Parsteiner See

Parsteiner See
Bathing area on the northeast bank
Geographical location	Germany , Brandenburg , Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve
Tributaries	Four small rivers from surrounding lakes
Drain	Nettelgraben → Amtssee → Ragöse → Finow Canal → Oder-Havel Canal → Oder
Places on the shore	Brodowin , Serwest , Parstein , Herzsprung and Bölkendorf
Location close to the shore	Eberswalde , Angermünde
Data
Coordinates	52 ° 56 '1 "  N , 13 ° 58' 56"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 56 '1 "  N , 13 ° 58' 56"  E
Altitude above sea level	44  m above sea level NN
surface	1003 hectares (north basin 112, main basin 891 hectares)
length	around 6800 m
width	around 4000 m
volume	77 million ${\displaystyle \mathrm {m^{3}} }$
Maximum depth	31 m (north basin 4.0 m)
Middle deep	7.7 m (main pool 10.0 m)
particularities	Zungenbeckensee on the Choriner terminal moraine arch
Superficial catchment area: 130.5 km², protected zones in many bank areas, no motorized water sports

northern basin of the Parsteinsee

The Parsteiner See (colloquially mostly Parsteinsee ) is the third largest natural lake in Brandenburg with an area of ​​1003 hectares . The water area lies entirely in the district of Barnim , while parts of the eastern and northwestern bank areas belong to the district of Uckermark .

The lake basin has a complex structure that includes the shapes of a tongue basin , several glacial channels and a landscape of dead ice . The lake belongs to the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve and consists of a main basin, a secondary basin and several bays. The mean water depth in the main basin is around 10 meters, the maximum is 31 meters. The superficial catchment area covers 130.5 km² and consists of 78% hilly farmland.

The lake offers numerous water sports and has a very good water quality. The bank areas are divided into six protected zones and largely left in their natural state. In the vicinity is the village of Brodowin , which, in coordination with the administration of the biosphere reserve and other institutions, carries out various protection programs for the lake's ecosystems and its flora and fauna . On the Pehlitzwerder peninsula are the remains of the Cistercian monastery Mariensee, which the monks relocated in 1273 under the new name Kloster Chorin by around eight kilometers to the southwest to the former Choriner See, today's Amtssee . In the 13th century, the monks also created the Nettelgraben, the only drain that still exists today in Lake Parstein.

etymology

The name of the place of the same name Parstein, southeast of the lake, goes back to the Slavic settlement period . The land book of Charles IV from 1375 lists the place as Parsteyn (Slavic), translated as settlement on dusty earth . According to Reinhard E. Fischer , the place name could have been chosen after the lake name , because in the founding document for the Mariensee monastery from 1258, the designation stagnum Parsten = lake in a dusty area, with a dusty shore .

geography

Spatial assignment

The Parsteiner See is the largest body of water in the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve , a cultural landscape rich in water . It is located about 60 kilometers northeast of Berlin , 13 kilometers northeast of Eberswalde , 14 kilometers northwest of Oderberg and 10 kilometers south of Angermünde .

While the entire lake belongs to the Brandenburg district of Barnim , the surrounding communities are in the district of Barnim and in the district of Uckermark . These are in detail:

In the Barnim district

• the parish of Parsteinsee with the village of Parstein on the east south bank and south east bank,
• the municipality of Chorin with Brodowin and the Pehlitzwerder peninsula on the western south bank and the village of Serwest with the Parsteinwerder peninsula on the western bank

In the district of Uckermark

Main basin on the east coast at Parsteinsee

Terminal moraine arch Chorin on the Pehlitzwerder peninsula

Legacy of the Vistula Ice Age : erratic boulders above the Pehlitzwerder

Main basin on the south coast near the Pehlitzwerder peninsula

• the villages of Herzsprung in the northern bank areas of the largely separated northern basin and Bölkendorf on the central eastern bank of the main basin; both villages are districts of the city of Angermünde.

topography

The length of the water from northwest to southeast is around 6.8 kilometers, the maximum width around four kilometers. The lake consists of several basins and large bays and is essentially divided into a southern main basin and a horseshoe-shaped northern part. This is largely separated from the main basin by the Parsteinwerder peninsula and is sometimes referred to as the Kleiner Parsteiner See. The total area of ​​10.03 km² is divided into 1.12 km² for the north and 8.91 km² for the main basin. The mean water depth of the entire lake is 7.7 meters, in the main basin 10.0 meters. The depth reaches a maximum of 4 meters in the north basin and in the main basin in a narrowly defined area with depths of more than 20 meters, a maximum of 31 meters. This area is on the east bank, west of the small peninsula near Bölkendorf near the neighboring apple lake. The bank slopes steeply in this region.

Geology and hydrography

genesis

The Parsteiner See is a glacial lake. Its creation is quite complex and cannot be classified into a single one of the common schemes. It contains elements of a tongue pool lake , a channel lake and a dead ice lake .

The lake is located a few kilometers north of the Pomeranian Ice Rim , which runs through northeast Brandenburg in several terminal moraine arches. Within the Choriner terminal moraine arch, the lake fills large parts of the Parsteiner Lobus . In the forehead area, the Parstein lobe is designed as a combined compression and set end moraine. During the ice cover of the Vistula Hochglazials formed over a period of 18,400 years ago until about 15,200 years in the moraine by Exaration shallow hollows out the later tongue basin. At the same time, glacial channels formed under the ice , cutting the ground moraine and the tongue basin in the direction of the ice movement. Several of these channels also cross the Parsteiner See. Their course can be easily accessed through neighboring, pure channel lakes. For example, the gullies of the Krummen See and the Apfelsee run northeast of the Parsteiner See into the main basin and leave the lake basin on the south-western bank in the direction of the Weißer See and Brodowinsee. As the ice melted back, fine sediments from an ice reservoir were deposited , especially on the southern shore of the lake . It is not clear to what extent the lake existed at that time or was still blocked with ice. The fact that the northern part of the lake is in the area of ​​a sander that runs from the younger Angermünder Eisrandlage in the direction of the Eberswalder glacial valley suggests a longer sealing of the basin with dead ice. Otherwise the mold would have been spilled by the meltwater. Today's lake was probably not formed until a few thousand years later, when the dead ice finally melted with the end of the Ice Age .

Geological history

In 1888 the geologist G. Berendt developed a model for the connection of a terminal moraine with a glacial valley from studies in the area around the Choriner and Joachimsthaler terminal moraine . He suspected a connection between the Eberswalde glacial valley via Das Choriner meltwater and the Joachimsthal reservoir (today's remainder: Grimnitzsee ). According to his analysis, the Parsteiner See was the largest remnant of the former Choriner reservoir , which took up about four times the area of ​​today's Parsteiner See. According to a map by Berendt, the reservoir of Chorin, including the Serwester See and Rosinsee, extended north to Schmargendorf and to the east included the Plagefenn and areas around the (southern) Rosinsee. The Parsteiner See was then in the central western edge of the original reservoir. Since then, the model has been significantly modified and differentiated, but is significant in terms of the history of science for the history of geology , as this work made the Eberswalde-Chorin-Joachimsthal region the classic area of ​​Ice Age research in the North German lowlands .

Catchment area and surroundings

The surface catchment area of ​​the Parsteiner See, rich in relics, covers 130.5 km² and consists of 78% hilly farmland. The south-eastern edge areas of the water determine the shape of the domed terminal moraine with a strong differentiation of glacial forms, which developed in the three Parstein seasons I to III (retreats of the glacier globe) and were partially postglacial . The east bank around Bölkendorf and parts of the south-west bank around Brodowin dominate the east bank around Bölkendorf, between two and ten meters thick boulder clay in a flat to flat undulating ground moraine . The west bank is made up of glazifluviatile sands and gravel from the Sander from the Angermünder Staffel.

In the peripheral areas there are several flat, elongated hills such as the Rosinberg on the west bank of the Parsteiner See and the Kleine Rummelsberg on the east bank of the now isolated Wesensee, which formed a bay of the Parsteiner See at least until the High Middle Ages . These hills are often classified as drumlin , but this classification is very controversial among geologists. The highest point is the 85-meter-high Wurzelberg on the south bank. The water is also surrounded by a number of smaller lakes.

Plagefenn catchment area

The Bölkendorfer ground moraine traverses several channel systems, which today are partly filled by lakes (Apfelsee, Krummer See, Tiefer See, Schleipfuhl) and have catchment areas between 15 and 20 hectares. In addition, in this area there are numerous closed hollow forms made of dead ice holes with an average catchment size of three hectares, “which have the character of inland drainage areas. The predominant part of these arable hollow forms shows in the center soils and temporary wet spots. "

Tributaries and drainage

Four small rivers , some of which come from the surrounding lakes, feed Lake Parstein. The main basin receives water through the Mooderbruch from the wetland around the Plagefenn and through the Brodowinseegraben, the north basin through tributaries from the Serwester See over the Krugsee, furthermore from the Rosinsee and the Midrowsee. Measurements in 1996 showed only very weak or no water movements for the inflowing rivers, while two to five liters of water per second flowed in from the Serwester- / Krugsee.

Since the construction of the Nettelgraben by the Cistercian monks of the Chorin monastery, the water has flowed over this moat into the Amtssee and then further over the Ragöse , the Finow Canal and the Oder-Havel Canal to the Oder ; previously the entire lake area and the Plagefenn were an inland drainage area. When measurements were taken in 1996, the Nettelgraben had no water.

Climate and hydromorphology

climate

Eastern Brandenburg lies in the transition area from the Atlantic climate of Western Europe to the continental climate of Eastern Europe. The areas north of the terminal moraine belt and in the adjoining Uckermark are already marked by clearly continentally tinted areas. With regard to the amount of precipitation , there is a clear gradation from west to east. In the Joachimsthal area, the average annual rainfall is around 620 mm, at Groß-Ziethen 580 mm and around Chorin and in the Parsteinsee basin 540 mm. A comparatively clear rain shadow is noticeable to the lower-lying Oderbruch to the east . With precipitation amounts of well under 500 mm, Bruch is one of the (climatically speaking) driest regions in Germany. The average temperatures in the Eberswalde / Chorin area between 1901 and 1950 were around −1 ° C in winter, 8 ° C in spring, 17 ° C in summer and 8.5 ° C in autumn; the annual mean temperature reached just under 9 ° C.

Stratification and circulation

Structure of the lake due to abiotic factors

The volume of the Parsteiner See is 77 million m³. A strong wind exposure and the low, medium depth of the large bays lead to multiple mixing of the majority of the water body, even in summer. The water masses of the main basin are triple stratified in the very limited deepest area . There is complete water circulation for the main basin all year round to a depth of nine meters, corresponding to a water volume of 70%. In a depth zone between ten and twenty meters below the epilimnion, the metalimnion forms , which merges into a narrow funnel-shaped hypolimnion . The hypolimnion is oxygen-free from July. The north basin, which is only up to four meters deep, is only stratified for a few summer months.

An analysis from 2003 by the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus , chair for water protection, counts the Parsteiner See, in relation to its main basin, to the layered lowland lakes rich in lime with a large catchment area .

Chemical and trophic characteristics

The Parsteiner See has slightly alkaline pH values ​​of 8.4 and moderately high electrolyte conditions with a conductivity of 522/576 µS / cm (microSiemens per centimeter) . According to a documentation of the TU Cottbus, Chair of Water Protection , developed in 2004 on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency , measurements of trophy-relevant parameters in 2000 produced results that characterize the lake as mesotrophic in the main basin and weakly eutrophic in the north basin. An oligo- to weakly mesotrophic state is given as a potentially natural reference state of trophies . During the assessment period the total phosphorus concentration was 56/37  µg / l , in spring 18/42 µg / l.

The chlorophyll a concentration correlated with values ​​of 3.73 / 14.6 µg / l with the biovolume of the phytoplankton , which in 1996 was 0.33 mm³ / l in the main basin. The mean total nitrogen concentration was 1.2 mg / l. The analysis of the TU Cottbus suspects the cause of the high chloride content in comparison to the other mesotrophic lakes in Brandenburg in the natural lack of runoff in the lake basin.

ecology

Pollutant inputs in the GDR era and renaturation

In the formerly calcareous mesotrophic clear water lake, eutrophication increased sharply , especially during the GDR era, due to intensive fishing management and the wide reed belt receded. Until the Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve was proclaimed in 1990, pumping stations withdrew around 1.5 million m³ of water from the lake each year to irrigate the surrounding LPG fields. The water flowed partly strongly with pollutants loaded and as manure from factory farming back into the lake. In the north basin an intensive carp farming was carried out, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water due to the feeding of two tons of maize per week . The deterioration in water quality prompted the authorities to temporarily ban bathing.

Protected zones

Since the protective measures following German reunification , the water quality and the lake's ecosystem have recovered significantly. In addition, the municipality of Brodowin - 1995 winner in the competition “TAT-Orte, Municipalities in the ecological competition” of the German Institute for Urbanism - and the association “Ökodorf Brodowin e. V. “in coordination with the administration of the biosphere reserve, helps to eliminate the damage caused by intensive agriculture with mineral fertilizers , slurry and pesticides as well as by clearing the fields.

Protected areas and ecological agriculture

The Parsteiner See and its surroundings are designated under the four protection levels in the biosphere reserve as Zone III, landscape protection area. The neighboring Plagefenn enjoys protection level I as a total reserve . In addition, around half of the entire bank area is divided into six separate protected zones, which should remain undisturbed. This includes the Prottenlanke silting area at the Nettelgraben lake drain as a laying zone. The lake is also included as an FFH area "Parsteinsee" in the annex of the FFH directive of the European Union as part of the Natura 2000 program.

The Ökodorf Brodowin GmbH und Co Vertriebs KG has converted large parts of the former arable land near the water into pastureland or closed it down. Demeter has been operating since 1993 , and the farm has been cultivating around 1,200 hectares according to the principles of biodynamic cultivation . An eight-part crop rotation with alfalfa , clover, grass, grain, potatoes and fodder legumes ensures a closed material cycle in animal and plant production. The arable land was set aside in coordination with the Naturschutzbund Deutschland, especially in the western bank areas , in order to create buffer zones for the flora and fauna .

Flora and fauna

Black Tern (Chlidonias niger)

The effectiveness of the protective measures and species protection programs on the flora and fauna of the Parsteiner See and its surroundings illustrates, among other things, the development of a Black Tern colony from 10 breeding pairs in 1980 to 69 pairs in 2007. There are also special protection programs for the red-bellied toad , the crested newt , which is threatened with extinction , the spadefoot , butterflies , grasshoppers , birds of prey , the bittern , farmland birds, rear birds and in Brandenburg endangered hares . There are isolated occurrences of the endangered wolffish among the fish . The phytobenthos of the lake is mainly characterized by lawn carpets made from candelabrum algae .

Phytoplankton and zooplankton

The biovolume of the phytoplankton , the basis of the autochthonous food pyramid of a lake, was 0.33 mm³ / l in the main basin in 1996. Among the most important large groups of algae are dinoflagellates with the class Dinophyceen (mainly Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium ) and cryptophyceae ( Rhodomonas and Crypto Monas ). The study by the TU-Cottbus describes the structure of the phytoplankton community of the main basin as stable over the seasons since 1990. The biomasses in the shallower north basin are significantly higher with peaks (measurements in April and August 2001) of 9.5 mm³ / l and 10.9 mm³ / l. With 83% of the total biovolume it dominated in April diatoms of the species (diatoms) Fragilaria ulna var. Acus and in August with 91% blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).

In the zooplankton , quantitative analyzes in May 1995 and June 1996 found an increased population development of Daphnia hyalina among the water fleas . Since these only 0.1 to 0.5 cm large leaf pods from the genus Daphnia are sensitive to pollutants in the water, their increase indicates the development towards the classic summer clear water stage of the lake. In winter and spring, the form Eudiaptomus gracilis predominated in the crustacean plankton , while copepods such as Thermocyclops oithonoides from the order Cyclopoida dominated the main basin in August 1995 . Herbivorous rotifers were found only in low density with 1% of the dry matter .

More plants

Aquatic plants and reed belts

Before the pollution in the GDR era, extensive lawn carpets made of chandelier algae ( Characeae ) covered the lake floor and a wide belt of reed beds lined the bank. In 1996 the population was as follows: For the main basin, reed ( Phragmites australis ) penetrated to a depth of 1.50 meters. In the flat silting area of ​​the Prottenlanke a society of the rough candelabrum ( Chara aspera ) was found inland .

Reed ( Phragmites australis ) at Pehlitzwerder

Spreading water buttercup ( Ranunculus circinatus ), dominant in the shallow northern basin

Flower of the Marsh Marigold ( Caltha palustris )

In the 1996 study, the reed bed was almost completely accompanied by a ground lawn of the contrasting candelabrum ( Chara contraria ), which reached an optimum development of between 1.7 and 3.0 meters in the surf-affected eastern part of the lake. At a depth of 1 to 2 meters, in some sheltered lake areas, a displacement of the contrasting candy algae by the antler candy algae ( Chara tomentosa ) was found. In these lawn communities there was evidence of a few very small populations of the endangered short-prickly chandelier alga ( Chara intermedia ).

In the west bay, the antler and chandelier algae were transformed into societies of the stiff-haired chandelier algae ( Chara hispida ) and the endangered filamentous chandelier algae ( Chara jubata ) from a depth of 1.8 meters . Star chandelier algae ( Nitellopsis obtusa ) followed from 3.4 meters down to the lower vegetation limit , which is around 4.5 meters . On the north-west bank of the west bay there was a large underwater lawn made of glossy pondweed ( Potamogeton lucens , also called mirrored pondweed ). On the bank areas of the main basin south bay, which are often interspersed with silt , the underwater vegetation had some stocks of common mermaid ( Najas marina L. subsp. Intermedia ) and fragile candlestick alga ( Chara fragilis ).

In the shallow northern basin of the lake, on the other hand, extensive meadows made up of splaying water buttercups ( Ranunculus circinatus ) determined the macrophyte vegetation in the 1996 study. During the investigation, it remained unclear whether the rare water trap ( Aldrovanda vesiculosa ) still occurs in Lake Parstein today.

Plants of the area

The area around the lake consists of 78% hilly farmland. In addition, there are meadows and forest areas that are characterized by beech forests in the Chorin terminal moraine . Larger old trees in the immediate vicinity of the lake are mainly found on the Pehlitzwerder peninsula. The risk of fracture crowns of trees were renovated in 1997 with financial resources of the biosphere reserve and be maintained from time to time. These include up to 550-year-old Winter Linden , 500-year-old oak trees , a 400-year-old sessile oak , a 200-year-old service tree and several old Red - and hornbeam . Wild pears and other pear trees complement the valuable old stocks. Due to the constant grazing of the Pehlitzwerder, some trees developed into distinctive solitary trees.

Special biotopes such as the neighboring Kleiner Rummelsberg nature reserve complement the surrounding vegetation. With a continental dry grassland and rich soil flora, the hill was able to "maintain itself as the western foothills of the steppe vegetation" due to its exposed location . The protected wetlands and the marsh and siltation zones of Prottenlanke to herbaceous plants found as marsh marigold ( Caltha palustris ), Cuckoo Flower ( Cardamine pratensis ), purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria ) Loosestrife ( Lysimachia ) and after bundesartenschutzverordnung specially protected marsh Iris ( Iris pseudacorus ). From the family of orchids various grow in these areas orchids .

More animals

Amphibians and reptiles

Additional traffic sign toad hike on the Brodowin - Pehlitzwerder - Parstein road

The focus of the species conservation programs under the amphibian the Rotbauchunke ( Bombina bombina also Tieflandunke or fire toad called). After the Red List of Germany endangered toad from the order of Anura commutes, usually at night, between the Parsteiner lake and the surrounding small lakes, as their spawning and summer habitat is not always identical. For the fire-bellied toad, as well as for the crested newts ( Triturus cristatus ) and tree frogs ( Hyla arborea ), which are specially protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV), as well as four other amphibian species, extensive protective measures were therefore taken, especially on the small connecting road between Brodowin and Parstein, which leads past the Pehlitzwerder met. These include protective fences, eight amphibian tunnel , night driving ban during the amphibians hike, 30 kph zone and a tonnage limitation to 2.8 tonnes.

Amphibian protection fence on the same street

Despite these measures, an expert report between April and October 2000 recorded a total of 1,591 amphibian deaths in eleven morning inspections. These included the fire-bellied toad with 25 specimens and the crested newt with 67 specimens, whose habitat is also accorded special protection as Appendix II species of the FFH directive in the FFH area “Parsteinsee”. The tree frog was affected with 403 deaths.

The surrounding agricultural areas, pastures and meadows are cultivated by the Brodowin nature reserve in cultivation and by mowing and protective fences. In addition to the fire-bellied toad and the tree frog, the target species of these measures is the common garlic toad ( Pelobates fuscus ), which is also specially protected under the BartSchV . Moor frog ( Rana arvalis ), common frog ( Rana temporaria ), marsh frog ( Rana ridibunda ), edible frog ( Rana kl. Esculenta ), common toad ( Bufo bufo ), green toad ( Bufo viridis ) and smooth newt ( Triturus vulgaris ) complement the Amphibian Inventory lake.

Also reptiles use facilities such as the amphibians tunnel on the route connecting. Among the reptiles are the European pond turtle ( Emys orbicularis ), the smooth snake ( Coronella austriaca ) and the adder ( Vipera berus ), which is particularly protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance .

Insects and arachnids

Common wedge damsel ( Gomphus vulgatissimus )

In the monitoring of the nature reserve Brodowin: Little Blue Sunflower ( Aricia agestis )

The common wedge damsel ( Gomphus vulgatissimus ) has a remarkable share in the numerous insect species . The sandy shore surf in the eastern part of the lake and the Characeae base grass in front of Prottenlanke are habitat of the larvae of these squat, strongly-built dragonfly , a wing span reached 6-7 cm and a length of about 5 cm.

To the surrounding fields and fields environmentalists have targeted hedges with up to 10 meters wide seams created, with often associated cairns a preferred habitat of various beetle - and spider species form. Typical hedge dwellers such as the plum hairstreak ( Satyrium pruni ), which lays its eggs on blackthorn branches ( Prunus spinosa ), are specifically encouraged here. On large fields, strips of field margins and 10-meter-wide zones of perennial herbs were created as flower strips , which serve as a source of nectar for butterflies and also as a cover for brown hares ( Lepus europaeus ). Other butterflies such as the blue sunflower ( Aricia agestis , Polyommatus agestis ), which was included in the Brandenburg pre-warning list , and warmth-loving locusts such as the heather grasshopper ( Stenobothrus lineatus ), which is monitored by the Brodowin nature reserve, live in the sunlit border on the south sides the hedges. Field grasshoppers ( Chorthippus apricarius ), misunderstood grasshoppers ( Chorthippus mollis ) and brown grasshoppers ( Chorthippus brunneus ) are also among the short-sighted terrors . At Ensifera there are Roesel's bush-cricket ( Metrioptera roeselii ) and the Green Grasshopper ( Tettigonia viridissima ) regularly in the grain.

Two spider species live on the Kleiner Rummelsberg, which the Brandenburg Red List indicates as endangered and which, according to Ulrich M. Ratschker, are the key species for dry and semi- arid grasslands : Alopecosa schmidti , a wolf spider from the genus Alopecosa (similar to Alopecosa fabrilis ), and the running spider Thanatus arenarius . It is unclear whether the endangered water spider ( Argyroneta aquatica ) - the only spider species that does not live on land, but underwater - is native to Lake Parstein.

Fish and crustaceans

Duration

The Parsteiner See is a typical lake vendace with originally good yields of vendace ( Coregonus albula , also called vendace or emperor vendace ). The main fish species in 2007 included carp such as bitterling ( Rhodeus amarus ), crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ), tench ( Tinca tinca ) or bream ( Abramis ), perches such as pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ) and various other white fish . Among the omnivores there are catfish ( Silurus glanis ) and, as pure predatory fish, pike ( Esox lucius ) and rarely eels . The endangered wolffish ( Cobitis taenia ; also called stone pecker or thorn goby ) is very rare .

The lake is divided into different fishing areas. To stabilize the biocenosis , those authorized to fish and the administration of the biosphere reserve agreed to establish a maintenance fishery "[...] with the aim of removing approx. 20 t of white fish in addition to the marketed predatory and fine fish .." The North American crayfish ( Orconectes limosus , also called Kamberkrebs ), which the sport fisherman Max von dem Borne had introduced into the river system of the Oder on a trial basis in 1890 .

Fish deaths in August 2014

According to the State Fisheries Association, fish deaths occurred in August 2014, with thousands of young whitefish fish drifting dead on the lake. The association attributed the fish mortality to large schools of up to 450  cormorants , which drove the vendace on their forays into deep, oxygen-poor lake regions where the fish had suffocated. Due to the bird sanctuary, shooting down the cormorants is not possible. The Institute for Inland Fisheries in Sacrow did not want to rule out the influence of the cormorants on fish mortality, but rather saw the cause in the unusually strong water warming in summer 2014. The metabolism of the very sensitive whitefish cannot cope with such high temperatures and unusually long-lasting water heating . The animals could have faced the dilemma of either collapsing in the upper warm water layers or perishing in the deeper layers due to insufficient oxygen.

Birds

The lake is Parsteiner food, breeding and wintering of many water , waders and birds of prey , for the variety in the protected zones and other shore areas breeding sites exist. "Up to 40 resting species and over 10,000 birds can be found on the [...] lake on one counting day." The water and its surroundings have been a European bird sanctuary since 1997 and as a "Natura 2000" area since 1999 as part of Tranche 2 Section 3 of Directive 92/43 / EEC ( FFH Directive ) reported. The university's own Humboldt-Innovations GmbH is conducting a study of the animal voice archive at the Institute for Biology at the Humboldt University in order to acoustically record the bird life of the reed societies at Lake Parstein . The automated monitoring applies mainly to nocturnal animals such as some types of railing , which are usually underrepresented in conventional recording methods.

Kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis )

Brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ), in the fields 15 to 27 hares per 100 ha

A colony of the black tern ( Chlidonias niger ) is at the center of the protective measures for birds . The endangered bird population was 10 in 1980, increased to 25 in 1983, and fell to 10 breeding pairs in 1988. Since then, with measures such as nesting aids and artificial islands, populations have recovered over 28 in 1995, 35 in 2000, and 54 in 2005 to 69 pairs in 2007. The lake also forms a hunting ground for birds of prey such as the endangered sea ​​eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ), which has been identified with individual breeding pairs in the Paarstein basin. Fixed eyrie supervisors support the population of sea eagles and other threatened large birds such as the osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) or the great bittern ( Botaurus stellaris ) as part of the EU LIFE project "Promotion of the bittern in the Schorfheide-Chorin bird sanctuary" .

Around 60 other bird species live on the lake and in its catchment area, which according to the Brandenburg Red List are threatened with extinction (hazard level 1), endangered (2) and endangered (3). These include black stork ( Ciconia nigra ) (level 1), kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis ) (2), red-necked grebe ( Podiceps grisegena ) (1/2), bluethroat ( Luscinia svecica ) (2), osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) (3), crane ( Grus grus ) (3) and Schellente ( Bucephala clangula ) (3). Cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carbo ), gray herons ( Ardea cinerea ), great crested grebes ( Podiceps cristatus ) and various diving ducks, rails , swimming ducks , swallows , gulls and songbirds complete the bird population at the lake. Protective measures in the surrounding fields include the endangered gray bunting ( Emberiza calandra; Miliaria calandra ) and partridges ( Perdix perdix ) as well as typical hedge birds such as the sparrowhawk ( Sylvia nisoria ) and the bird of the year 1985, the red- backed shrike ( Lanius collurio ), the 1997 could be released from the Red List of Brandenburg.

Mammals

Elbe beaver ( Castor fiber albicus ) and otter ( Lutra lutra ) are largely widespread in the catchment area of ​​Lake Parstein and in the Schorfheide-Chorin bird sanctuary. In addition, 13 bat species could be observed. In the surrounding fields of the in Brandenburg is vulnerable hare ( Lepus europaeus ) to the target species of protective measures of the nature Court Brodowin whose stock with optimized crop rotation and sufficient coverage options as hedges and kink is promoted. “A field hare density of 15 to 27 hares per 100 ha was counted on the areas of the Ökodorf Brodowin farm. This density is above average compared to other regions of Brandenburg, which indicates a high quality of living space in the area. "

Settlement history on Lake Parstein

Early settlement, Teutons and Slavs

Map from 1663: the north and main basins are still united

The area around the fish-rich Parsteiner See was settled early. Finds on the Pehlitzwerder date from the Neolithic Age , the transition from hunter and gatherer cultures to sedentary farmers with domesticated animals and plants. To the northeast of the lake, in the Angermünder district of Mürow, there is a large stone grave from the megalithic culture . The extended dolmen made of granite boulders is protected as a ground monument and dates from around 2600 BC. On the Koppelberg north of Pehlitz, dolmens are said to have stood well into modern times , which were supposedly used as quarries and have since been destroyed. The best-known evidence from the Bronze Age is the Eberswalder gold treasure , which was excavated a few kilometers southwest in Finow in 1913 and is dated to the 10th or 9th century BC. After the exodus of the Elbe German Semnones direction Schwaben (from the 5th century AD. Chr.) Moved into the largely empty space Slavic by tribes. The Slavic period in the later Margraviate of Brandenburg lasted from the 6th / 7th century to the period of the German state expansion after the founding of the march in 1157 by the Ascanian Albrecht the Bear . For the period up to the 9th / 10th century, Johannes Richter indicates a high concentration of settlements around Lake Parstein .

Strong anthropogenic influence from the Cistercians

The monks of the Cistercian order, who lived in the 12th / 13th centuries, were of great importance for the economic use of Lake Parstein and its surroundings . Century were leaders in techniques such as fish farming or mill construction and supported the expansion of the Ascanian margraves missionary and economic activity. Most of the Parsteiner See was part of the founding equipment with which the margraves gave the monks the foundation deed of September 2, 1258. Through acquisitions, most recently the village of Bölkendorf in 1431 and the village of Klein-Ziethen in 1466, the entire lake and its districts were owned by the monastery in 1466 and were managed by the monks from Chorin after the monastery was relocated.

Founding of a monastery on the Pehlitzwerder

The Urmes table sheet from 1842 clearly shows today's Pehlitzwerder peninsula as an island

current state of Pehlitzwerder as a peninsula

Remaining wall of the Mariensee monastery above the lake on the Pehlitzwerder

Nettelgraben (piercing to the Ragöse ) at Chorin Monastery

In the course of the upcoming division of the estate between the jointly ruling Margraves Johann I and Otto III. and at their instigation / foundation, the monks founded the Mariensee monastery on the Pehlitzwerder peninsula in 1258. The new monastery was a subsidiary of the Lehnin monastery and was intended to serve as a burial place for the Johannine line . Johann I was buried in the monastery under construction in 1266, although work was probably stopped as early as 1266/67 and the monastery was relocated to Chorin in 1273 before its completion ; Johann I was then reburied in Chorin.

The 15 hectare Pehlitzwerder peninsula was an island when the monastery was founded, the water level at that time was one to two meters higher than it is today. On the top of the hill there was a Slavic ring wall with a later castle, which the Ascanians very likely took over and built as a tower castle into the power center of the region. According to Wolfgang Erdmann , the fact that the margraves allocated a place below the castle to the founding convent for the construction of the monastery indicates that the monastery should take over the central and dominant function out of “sovereign and power-political calculations” . The construction of the monastery, begun in 1258, should be located directly on the north bank of the island. The monks first pulled up the monastery church, whose choir could be used as early as 1263.

The walls of the ground floor of the Mariensee monastery were preserved until the 1960s. They were then removed by the residents of Brodowin for material extraction. The remains of the wall that are visible today were later built up on the core of the foundations that had been preserved.

Rising lake level and relocation of the monastery

A rising lake level and fluctuations in the water level due to precipitation caused the monks to stop work before 1266 and to rebuild on the hilltop. In 1266/67 the work was also finished here, probably at the height of the plinth - only very small remains of walls have survived from all the buildings, some of which are no longer visible, excavated walls. One of the reasons for the complete abandonment of the Pehlitzwerder location was, in addition to the rising sea level, the island location, which increasingly proved uneconomical for the Cistercians. Erdmann cites " [...] [S] rising water levels at Pehlitzwerder, insufficient water supply and disposal as well as a lack of hydropower " as the main reasons.

In 1266, the monks, in agreement with the sovereigns, decided to relocate around eight kilometers to the southwest to the southern tip of the Choriner See, today's official lake. Immediately south of the new site was the former upper reaches of the Ragöse (Mühlkanal), which fed from the Choriner See. The Cistercians probably already owned two mills here: the Ragöser Mühle and the Klostermühle. The relocation took place in 1273 at the latest. The margravial deed on the right indicated the reason for relocation: propter incommoda plurima (because of several inconveniences) .

Construction of the Nettelgraben lake drainage

Although the water management conditions in Chorin were significantly better than at Lake Parstein, the monks felt compelled to supply more water, as the ragose runoff from Lake Chorin did not supply enough water to operate the mills and to supply the monastery. They achieved this by building the almost five kilometer long Nettelgraben from the Choriner See / Amtssee to the higher and now isolated White Lake , which formed a bay of the Parsteiner See when it was built in the 13th century. The moat , which is one of the earliest German artificial moats , also provided for the amelioration of the surrounding areas and the Plagefenn.

The water levels of the Parsteiner See, which continued to rise in the Middle Ages, reached their highest level in the 16th and 17th centuries. The monks countered the gradually uncomfortable increase in the flow of water over the Nettelgraben - probably as early as the 15th century - with a direct northern breakthrough from the Amtssee to the Ragöse and the filling of the upper southern Ragösebed at the monastery. After the falling water levels in the following centuries and the separation of the White Lake from the Parsteiner main basin, an artificial connection was established between the two lakes, through which the Parsteiner See still drains over the Prottenlanke and the White Lake into the Nettelgraben.

Overview: anthropogenic influences in the settlement periods

In the settlement periods up to around 950, the human influence on the Parsteiner See was small. For the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages (950–1550), a study by the TU Cottbus in 2003 found a moderate to strong anthropogenic influence on the Brandenburg waters. The anthropogenic connection of the original inland drainage area to the river catchment area of ​​the Oder goes back to this period of intensive cultivation by the Cistercians and led to the lowering of the water level in the following centuries. The modern pre-industrial period (1500–1750) had at most a minor anthropogenic impact, partly because of the consequences of the plague and the Thirty Years' War , while the industrialization period had moderate to severe effects.

During the Second World War, Wehrmacht aircraft damaged the water with exercise bombs (probably, at least in part, with concrete bombs); close to the bank near Bölkendorf was a large bunker with a branch of the coral , the central naval radio control center for submarines. The intensification of agriculture in the GDR since 1950 put a heavy burden on the Parsteiner See ecosystem with the addition of pollutants . Due to the protective measures taken since German reunification , human intervention is making itself felt in favor of renaturation. The latter is also supported by the fact that there are almost no settlement areas directly on the lake. The Pehlitz settlement on the southern bank comes closest to the lake.

Today's use, tourism, museum

Sailboats on the Pehlitzwerder

Listed Vorlaubenhaus "Dat Loewinghus" in Parsteinsee -Lüdersdorf

The Parsteiner See is used today for commercial fishing , as fishing waters and for environmentally friendly tourism . The farmers cultivate the surrounding arable and pasture areas in accordance with the requirements of the landscape protection area, predominantly according to the principles of organic agriculture .

There is no boat excursion traffic and driving with electric or motor boats is prohibited - for commercial fishing as well as for anglers and tourist use. On the Pehlitzwerder, close to the lake, there is a natural campsite with a bathing area (dogs are not allowed), another (also with a bathing area, diving and surfing schools) in the southeast corner of the lake, operated by the Parstein municipality. In addition to swimming, water sports include sailing and surfing . Rowing boats and pedal boats can be hired at Camping Parstein. The diving is prohibited - but there is, at the campsite Parstein, a diving center with a diving school , a special permit for diving has. A third campsite is operated by the “Sport and Naturist Association Herzsprung e. V. “The richly structured landscape around the lake runs through an extensive and signposted network of hiking trails . Only a few sections of the path lead along the lake itself due to the many protected zones.

In the Parstein district of Lüdersdorf there are two historic porch houses, including the listed Loewinghaus, which the German Foundation for Monument Protection has helped to restore . The neo-Gothic village church Brodowin is the work of the master builder Stüler from around 1850 and will be renovated in 2007/2008 in accordance with monument regulations. With the support of the Brandenburg Environment Ministry, the Öko-Dorf Brodowin e. V. set up an information and communication center in a former new farmer's house from the land reform era, the "Haus Pehlitzwerder". In the associated museum , the association shows, among other things, the permanent exhibition “From the Ice Age to the Ecovillage” with information on the geological development and settlement history around Lake Parstein.

The lake in literature

The writer Theodor Fontane described the Parsteiner See in the volume "Havelland" of the walks through the Mark Brandenburg :

“This vast lake, bordered everywhere by splendidly curved shorelines, provides a landscape full of impressive beauty; but this beauty is marred by a sterility that is seldom encountered in lakes in the Brandenburg region. The banks, if they were basalt, couldn't be more barren. Not a trace of green covers the sandy-yellow slopes, not unpainting in their shapes, no seed field runs down like a green ribbon from the hills to the lake, no hardwood, no fir trees, not a blanket of green moss. This absolute desolation, interrupted only once on the right by a spire, is not without a certain magic, but the feeling that the basic elements of a Brandenburg landscape of the first order were only offered here in order to remain unused by culture the joy of what is really there. "

- Theodor Fontane, Walks through the Mark Brandenburg

North basin at the Parsteinwerder peninsula

See also

• List of lakes in Brandenburg

literature

• Atlas of the Geology of Brandenburg , Werner Stackebrandt and Volker Manhenke (eds.), State Office for Geosciences and Raw Materials Brandenburg (today State Office for Mining, Geology and Raw Materials Brandenburg, LBGR) 2002, 2nd edition, 142 pages, 43 maps, ISBN 3-9808157-0-6
• Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. History, architecture, cult and piety, prince claims and self-portrayal, monastic economics and interactions with the medieval environment. With the collaboration of Gisela Gooß, Manfred Krause, Gunther Nisch. Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche Successor Hans Köster Verlagsbuchhandlung KG , Königstein i. Ts. 1994 (series: The Blue Books). ISBN 3-7845-0352-7
• Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, No. 2, Bad Freienwalde - Parsteiner See , Johannes H. Schroeder (Ed.), Geoscientist in Berlin and Brandenburg e. V., Self-published Berlin, 2nd improved edition 1994, ISBN 3-928651-03-X , ISSN  0941-2980
• L. Lippstreu, N. Hermsdorf, A. Sonntag: Geological overview map of the state of Brandenburg 1: 300,000 - explanations. - Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-7490-4576-3
• Rüdiger Michels: Hydrological rehabilitation in the Plagefenn . In: 100 years of the Plagefenn nature reserve . Eberswalder Forstliche Schriftenreihe Volume XXXI. Ed .: MLUV des Landes Brandenburg Landesforstanstalt Eberswalde, conference proceedings for the anniversary event from May 11 to 12, 2007 in Chorin, Eberswalde 2007, pp. 41–46 PDF
• Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation of the condition and development of the most important lakes in Germany, part 5, Brandenburg , environmental research plan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety , final report R&D project FKZ 299 24 274, on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency at the Chair of Water Protection at the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus , 2004 Chapter 1.22 Parsteiner See pp. 92–96 PDF
• Brigitte Nixdorf, Ute Mischke u. a .: final report. Investigations into model biology in waters of the state of Brandenburg based on the characteristic component phytoplankton. 3. Project report: Sub-object 3 “Paleolimnological investigations in Brandenburg shallow lakes to derive a model” , on behalf of the MLUR Brandenburg at the Chair of Water Protection at the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus, July 2003. PDF
• J. Schönfelder: The Parsteiner See . In: Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology in Brandenburg GmbH (Ed.): Lake reports - Parsteiner See, Glindowsee, Großer Plessower See. Study and work reports 1–34, Seddin 1999

Web links

Commons : Parsteiner See  - Collection of images

• German Institute for Urban Studies, TAT-Orte.InfoNetz, award winner Brodowin
• Legends about the Parsteiner See

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} On the Internet and in the literature there are different information on the area, for example 1100 or 1085 hectares. Our specification of 1003 hectares is based on a study by TU Cottbus in 2004 (Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm et al .: Documentation ... ), which covers a total area of ​​10.03 km², divided into 1.12 km² for the north and 8.91 km² for the main pool.
2. ↑ Reinhard E. Fischer: The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin . Volume 13 of the Brandenburg Historical Studies on behalf of the Brandenburg Historical Commission, be.bra Wissenschaft verlag, Berlin-Brandenburg 2005, ISBN 3-937233-30-X , ISSN  1860-2436 . Parstein, Parsteiner See p. 129. Fischer already mentions the year 1281 for the name Parsteyn. The reference to the land book of Charles IV. 1375 can be found several times, including at Eiszeitstraße.de
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation ...
4. ↑ Fritz Brose: Eisrückzug im Parsteiner Becken , in: Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , p. 95
5. ↑ Barnim.de, Geologie ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
6. ↑ Joachim Marcinek : Scientific-historical aspects: In the classical area of ​​the North German Ice Age research . In: Guide to the geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , pp. 166–169; see in particular Fig. 10-1, p. 168, The southern Baltic terminal moraine in the area of ​​Joachimsthal , section of a map by Berendt, 1887 (drawing Laufmann)
7. ^ Fritz Brose: Eisrückzug im Parsteiner Basin , in: Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , pp. 95-103; also: Map III: Geological overview map of the excursion area Bad Freienwalde - Parsteiner See (contribution by Cepek; drawing by Dunker) in: ibid., after p. 188
8. ↑ see Kleiner Rummelsberg
9. ^ Rolf Schmidt: Bölkendorf: Kuppige Grundmoräne , in: Guide to the geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , p. 105.
10. ↑ Dietrich Schulzke: Biosphärenreservat Schorfheide-Chorin , in: Guide to the geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , chapter climate, p. 161f
11. ↑ Brigitte Nixdorf, Ute Mischke u. a .: final report. Investigations on the concept of biozones ... , p. 9
12. ↑ If two values ​​are given, the first value applies to the main basin, the second to the north basin
13. ↑ If two values ​​are given, the first value applies to the main basin, the second to the north basin. The mean values ​​given relate to the period April to October 2000. All values ​​from: Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation… .
14. ↑ ^{a b} Joachim Gründel, Gunther Klemm: Botanical Features , in: Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , p. 165
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e} German Institute for Urban Studies, TAT-Orte.InfoNetz ( memento of the original from March 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
16. ↑ Dietrich Schulzke cites four protection zones, in: Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve , in: Guide to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, ... , p. 160; The official site divides the official site into three zones: UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on, see overview map on the top left of the entry page 
17. ↑ poster Parsteiner See on Pehlitzwerder realized by EU LIFE PROJECT promote Bittern Bird Sanctuary Schorfheide-Chorin
18. ↑ Klaus Füsser: Mystical places in Brandenburg (Adventure Guide) . KlaRas-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-933135-13-3 , p. 94
19. ↑ Information board of the Lower Nature Conservation Authority of the State of Brandenburg on the Kleine Rummelsberg, as of May 2007; see in detail Kleiner Rummelsberg
20. ↑ Information board of the local authority Brodowin, "Der Pehlitzwerder"
21. ↑ ^{a b} State Office of Recognized Nature Conservation Associations, Rundbrief2-2001 ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
22. ↑ Brodowin nature reserve, target species , see section amphibians
23. ↑ Brodowin nature reserve, target species , see sections butterflies and grasshoppers
24. ↑ Red List Arachnids, Brandenburg pdf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
25. ↑ Ulrich M. Ratschker: The coenosis of the spiders and harvestmen in the agricultural landscape of the Schorfheide-Chorin biosphere reserve - ecological and nature conservation studies - (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones) . Dissertation at the Technical University of Dresden, Faculty of Forest, Geo & Hydro Sciences, Institute for Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Professorship for Forest Zoology, Tharandt 2001, p. 170 pdf ( Memento of the original from June 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was used automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Species from Appendix II of the Habitats Directive in the State of Brandenburg ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
27. ^ Fish deaths in the Parsteiner See. In: Berliner Zeitung , August 15, 2014, p. 20.
28. ^ Rüdiger Braun: Fish die in Parsteiner See. In: Märkische Allgemeine , August 14, 2014 (MAZ-Online).
29. ↑ ^{a b c} Knut Arendt, Torsten Blohm u. a .: The European Bird Sanctuary (SPA) Schorfheide-Chorin . In: Nature Conservation and Landscape Management in Brandenburg - Contributions to Ecology, Nature and Water Conservation 7, Landesumweltamt Brandenburg (Ed.), Issue 3 1998, pp. 191–194 pdf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
30. ^ Stiftung NaturSchutzFonds Brandenburg, annual report 2006, page 20 pdf
31. ^ Kunstinseln.de, graphic development of the black tern colony on the Parsteiner See
32. ↑ Classification according to the Red List of Breeding Birds in Germany from 2002 Red List of Breeding Birds in Germany - nabu.de ( Memento from March 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ); the red list of Brandenburg still lists the sea eagle as critically endangered , but its most recent version dates from 1997
33. ↑ Brandenburg Red List, Birds pdf ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
34. ↑ Brodowin nature reserve, target species , see sections field birds and hedge birds
35. ↑ Brodowin nature reserve, target species , see section brown hares
36. ↑ Information board of the Brodowin municipal administration on Pehlitzwerder, as of May 2007
37. ↑ Large stone graves in the area of ​​the Märkische Eiszeitstraße Eiszeitstraße.de
38. ↑ Klaus Füsser: Mystical places in Brandenburg (Adventure Guide) . KlaRas-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-933135-13-3 , p. 94.
39. ↑ Johannes Richter: Der Brenner & Tuisc Codex , Manuscript: Das Buch Tuisco - V2 76, Backnang 2007, p. 63 pdf ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
40. ↑ Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery 1180–1542 , Studies on the History, Art and Culture of the Cistercians, Volume 12.2, Regestenverzeichnis , Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-46-0 . Directory No. 114.
41. ↑ Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery 1180–1542 , Studies on the History, Art and Culture of the Cistercians, Volume 12.1, Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000 (also: Berlin, Free University, Dissertation, 1999), ISBN 3-931836-45- 2 . P. 156.
42. ↑ Mariensee Monastery ( Memento of the original from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
43. ↑ Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. ..., p. 33
44. ↑ Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. ..., p. 7
45. ↑ Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. ..., p. 13
46. ↑ Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. ..., pp. 11, 13
47. ↑ Wolfgang Erdmann: Cistercian Abbey Chorin. ..., pp. 48, 49
48. ↑ Brigitte Nixdorf, Ute Mischke u. a .: final report. Investigations into the concept of biozones ... , p. 13
49. ↑ Kompass Lexikon 744: Schorfheide, Uckermark, Barnim , p. 29, supplement to the hiking and biking map of the same name 744, Verlag Kompass Karten GmbH , Innsbruck (no year), ISBN 3-85491-504-7
50. ↑ The attack remained the trauma of her life . In: Berliner Zeitung , January 15, 1996
51. ^ Bunkers and installations of the German Naval War Navy . ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: "The Bunker Scout"  
52. ^ Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg , Volume 3 ( Havelland ) "Spandau and surroundings" - Chorin Monastery, Mariensee Monastery (1st edition 1873).

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on March 28, 2008 in this version .