volumine Gazophylacii naturae & artis. London 1711. See Ramón de la Sagra: Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'île de Cuba. Paris 1842, p. 92, books.google.de , with the year of publication 1702 for volume 1 of the work.
  26. ↑ Negroes . In: The big Brockhaus. 15th edition, Volume 13, Leipzig 1932, p. 416. - Africa. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 1, Leipzig 1732, column 729.
  27. ^ Friedrich Christian Lesser: Testaceo-theologia. Leipzig 1744, p. 866 and note c., Books.google.de
  28. ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Volz: History of the shell money. In: Journal for the entire political science. Volume 10, 1854, p. 92 books.google.de
  29. ^ Carl von Linné: Systema naturae. 10th edition, Stockholm 1758, p. 723, bsb-muenchen-digital.de
  30. ^ Johann Ernst Hebenstreit: Museum Richterianum. Leipzig 1747, p. 306, books.google.de . So also in: Johann Jacob Woyt's Gazophylacium medico-physicum or Treasure Chamber Medicinal and Natural Things. 16th edition, Leipzig 1767, Sp. 1852 sv Porcella lata, books.google.de
  31. ^ Johann Samuel Schröter: Journal for the lovers of the Stone Kingdom and Konchyliologie , Volume 1, Weimar 1774, p. 95, books.google.de
  32. ^ Johann Georg Krünitz: D. Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini's General History of Nature in alphabetical order . Volume 9, Berlin 1790, p. 698 ff. Sv breast armor, hdl.handle.net
  33. ^ Johann Jakob Wilhelm Vollmer: Immanuel Kant's physical geography. Mainz and Hamburg, 1802, p. 356, hdl.handle.net
  34. ↑ Gerd Spittler: The way of the agate to the Tuareg. In: Geographical Rundschau. Issue 10/2002, 1954, pp. 46-51. ( PDF , 3.8 MB, accessed December 7, 2010). - Jörg Staiber: Africa money in the Gemstone Museum Idar-Oberstein: Millions of agates for Africa . ( Memento from December 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Rhein-Zeitung , June 2, 2010
  35. ↑ Josef Blau: The glassmakers in the Bohemian and Bavarian Forests in folklore and cultural history. Kallmünz / Regensburg 1954, p. 102 (= contributions to folklore research. Published by the Bavarian State Office for Folklore in Munich, Volume 8)
  36. ↑ Arts + Crafts. Volume 30, 1986, p. 268
  37. ↑ Hans Watzlik: The Leturn Hut. Berlin 1932, quoted from the Augsburg 1963 edition, p. 23. Also in: Josef Blau: The glass makers in the Bohemian and Bavarian Forests in folklore and cultural history. Kallmünz / Regensburg 1954, p. 11 (= contributions to folklore research . Published by the Bavarian State Office for Folklore in Munich, Volume 8)
  38. ↑ Herbert Achternbusch: The hour of death. Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-518-02004-8 , p. 35
  39. ↑ Hansjürgen Saechtling, Wilhelm Küch: Plastics in competition. In: Chemical Industry. Volume 3, issue 10/1951, p. 603
  40. ↑ Horst Mönnich: Bounty. In: Hansjörg Schmitthenner: Sixteen German radio plays. Munich 1962, p. 290. Horst Mönnich: At the end of the rainbow. Radio plays. 1980, p. 231
  41. ↑ Hans Strauss: Vörder hunting impressions. Review of experiences from four decades. Self-published, Grossenwörden 2005, quoted from the 2nd edition 2007, hdstrauss.kilu.de
  42. ↑ Laura Digoh: "... and where are you actually from?" A critical consideration of German affiliations taking into account the criterion of skin color using the example of Afro-Germans. Diploma thesis Gießen 2008, p. 89 f., [Afrikabilder.blogsport.de/images/LaurahDigoh_Afrodeutsch.pdf], PDF 740 kB, requested on December 12, 2010
  43. ^ In: Rhein-Zeitung , September 12, 2007, quoted from the text corpus of the Institute for German Language, project page (with registration requirement) . - Cf. Georg Schramm: Rotarians and Lioners. In: Georg Schramm: Let me put it that way. Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-89667-348-0 , p. 108 f. Further evidence for the use in the sense of “worthless money”, “weak currency”: From: Jörg Djuren, Ute Finkeldey: Sustainability and Western whites help black children, young people and women so that they can laugh again. [About the German Foundation for World Population.] In: Johannes Weigel (Hrsg.): Sustainable world views. Behind the scenes of sustainable development. Reader for the Congress on Ecology and Autonomy from 18.-21. September 1997 at the University of Hanover. Hanover 1998, irrliche.org . - Hans-Lothar Merten, Johannes Fiala: Who burned our money? Protect your assets - avoid risks. Financial knowledge for investors and advisors. Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8029-3423-0 , p. 183, see section "Black money"
  44. ↑ Claus Sprick: Hömma! Language in the Ruhr area. Straelen 1984, ISBN 3-89107-001-2 , p. 67
  45. ↑ Wolfgang MA Bessel: Püttmanns honest funeral speeches. Crazy grave stories. Book on demand, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8334-6163-7 , p. 184
  46. ↑ Hans-Lothar Merten, Johannes Fiala: Who burned our money? Protect your assets - avoid risks. Financial knowledge for investors and advisors. Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8029-3423-0 , p. 183
  47. ↑ Lutz Röhrich: Lexicon of the proverbial sayings. Volume 4, 5th edition 2001, ISBN 3-451-05200-8 , p. 1436
  48. ↑ Manfred Paeffgen: The image of black Africa in the public opinion of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1972). Munich 1976, ISBN 3-8039-0130-8 , p. 98
  49. ^ Heinz Hans: Children's pleasures in Düsseldorf. In: Jan Wellem , issue 8, December 1957, quoted online
  50. ↑ Rafael Seligmann: The coal saga. The factual novel from the district. Hamburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-455-50030-1 , p. 82
  51. ↑ Kurt Dörnemann: Ölkräbbelchen, cinema, the Foreign Legion and other from a childhood in the Ruhr. Witten 1991, ISBN 3-920611-18-7 , p. 29
  52. ^ Sigrid Wachenfeld: A childhood in Düsseldorf. Düsseldorf 1984. Quoted here from the 2nd edition Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-0667-4 , p. 62
  53. ↑ Hans Peter Richter: The Pogrom or The Reichskristallnacht. From: Hans Peter Richter: Back then it was Friedrich. Nuremberg 1961. In the Munich 1974 edition cited from: Gerd Brenner, Hans Jürgen Kolvenbach: Praxishandbuch Kinder- und Jugendliteratur. Information, materials, texts, practical guides. Königstein / Taunus 1982, ISBN 3-589-20800-7 , p. 143
  54. ↑ Hans Peter Richter: We were there. 22nd edition Würzburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-401-02751-7 , p. 81
  55. ↑ Black Art . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 1965 ( online ).
  56. ↑ Negro money . In: Trevor Jones: Harrap's standard German and English dictionary. Part 1, Volume L-R, p. N 26
  57. ↑ Peter Schütt: Is there racism in the Federal Republic? In: Frankfurter Hefte . Volume 36, June 1981, p. 33
  58. ↑ Bettina Grosse de Cosnac: A bear goes around the world. Haribo - from the candy maker to the king of gummy bears. A German family saga. Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-203-77521-2 , p. 151. - Frank Hornig: King of the gummy bears . In: Der Spiegel . No. 4 , 2000 ( online ).
  59. ^ Manfred Günther : Dictionary youth - age. From the abba to the zygote. Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-935607-39-1 , p. 65
  60. ↑ Grada Kilomba: The N-Word | bpb. Retrieved September 19, 2019 .
  61. ↑ “Africa money” in the Idar-Oberstein Gem Museum: Millions of agates for Africa . ( Memento from December 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Rhein-Zeitung , June 2, 2010
  62. ↑ See the documents in the section Licorice Thaler
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on January 24, 2011 .