Kahlenberg transmitter

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Kahlenberg transmitter
VIENNA1
Image of the object
Transmitter mast with Stephaniewarte
Basic data
Place: Vienna
State: Vienna
Country: Austria
Altitude : 484  m above sea level A.
Coordinates: 48 ° 16 ′ 35.3 ″  N , 16 ° 20 ′ 0.1 ″  E
Use: Telecommunication system , radio transmitter
Accessibility: yes / yes / no
Owner : Österreichische Rundfunksender GmbH
Mast data
Construction time : 1974
Operating time: since 1974
Total height : 165  m
Operating rooms: 26  m , 70 m
Data on the transmission system
Last modification (transmitter) : October 2007
Waveband : FM transmitter
Radio : VHF broadcasting
Send types: DVB-T, DAB + , directional radio
Position map
Transmitter Kahlenberg (Vienna)
Kahlenberg transmitter
Kahlenberg transmitter
Localization of Vienna in Austria
The Kahlenberg with a transmitter mast
The Kahlenberg with a transmitter mast
Stephaniewarte with the lower part of the transmitter

The transmitter Kahlenberg is a basic network transmitter of the ORS GmbH on the Kahlenberg in Vienna-Döbling . The internal name of the station is: WIEN1 .

Current station

This transmitter mainly supplies Vienna, parts of Lower Austria and Northern Burgenland. It can also be received in many parts of Upper Austria, Styria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and southern parts of Poland.

A tubular steel mast with GRP cylinders , 165 m high and braced in two levels (70 m & 140 m), was erected in 1974 and is 484  m above sea level. A. is located. In the mast there is a lift with 4 stops up to a height of 70 m. The top of the mast is fired with 300 W. A glazed directional radio platform is located at 26 m and 70 m .

At the top of the GRP cylinder, the omnidirectional radiator for the UHF television transmitter is located between 165 m and 140 m , below it is the omnidirectional radiator for digital radio (DAB +) between 140 m and 116 m outside. In the next segment from 116 m to 70 m are the omnidirectional radiators for VHF radio, which broadcast the ORF programs and Kronehit. Below the upper pulpit there is an antenna that can transmit at angles of 110 °, 190 °, 270 ° and 340 °. It is currently used for Radio Ö24. All antennas, with the exception of DAB, are horizontally polarized. Underneath there is an omnidirectional radiator, which is polarized in a circulating manner, i.e. radiates horizontally and vertically. It is currently used for the 88.6 channel. In the last part up to the lower stage there are still various receiving antennas for reportage radio, replacement delivery and system monitoring. The directional radio antennas are used primarily to deliver and forward programs. In addition, there are radio and directional radio antennas for OMV , mobile radio and other customers.

The signal is fed in via fiber optics in the digital network of Telekom Austria . There are also radio links, partly via the Vienna Arsenal radio tower , to the ORF center in Küniglberg , to the Vienna radio station and to the Ö3 house in Heiligenstadt. As a substitute there is the possibility of receiving VHF radio via satellite or receiving a ball from the Jauerling transmitter .

The power supply is provided by a 10 kV medium voltage line from Wien Energie . The average output is around 2.2 MW, which corresponds to an energy consumption of around 20 GWh per year. In the event of an emergency, an emergency power generator with a 487 kW diesel engine and a 650 kVA synchronous generator is available, which is fed by a 10,000 liter diesel tank.

The main transmitter control has been located in the transmitter's building since 1994. This monitors, controls and supplies all ORS GmbH transmission systems.

history

Between February 8th and April 21st, 1898 the Marine-Technische-Comité (MTC) of the kuk Kriegsmarine carried out the first experiments with wireless telegraphy together with Josef Tuma, an assistant at the physics institute of the university . Tuma's own devices and those from Siemens & Halske were tested. The transmissions took place from the south tower of the Votive Church to the north tower of the Vienna City Hall (= 450 m), as well as to the Stephaniewarte located right next to today's transmitter (= about 7 km). Attempts with higher ranges were unsuccessful at the time.

As one of the last remnants of the Kahlenbergbahn , which operated from 1874 to 1922, a section of the route has been preserved as an access road to today's transmitter.

The situation of medium wave reception in Austria was unsatisfactory due to the mountainous landscape. So it made sense to aim for nationwide broadcasting via ultra-short wave , which was superior in all respects in the specific environment. These transmitters did not depend on good ground conductivity and could therefore also be set up on hills. The range was clearly calculable and was not subject to major fluctuations. In addition, the locations of the transmitters could be used for the TV that is in the starting blocks and has similar propagation properties. Only the small number of receivers for VHF was temporarily a disadvantage. The frequency allocation was determined by the European Broadcasting Agreement Stockholm 1952 and came into force on July 1, 1953. At the beginning of 1953, the construction of the initially provisional VHF transmission systems began.

After the first one-hour test broadcast in Linz in June 1953, regular operation of the test program began on September 6, 1953 via the Kahlenberg transmitter (99.9 MHz, 10 kW) on the viewing platform of the 22 m high Stephaniewarte and via the Klagenfurt-St. Peter (93.0 MHz, 1 kW). In the west, the occupying powers were still afraid of communist infiltration. Reception of the ball from Kahlenberg was not yet possible due to the distance and the quality of the telephone lines was too poor, so tapes made in Vienna for some time were sent and broadcast at the same time. Contributions from the federal states were sent to Vienna and incorporated into the broadcast there. A great political significance in the 3rd program was that all medium wave transmitters were subordinate to the Allied occupying powers and this was the first purely Austrian radio program after the Second World War . In 1954 a second transmitter was added for the first program (95.8 MHz, 3 kW).

In December 1954 the decision was made to organize a television program with 20 hours per week at the end of 1956. The beginning was later brought forward so that the opening of the restored Vienna State Opera could be broadcast on November 5, 1955 . From February 1955, the construction of provisional radio links to supply the first television stations began. In the final stage, a system was planned that worked in the completely new 4 GHz range and could transmit one television channel or 600 voice connections on up to 6 parallel channels. For the provisional, 2 GHz systems and VHF were sometimes used. On August 1, 1955, provisional television operations began on Kahlenberg as well as Graz, Linz and Salzburg three evenings a week and on Sundays in the late afternoon. In the very first broadcast, a journalists' panel discussed the question “Is television a danger to the press?” On March 15, 1956, Kahlenberg ceased radio relay operations for three radio channels on the first west and south route (Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck / Vienna-Klagenfurt) recorded in the 2 GHz range. In the first stage, both routes went from Kahlenberg via the Anninger transmitter , until the Exelberg radio station took over the western route in 1978 .

On October 10, 1956, a 129 m high guyed lattice mast and the new transmitter building went into operation next to the Stephaniewarte. The new system broadcast on the two existing radio frequencies with 50 kW each. In addition, a television transmitter for channel 5 with 60 kW picture and 12 kW sound output was installed. From January 1, 1957, regular television broadcasting began six days a week and from October 1959 throughout the week. On April 4, 1958, test broadcasts began with the television station Kahlenberg 2. From September 11, 1961, a second regular television program was broadcast as a "technical test program" three times a week in the then still new UHF range. In the course of 1964, the other large broadcast systems followed and the program was expanded to five days. Since September 1, 1970, the broadcast has been seven days a week.

On July 1, 1964, the first stereo test broadcast in Austria was broadcast by the Kahlenberg. In December 1965, the first color television attempts began at Kahlenberg and since January 1, 1972 it has generally been broadcast in color.

After the lattice mast became too small, the current 165 m high guyed tubular mast went into operation on September 23, 1974 and at the same time the extension of the transmitter building. A total of 73 million schillings were invested.

On September 6, 1994 at 8:00 am, the main transmitter control for all television and radio programs in Austria was transferred from the Bisamberg transmitter to the Kahlenberg transmitter. In September 2008 it was completely refurbished as part of the introduction of DVB-T.

From October 26, 2006, parallel to the analogue broadcast, the regular digital broadcasting of the television stations with ORF 1, ORF 2 Vienna, ORF 2 Lower Austria and ATV via DVB-T on the provisional channel 61 (“ simulcast ”) began. Parallel operation ended on October 22, 2007 and the analogue transmitters on channels 5, 24, 34 and 65 were switched off. At the same time, MUX A began broadcasting on the final channel 24 and MUX B on channel 34 with Puls 4, ORF Sport Plus and 3sat and, since April 2011, Radio Maria Austria . On November 12, 2007, the temporary digital station on channel 61 was switched off.

On May 26, 2008 the transmission system for DVB-H on channel 36 went into operation for the partner Media Broadcast . The occasion was the 2008 European Football Championship starting on June 7th . On December 31, 2010, DVB-H broadcasting was discontinued by Media Broadcast for economic reasons.

At the end of 2009, fourth place on MUX B was taken with Servus TV . On December 3rd, MUX C was switched to channel 53 for the license holder Tele1Vision GesmbH with initially 14 kW. After coordination with neighboring countries, the output was increased to 80 kW on March 20, 2010. The operator broadcast the programs Wien TV and the regional program RT24 for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland. In addition, was Radio Maria Austria sent. The transmission on the MUX C was stopped in August 2011.

A trial operation for DVB-T2 has been taking place on channel 65 since April 12, 2010 . Various transmission parameters are to be tested. This operation should run until the end of March 2011, but was extended by one year in April 2011 and 2012. DVB-T2 started on April 15, 2013 as simpliTV .

FM frequencies

The transmission mast

The following radio programs are broadcast from Kahlenberg :

analog radio programs
Station name regional (regional program) FM / channel ERP
Ö1 - 92.0 MHz 100 kW
Radio Vienna Vienna 89.9 MHz 100 kW
Radio Lower Austria Lower Austria 97.9 MHz 100 kW
ORF Radio Burgenland Burgenland 94.7 MHz 3.0 kW
Ö3 - 99.9 MHz 100 kW
FM4 - 103.8 MHz 100 kW
Krone Hit Vienna / Lower Austria 105.8 MHz 100 kW
Radio 88.6 Vienna 88.6 MHz 10 kW
Radio Austria Vienna 102.5 MHz 10 kW

In the 1980s, ORF programs could be received in the Dresden area without having to operate a relatively large amount of antenna. Today, however, it is no longer possible because of the tight frequency allocation and many other programs.

Former radio programs and frequencies
analog radio programs
Station name (Regional program) FM / channel ERP Period source
3rd program (15: 00-21: 45) - 99.9 MHz 10 kW September 6, 1953 to October 10, 1956
1st program - 95.8 MHz 3 kW 1954 to October 10, 1956
1st program - 95.8 MHz 50 kW October 10, 1956 to October 1, 1967
3rd program - 99.9 MHz 50 kW October 10, 1956 to January 1, 1962
July 1, 1963 to October 1, 1967
Blue Danube Radio / "Ö3 international" Vienna - Mono 102.2 MHz 5 kW 1979 (completion of the UN City ) by March 1986
Blue Danube Radio / "Ö3 international" Vienna - Mono 102.5 MHz 5 kW March 1986 to May 1992
Blue Danube radio Austria-wide in stereo 103.8 MHz 100 kW May 1992 to 1995
Blue Danube Radio / FM4 (19: 00-1: 00 and later) - 103.8 MHz 100 kW January 1995 to February 2000

DAB + digital radio

With the official start date May 28, 2019, the first Austria-wide MUX will be broadcast on channel 5D in the DAB + standard with 11 kW. The antennas were installed in place of the VHF antennas from ORF1, which had already been dismantled some time before.

DAB is broadcast in vertical polarization and in single-frequency mode with other transmitters.

block Programs ERP
(in kW) 		Antenna
diagram
round (ND),
directional (D) 		Single frequency network (SFN)
5D
DAB + Austria
 DAB block of the Austrian federal mux:


11

TV frequencies

The following television programs are broadcast from Kahlenberg (this list is no longer correct since the changeover to the new broadcast standard DVB-T2):

Multiplex default modulation channel Programs in the bouquet ERP polarization Simultaneous with
MUX A DVB-T 16-QAM, 8k, code rate 3/4,
GI 1/4 		E24 (498 MHz) ORF eins , ORF 2 Vienna , ORF 2 Lower Austria , ATV 80 kW horizontal Transmitter Himmelhof (Vienna 2), transmitter Neuwaldegg (Vienna 3), radio tower Wien-Arsenal (Vienna 5), ​​transmitter Kaiserstein ( Breitenfurt ), transmitter Galgenberg ( Poysdorf ), transmitter Griesfeld ( Berndorf ), transmitter Hartberg ( Baden ), transmitter Hinterbrühl , Jochgrabenberg transmitter ( Press tree ), transmitter Klausen-Leopoldsdorf , transmitter Lindkogel , transmitter Reisberg ( Old market ), the transmitter tube in the mountains , transmitter Steinkamperl ( Hirtenberg ) transmitter Weissenbach , transmitter Liesing
MUX B DVB-T 16-QAM, 8k, code rate 3/4,
GI 1/8 		E34 (578 MHz) ORF III , PULS 4 , ORF SPORT + , Servus TV , 3sat , Schau TV , Radio Maria Austria 80 kW horizontal Sender Himmelhof (Vienna 2), transmitter Neuwaldegg (Vienna 3), radio tower Vienna-Arsenal (Vienna 5), transmitter Liesing
MUX C (regional) DVB-T E41 (634 MHz) Okto , gotv , ATV2 , Hope Channel 5 kW vertical
MUX D
( simpliTV ) 		DVB-T2 (encrypted) E36 (594 MHz) ( ORF eins HD , ORF 2 HD & Servus TV HD : free) Super RTL , n-tv , Phoenix , Nickelodeon , BR-alpha , DMAX , RTL Nitro 63 kW horizontal Sender Himmelhof (Vienna 2), radio tower Wien-Arsenal (Vienna 5), ​​Mariahilfer Gürtel, transmitter Liesing , transmitter Heuberg (Bgld.)
MUX E
( simpliTV ) 		DVB-T2 (encrypted) E60 (786 MHz) Das Erste HD , ZDF HD , RTL II , Sixx Austria , Kabel eins Austria , Eurosport , Playboy TV , Bayerisches Fernsehen , KI.KA , ARTE , ZDFneo , Sport1 63 kW horizontal Sender Himmelhof (Vienna 2), radio tower Wien-Arsenal (Vienna 5), ​​Mariahilfer Gürtel, transmitter Liesing , transmitter Heuberg (Bgld.)
MUX F
( simpliTV ) 		DVB-T2 (encrypted) E53 (730 MHz) Sat.1 Austria HD, RTL HD , VOX HD , ProSieben Austria HD, CNN , Deluxe Music , Das Vierte 63 kW horizontal Sender Himmelhof (Vienna 2), radio tower Wien-Arsenal (Vienna 5), ​​Mariahilfer Gürtel, transmitter Liesing , transmitter Heuberg (Bgld.)

Note: In Vienna on MUX B and C as part of the DVB-T standard a shortened guard interval is ( english Guard Interval , GI) used by 1/8. This enables a higher gross bit rate of 16.59 Mbit / s, instead of the 14.93 Mbit / s that can be achieved with the usual 1/4 guard interval. This is possible due to the short distances of less than 33 km between the stations involved in the greater Vienna area.

Former television programs and frequencies
program tape channel ERP (image / sound) Period source
FS1 / ORF 1 (PAL) VHF (Volume III) 5 100 kW October 10, 1956 to October 22, 2007
FS1 VHF 19 ?? 10 kW / 2 kW 1957
FS2 / ORF 2 Lower Austria (PAL) UHF (Volume IV) 24 500 kW September 11, 1961 to October 22, 2007
ORF 2 Vienna (PAL) UHF (Volume IV) 34 500 kW 1988-2004
ATV (PAL) UHF (Band V) 65 500 kW 2003 to October 22, 2007
Puls TV & ORF 2 Vienna (19: 00-19: 30) (PAL) UHF (Volume IV) 34 500 kW 2004 to October 22, 2007
DVB-T MUX A (provisional) UHF (Band V) 61
DVB-T MUX C (test run regional transmitter ) UHF (Band V) 53 80 kW December 3, 2009 to August 2010
DVB-H MUX-D UHF (Band V) 36 30 kW May 26, 2008 to December 31, 2010
DVB-T2 (trial operation with television and radio) UHF (Band V) 60 50 kW April 12, 2010 to February 2013

Web links

Commons : Sender Kahlenberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Austrian broadcasting stations - transmission system Vienna 1 - Kahlenberg , ORS, November 3, 2008
  2. ↑ Broadcasting stations in Austria - Vienna ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Steam radio, version dated November 18, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / members.aon.at
  3. ↑ Alexander Hecht: Funkgeschichte Österreichs (PDF; 78 kB), univie.ac.at/igl.geschichte, November 26, 2006
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Radio history of Austria - 1953 - The structure of the FM transmitter network ( Memento of the original from August 28, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Steam radio, version from January 2, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / members.aon.at
  5. ↑ a b Directional radio in Austria - first western and southern routes , steam radio , as of August 29, 2009
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Austria and the age of television - 1955–2005 - 50 years of television in Austria ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Steam radio, version dated December 26, 2005 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / members.aon.at
  7. ↑ TV program in Austria
  8. ↑ a b The Austrian Broadcasting Chronicle ( Memento of the original from June 22, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (1956–1969, 1970–1978), media research ORF, as of November 14, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mediaresearch.orf.at
  9. ↑ Peter Knorr: Modernization of the main transmitter control on Kahlenberg , https://www.ors.at/de/tech-blog/ , 23 September 2008
  10. ↑ Radio Maria on MUX B  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 30 kB)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.rtr.at  
  11. ↑ Reinhold Leutgeb: DVB-H transmission antenna Vienna-Kahlenberg , ORS Techblog, May 26, 2008
  12. ↑ Reinhold Leitgeb: Performance increase MUX C Kahlenberg K53 , ORS Techblog, March 25, 2010
  13. ↑ Peter Knorr: MUX C in Vienna channel 53 switched on , ORS Techblog, December 3, 2009
  14. ↑ Reinhold Leutgeb: Kahlenberg MUX C - Kanal 53 , ORS Techblog, December 5, 2009
  15. ↑ Last blog entries about MUX C
  16. ↑ Austria starts HDTV trial via DVB-T , digitalfernsehen.de, April 12, 2010
  17. ↑ ORS Team Blog of the Austrian Broadcasters: Start of the DVB-T2 test operation of the ORS in Vienna , April 12, 2010, accessed on January 3, 2011
  18. ↑ infosat.de: DVB-T2 test operation in Austria extended by one year} - HbbTV test planned , April 12, 2011, accessed on August 24, 2011
  19. ↑ ORS Team Blog of the Austrian Broadcasters: Extension of the DVB-T2 test operation , accessed on May 12, 2012.
  20. ↑ a b c d Markus Urban: The History of (Eastern) Austrian Radio Stations ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , members.a1.net, version of January 24, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / members.a1.net
  21. ↑ Channel: The DVB-T multiplexes in Austria , dehnmedia.de.
  22. ^ Announcement of MUX B - regional program space in the Vienna area , ORF blog
  23. ↑ The technology of digital terrestrial television (DVB-T) ( Memento of the original from May 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 213 kB), p. 8. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dvb-t.at
  24. ↑ a b c d e f Markus Urban: Terrestrial TV channels in Vienna ( Memento from November 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), members.a1.net, version from November 23, 2008