Nolina

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Nolina
Nolina Parryi

Nolina Parryi

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Nolinoideae
Genre : Nolina
Scientific name
Nolina
Michx.

Nolina is a genus of plants that belongs to the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). The botanical name honors the French Abbé PC Nolin, co-author of the work Essai sur l'agriculture moderne published in 1755. In the United States , the species is known as "beargrass".

The 26 species are common in the United States and Mexico . Many have so far only been insufficiently investigated. Some are considered rare, some possibly endangered by building and development measures. The genus Nolina is divided into four sections based on growth habit and leaf and fruit characteristics . It is related to the genera Beaucarnea , Calibanus and Dasylirion .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The species of the genus Nolina are persistent , stemless or stem-forming, shrubby to tree-shaped life forms . The trunks are occasionally swollen at their base. Sometimes large, underground rhizomes are present. The leaves that stand together in rosettes are linear, not stiff or fibrous. The leaf margins are rough or finely serrated.

Generative characteristics

Seeds and fruit of Nolina micrantha

The paniculate , rarely racemose and depending on the species 30 to 180 centimeters long inflorescences are carried by a 5 to 250 centimeter long inflorescence stem . The bracts usually fall off or occasionally fail. The flower stalks are articulated near their middle. Two to five flowers stand together per node . The threefold flowers are functionally unisexual. There are two circles, each with three identical white to cream-colored or tan-colored tepals , which are spread out, 1.3 to 5 millimeters long and glandular at their tips. In the functionally male flowers there are two circles with three fertile stamens each, which have slender, short stamens ; they also contain a stunted stamp . The functionally female flowers contain a deep, three-chambered, upper ovary as well as receding, sterile stamens ( staminodes ).

The triple, triple-lobed, thin-walled or sometimes solid-walled and often inflated capsule fruits jump open , but often tear open irregularly. They are usually notched at the base and tip and rounded distally. The capsule fruits contain tightly or loosely fitting, spherical to elongated, swollen seeds .

The blooming period begins in early spring and extends into the summer months. The basic chromosome number is x = 19.

ingredients

Various saponins of the furostane and spirostane series have been identified for Nolina microcarpa . Grazing cattle, goats and sheep that have eaten the buds, flowers or fruits of Nolina microcarpa or Nolina texana suffer from increased sensitivity to light , which is attributed to saponins and can lead to the death of the animals.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the genus Nolina
green: section Nolina
red: section Erumpentes
blue: section Microcarpae
dark brown: section Arborescentes

The genus Nolina is common in the southern United States and Mexico from sea level to altitudes of 3200 meters. In the southwestern United States , the range includes the states of California , Arizona , Nevada , New Mexico , Colorado , Oklahoma, and Texas . On the east coast, it stretches from South Carolina to Georgia to Florida . Most of the species are native to Mexico. They grow in the states of Baja California , Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , San Luis Potosí , Zacatecas , Nayarit , México and Oaxaca .

Locations are tropical, deciduous forests, dry forest areas and bush formations, steppe areas and the very dry Mojave Desert .

Systematics

External system

Nolina belongs to the tribe Nolineae of the subfamily of nolinoideae in the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the monocotyledonous plants ( monocots ). Phylogenetic studies confirmed the close relationship with the genera Beaucarnea , Calibanus and Dasylirion , which was already assumed by William Trelease :

 Nolineae clade 


Dasylirion


   

Beaucarnea


   

Calibanus




   

Nolina




All four genera have narrow, fibrous leaves, small, unisexual flowers and dry, capsule-like fruits that contain one to three seeds. They differ mainly in the morphology of the fruit. Nolina has fruits with three well-developed chambers and usually three seeds. Calibanus also has three-chambered fruits, but only one of the three ovules matures into a seed and crushes the other two chambers. Beaucarnea and Dasylirion form three-winged fruits with only one chamber and one seed. Dasylirion can be easily distinguished by the pointed spines on the leaf margins.

Internal system

The first description of the genus Nolina was made in 1803 by André Michaux . Type species of the genus is Nolina georgiana . In 1911, William Trelease divided the genus into the following four sections based on growth habit and leaf and fruit characteristics :

  • Section Nolina : The species in Section Nolina (at Trelease Graminifoliae ) grow without a trunk. Its linear, fairly flat leaves are thin and grassy, ​​but hard and fibrous. They are rarely more than 5 millimeters wide. Usually the leaves are not brush-like at their tips.
  • Section Erumpentes : The green, more or less concave leaves are quite thick, linear to narrow, elongated triangular and up to 12 millimeters wide. The tips of the leaves are often slashed with fibers. The small fruits are not puffed up.
  • Microcarpae section : In contrast to the Erumpentes section , the fruits of the species assigned to this section are moderately large and somewhat puffed up.
  • Arborescentes Section : The species in this section are trees. Their leaves are relatively thin and 15 to 40 millimeters wide. They are usually not brush-like at their tip. The big fruits are puffed up.

According to Fritz Hochstätter (2010) the following species belong to the genus Nolina :

In the checklist of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew out species Nolina juncea (Zucc.) JFMacbr. and Nolina rigida Trel. are unclear according to Fritz Hochstätter and require further investigation.

Botanical history

The genre established by André Michaux in 1803 remained monotypical for a long time . The only species was Nolina georgiana . According to Linnaeus' sexual system of plants , Michaux assigned the genus to the "Class Hexandria" due to the six stamens of equal length. A second species ( Nolina javanica ) described by Justus Karl Haßkarl in 1843 was only a synonym for the species Chlorophytum laxum, known since 1810 .

In his revision of the North American lily family (Liliaceae), Sereno Watson divided the family of the lily family in 1879 into 16 tribe , including the tribe Nolineae with the genera Nolina and Dasylirion . He did not accept some of the recombinations made by John Gilbert Baker in 1872 and put a number of species in the genus Nolina , which thus grew to nine species. Baker, for his part, completely rejected both the tribe Nolineae and the genus Nolina in 1881. Watson's position, however, was supported by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1883 , by William Botting Hemsley in 1884 and by Adolf Engler in 1888 , who in turn placed all known species of the genus Beaucarnea in the genus Nolina . During his studies of Mexican and Central American plants, Joseph Nelson Rose came to the conclusion in 1906 that Nolina and Beaucarnea represent separate genera in addition to the genus Dasylirion , and established the then monotypical genus Calibanus for Dasylirion hookeri . In its description, the genus Nolina comprised 20 species. The last extensive processing of the genus Nolina and its related species was made in 1911 by William Trelease.

In 1943, the Japanese botanist Nakai Takenoshin suggested creating the independent family Nolinaceae for the four genera. However , it was not until 1985 that the work of Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren (1932–1987) and co-workers achieved broader acceptance of the separation from the then Agavaceae family . Paula J. Rudall and coworkers put the Nolinaceae together with the Dracaenaceae and other families in the order Asteliales. Phylogenetic studies by David John Bogler in the mid-1990s confirmed the family's monophyly . Since the end of 2009 the genus Nolina and its three relatives belong to the subfamily Nolinoideae of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae).

Danger

Nolina interrata is the only species of the genus listed in Appendix II of the Washington Convention on Species Protection (CITES). In the Red List of Endangered Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) no species of the genus Nolina are listed. In the United States, some species are considered potentially endangered by development and development and have therefore been added to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list. Nolina brittoniana is considered "Endangered", i. H. endangered, Nolina atopocarpa , Nolina cismontana and a species not yet described are classified as "Species of Concern", ie possibly endangered.

use

The roots of Nolina palmeri serve as a substitute for soap. The tough leaves are used to cover roofs, for brooms, baskets, hats, mats and the like.

proof

literature

  • DJ Bogler, BB Simpson: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 83, 1996, pp. 1225-1235, doi : 10.2307 / 2446206 .
  • William J. Hess: Nolina . In: Flora of North America . Volume 26, 2003, p. 415, online
  • Fritz Hochstätter : The Genus Nolina. (Nolinaceae) . Piante Grasse, year 30, Supplemento al fasc. 1 ,, Rome 2010, p. 1-50 .
  • Gary Irish: Agaves, yuccas, and related plants: A gardener's guide . Timber Press, 2000, ISBN 0881924423 .
  • William Trelease : The desert group Nolineae . In: Proceedings, American Philosophical Society . Volume 50, pp. 404-443, online .
  • Joachim Thiede: Nomenclatural status of unranked names published by Trelease (1911) in Beaucarnea, Dasylirion, and Nolina (Asparagaceae-Nolinoideae) . In: Phytoneuron . Number 2012-77, August 13, 2012, pp. 1–4 ( PDF ).
  • CC Walker: Nolina . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 304-306 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d William J. Hess: Nolina . In: Flora of North America . 2003, p. 415: Online. accessed on August 26, 2010
  2. ^ CC Walker: Nolina . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 304 .
  3. ↑ a b c Fritz Hochstätter: The Genus Nolina. (Nolinaceae) . In: Piante Grasse . Volume 30, Supplemento al fasc. 1, 2010, pp. 2-3.
  4. ↑ LWLenz: Chromosome numbers of some western American plants . Ed .: Aliso. tape 2 , no. 3 , 1950, p. 317 .
  5. ↑ Viqar Uddin Ahmad, Anwer Basha: Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides . Volume 2 Stigmastanes, Furostanes, Spirtostanes . Springer, 2006, ISBN 0387311602 , pp. 733-734, p. 742, p. 745, p. 756, pp. 763-764, p. 803, pp. 804-805, p. 1166, pp. 1177-1178 , P. 1186.
  6. ↑ DL Rankins Jr., GS Smith, TT Ross, JS Caton, P. Kloppenburg: Characterization of toxicosis in sheep dosed with blossoms of sacahuiste (Nolina microcarpa) . In: Journal of Animal Science, Vol 71, Issue 9, 1993, pp. 2489-2498 ( doi: 10.2527 / 1993.7192489x ).
  7. ^ Frank P. Mathews: Poisoning in sheep and goats by sacahuiste (Nolina texana) buds and blooms . In: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin . Number 585, 1940, online
  8. ^ Anthony P. Knight, Richard G. Walter: A guide to plant poisoning of animals in North America . Teton NewMedia, 2001, ISBN 1893441113 , p. 161
  9. ↑ Gary Irish: Agaves. Yuccas, and related plants: A gardener's guide . 2000, p. 44
  10. ^ DJ Bogler, BB Simpson: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation . 1996, p. 1231.
  11. ^ DJ Bogler, BB Simpson: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation . 1996, pp. 1233-1234.
  12. ↑ Andreas Michaux: Flora boreali-americana, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit . Levrault, Paris, Strasbourg 1803, Volume 1, pp. 207-208, online .
  13. ↑ Fritz Hochstätter: Nolina pollyjeanniae a new species from Oklahoma . In: Acta Succulenta . Volume 1, Number 1, 2013, pp. 4–8 ( PDF ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. ). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.acta-succulenta.eu
  14. ↑ Davide Donati: Una nova specie appartenente al genere Nolina Michx: Nolina azureogladiata . In: Piante Grasse . Volume 31, Number 2, 2011, pp. 52-58.
  15. ^ F. Hochstätter, D. Donati: Una nuova specie di Nolina. Nolina hibernica Hochstätter & D. Donati spec. nov. In: Piante Grasse . Volume 30, Number 2, 2010, pp. 72-77
  16. ↑ Species list at Kew Checklists , accessed on July 20, 2010.
  17. ^ S. Watson: Contributions to American Botany . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Volume 14, 1879, p. 218, online .
  18. ↑ JG Baker: On Dasylirion and Beaucarnea . In: Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. Volume 10, London 1872, pp. 296-299, 323-329.
  19. ^ S. Watson: Contributions to American Botany . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Volume 14, 1879, pp. 246-248.
  20. ↑ JG Baker: A synopsis of Aloineae and Yuccoideae . In: Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany . Volume 18, London 1881, pp. 148-241, online
  21. ^ G. Bentham. JD Hooker: Genera plantarum: ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita . Volume 3, Part 2, 1883, p. 790, online
  22. ↑ W. Botting Hemsley Biologia Centrali-Americani; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America . Volume 3, 1884, pp. 371-373, online
  23. ^ Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler, Karl Anton Eugen Prantl (ed.): The natural plant families along with their genera and more important species, especially the useful plants . Part II. 5th Division, 1887-1888, pp. 71-72, online .
  24. ^ JN Rose: Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants - No. 5. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . Volume 10, 1906, pp. 87-92, online .
  25. ↑ Entry in the CITES species database (accessed on March 25, 2018).
  26. ^ Nolina brittoniana at the North Florida Ecological Services Office
  27. ^ Nolina brittoniana in the list of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
  28. ↑ Nolina atopocarpa in the list of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
  29. ^ Nolina cismontana in the list of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
  30. ^ William Trelease: The desert group Nolineae . 1911, p. 411.

Web links

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This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 4, 2010 .