Sperenberg

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Sperenberg
Am Mellensee municipality
Coordinates: 52 ° 8 ′ 30 ″  N , 13 ° 21 ′ 53 ″  E
Height : 51 m above sea level NN
Area : 32 km²
Residents : 1506  (December 31, 2015)
Population density : 47 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : February 1, 2002
Postal code : 15838
Area code : 033703
map
Map of Germany, position of Sperenberg highlighted
View from the Krummen See to the town of Sperenberg

Since February 1st, 2002, Sperenberg has been part of the municipality Am Mellensee in the Brandenburg district of Teltow-Fläming . The word "sper" is of Slavic origin and means plaster of paris .

geography

Sperenberg is located about 40 kilometers south of Berlin in the cultural and natural landscape of Teltow .

The 80 meter high Gipsberg on the eastern edge of the village is a geological peculiarity . There, unique for Brandenburg , is gypsum. The rise of Zechstein Age salt in a salt dome pierced all of the younger deposits there. Since all the easily soluble salts had already been sucked off, the plaster of paris remained on the surface as a solution residue. There is rock salt at a depth of only 45 meters (about 0 m above sea level). The Gipsberg is also of interest from a scientific and historical point of view, as the world's first borehole was sunk there in 1867 with a depth of 1,271.6 meters, reaching a depth of more than 1,000 meters. It was also used for the first time that the geothermal depth was determined to be around 3 K / 100 meters. The Sperenberg gypsum was mined in several quarries from the Middle Ages. Due to the complicated hydrological conditions, mining had to be stopped in 1958. Salt water flowed into the quarries, and the pumping out led to increased salt solution in the subsoil ( subrosion ). The resulting sagging caused building damage. Furthermore, the surrounding waters were significantly polluted with the pumped out salt water. Today the site of the old gypsum mine is a nature reserve with partly unique flora and fauna (24 hectares).

The Krumme See , Neuendorfer See , Torfsee , Heegesee and the Schumkasee are located in and around the village . The Schulzensee is located north-northwest of Sperenberg .

Neighboring towns (within a radius of 10 kilometers) Gadsdorf , Klausdorf , Kummersdorf-Alexanderdorf , Kummersdorf-Gut , Lüdersdorf , Mellensee , Next Neuendorf , Nunsdorf , Rehagen , Saalow , Wünsdorf , Zossen , Schönefeld

history

Already in the recent Stone Age (v. Chr. 6000) were located in this area people as excavations of archaeologists show. They found ceramic remains and flint tools in the region . Later, Slavs settled in the area. However, only a few finds are known from this time (e.g. on today's Neuendorfer Straße), so that one must assume a comparatively low population density . Today's settlement has existed since the 12th century.

15th to 17th centuries

Sperenberg was first mentioned in a document in 1346 as the Kirchdorf Sprembergk and Spremberg and initially belonged as a church village to the Zossen district , which in turn belonged to Niederlausitz . Local researcher Karl Hohmann was of the opinion that the "Sperenberger Ländchen" was settled from Meißen . The result was a Burgmannsdorf with a central church and a small knight's castle, which was located on the old Schloßberg. The knight's castle only existed for around half a century until the Lords of Torgow gave it up in favor of Zossen Castle. The castle hill was removed from gypsum during industrial mining . In 1490 the community and the city of Zossen fell to the Hohenzollern family , with Sperenberg becoming part of the Mark Brandenburg . The place rose to an economic center for the surrounding communities, which is still recognizable today by the old church paths. Sperenberg developed into a farming village with köttern and hoof farmers , which were administered by Brandenburg officials. The best known of them was Eustachius von Schlieben , for whom the Sperenberg-born writer Bartholomäus Krüger erected a literary monument.

Joachim II on a painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder J. around 1550

Decisive for the rise of the place, however, was the quarrying of gypsum, which was forced by Elector Joachim II in the years from 1535 to 1571. In 1583 a Lehnschulze lived in the village who farmed three Hufen. There were also eleven Zweifhufner, including a Kruger, eight Kötter with a field, and a water and windmill. Sperenberg was 25 hooves "since time immemorial". The plaster of paris was shipped via the Notte to Berlin in particular , but also to Hamburg . Production rose steadily until the Thirty Years War brought it to a standstill for the time being. Before the war in 1625 there were twelve hoofers, seven kötter, a windmill "together with a water mill", a tenant shepherd, the shepherd servants and one and a half pairs of householders. After the war there were three kötter and the miller with a farmhand. All other farms and Kötter farms were in desolation . However, Sperenberg recovered comparatively quickly, because already in 1655 there was a Schulzen, ten Hufner and eight Kötter including the miller. The watermill had been destroyed in the war, but the hereditary windmill had already been rebuilt. The statistics also showed a lime kiln that belonged to the office. It was not until 1690 that the lock on the Mellensee was repaired and the transport route to Berlin was restored. In 1696 father and son Martin and Andreas Ulrich from Caputh came to the village and rebuilt the desolate tar furnace; the Picherluch was created. The farmers practiced agriculture; There was cereal and wine grown in the church property. A church vineyard can be found in the registers from the 16th and 17th centuries, and wine is still grown in the village today, albeit to a limited extent. The house at Gipsstraße 1 has a wine cellar with a barrel vault from the Middle Ages, making it the oldest building in Sperenberg. Erbmüller and Erbkrüger, d. H. Persons who were under the protection of the respective elector.

18th century

In 1711 there lived in Sperenberg 12 farmers, three kötter, a miller, a tailor, a blacksmith, a shepherd, a servant and three pairs of householders. The area was 25 hooves and eight groschen had to be paid for each hoof. A teacher was first mentioned in 1722. Gypsum production increased in the 18th century with the introduction of new blasting techniques. In 1742 the Halle Mining Authority sent the demolition manager Zinniger to Sperenberg, who used gunpowder to detach large blocks from the rock. With the help of this method, up to 7,000 quintals of plaster were produced annually. In 1745 there were twelve farmers, meanwhile four kötter and the watermill with one aisle. There was also a windmill, a forester's house and a jug. Outside the village there was a forge, seven family houses and a plaster quarry with a house for the plaster breaker. In 1755 the Lehnschulze lived in Sperenberg and still managed three Hufen. There were also eleven Zweihufner including one Erbbraukrüger, three Ganzkötter, one Halbkötter, 16 Büdner, six couples, three single householders, the blacksmith and the miller. For the first time a sexton, a cowherd, a horse herdsman, two yarn weavers, a carpenter, a wheel maker and a tailor, who also held the office of sexton at the same time, appeared. In 1763 only one gypsum distillery in Sperenberg was reported. In 1771 there were 16 houses (gables) in the village, in which the miller, the blacksmith, the shepherd and seven pairs of householders lived. They still gave eight groschen for each of the 25 hooves.

19th century

Gypsum factory 1907
Civil Engineering No. 1, 1913

In 1801 lived in the village of the Lehnschulze, eleven whole farmers, three Ganzkötter, 20 Büdner, 20 residents, a bike maker, a blacksmith and a Kruger. There was a watermill and a royal sub-forestry that was subordinate to the Zossen district. A secondary customs office was built next to the plaster quarry. The village consisted of 48 households (fire pits). The Prussian reforms brought changes in Sperenberg as well: freedom of trade was introduced in 1810 ; the mining industry was, however, exempted from this rule. The gypsum-producing companies remained with the state until 1853, after which they were taken over by some farmers. In 1860 Sperenberg had the largest number of industrial buildings in the region. It was not until the industrial revolution that the many small businesses were merged into larger companies.

During the Wars of Liberation Sperenberg was occupied by the retreating French troops. On August 25, 1813, there was a battle with a French rearguard , which the Prussian officer Friedrich von Hellwig won. A memorial stone “In memory of the glorious rise of Prussia” is still standing on Trebbiner Strasse today. It was inaugurated on October 13, 1913. Another monument, a roughly ten-meter-high stone pyramid with two memorial plaques, was erected in the 1920s for the pioneers who were responsible for building the supply lines during the First World War .

On August 5, 1856, a fire destroyed almost the entire community. With the reconstruction, the structure of the place changed and a “retablissement plan” was used to create the broad street row that still exists today, along which the houses are lined up. Before that there was a village green with a pond and a syringe house in Sperenberg . In this context, a new, larger school building was built on a former camp site that had burned down. However, it soon turned out to be too small, so a larger building was erected before the outbreak of World War I. In 1858 there were 14 farm owners who employed 44 farmhands and maids. There were also 44 farmers with two maids as well as 60 workers and three people who were referred to as “servants”. There were 59 properties in the village: one was between 300 and 600 acres (326 acres). 14 more were between 30 and 300 acres (altogether 2520 acres), eight more between 5 and 30 acres (altogether 88 acres). Another 36 were smaller than 5 acres (41 acres in total). In the meantime, numerous trades had settled in the village . There was a master butcher, three master shoemakers , four master tailors , a master dyer, six journeymen carpenters , two master cartwright , two master cooper, four journeyman masons , a master blacksmith, a master goldsmith, a fisherman, a timber shop, a merchant, four shopkeepers and traders. There was also a jug; a musician, an official, a pensioner (reindeer) and four people who were referred to as "poor" lived in the village. In 1860 there were three public, 72 residential and 139 farm buildings, including a linseed oil factory, a water grain and saw mill, two gypsum mills and a grain mill. The district was 2993 acres: 853 acres were forest, 1446 acres arable land, 495 acres of meadow, 181 acres of pasture and 18 acres of farms. In 1863 a post mill in Berlin was dismantled and rebuilt on the Sperenberger Mühlenberg. It existed until 1945, but was set on fire in World War II and never rebuilt. In 1881 the master blacksmith Wilhelm glasses improved the potato plow and had this invention patented. It was also he who laid the foundations for the development of the twist drill . In that year the Lyra men 's choir was founded, today's Lyra choir community .

After the establishment of the German Empire , the Kummersdorf artillery firing range was created and thus laid the foundation for a strong military character in the region, which was not to end until the Soviet Army withdrew . With the military came the railway in the form of the Royal Prussian Military Railway . After two years of construction, the line opened on October 18, 1875. The railway connection made it possible to send the plaster not only by water but also by rail. A large plaster factory, the Duroplattenwerk (later VEB Schalgerüstbau ), was built near the train station . A cable car brought the raw material from the gypsum quarries directly to the plant. With the support of the military administration, the station building was initially extended by a two-story extension until a new building was built in 1900, which is still preserved today. After the line was closed, it was initially used as a country school home and later as a children's recreation home for the consumer cooperative .

20th century

At the turn of the century, there were 169 houses in Sperenberg in 1900. Due to the improved production processes, the gypsum deposits on the surface were coming to an end. Craftsmen began digging large dredging holes in order to extract the gypsum in civil engineering . This required extensive dewatering in order to pump out penetrating groundwater . From 1910 to 1911 they therefore built a waterworks to ensure that the population was supplied with fresh drinking water. The Berlin Gipswerke L. Mundt bore 75 percent of the costs of 112,000 marks and were given extended mining rights. In addition, the gypsum works paid compensation to the farmers who had to give up land for the quarrying. The overburden accumulated on the east bank of the Krummen See , in earlier times by handcart, later with the help of a narrow-gauge railway. Around 1900 such a mountain had piled up with a height of around 10 meters, which pressed against the subsoil of the lake shore. The east bank sank by a good meter, while the west bank was pressed open. In 1903 workers discovered a dugout canoe and a Viking sword from the 11th century inside . Shortly afterwards it was considered lost, but was rediscovered in 1934 by Hohmann in the attic of the Sperenberg school. In the course of the 20th century it was added to the collection of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. In 1904 the men's gymnastics club was established, which was the basis for other sections such as soccer or bowling in the decades to come. In 1908 a general practitioner set up shop for the first time, and the first pharmacy opened in 1921. The volunteer fire brigade was founded on September 20, 1921 and moved into the syringe house built in 1920.

The salt content of the Krummen See rose sharply in the 1920s due to the changed dewatering. In addition, break-ins in the resulting cavities caused damage to the buildings. In 1924, the companies therefore temporarily stopped mining gypsum; the plasterwork remained and was supplied with material from the resin . After the end of the Second World War, another attempt was made to resume gypsum extraction. But renewed groundwater damage meant that mining was finally stopped in 1957. A production facility for building boards was built on the site of the former gypsum factory .

In 1927 the community existed with the Spremberg pioneer training area. A fishing club was founded in 1928 and a small animal breeders' club in 1934. After the Second World War , the area around Sperenberg was hardly affected by the land reform. However, the district administration regulated which products the farmers had to grow and which animals they had to keep. Farms that were abandoned by the farmers were combined to form a local farm (ÖLB). In 1955 it was merged with the agricultural production cooperative Clara Zetkin , in order to achieve full cooperative status in 1960. It existed until 1989.

Sperenberg airfield

The former 30 km² military area with a military airfield was used by the Red Army and the Russian Army from 1945 to 1994 . Before 1945 the airfield belonged to the nearby OKW in Wünsdorf . As a potential location for the construction of a more ambitious version of the Berlin Brandenburg Airport with a capacity of 60 million passengers per year and up to four runways, Sperenberg gained national fame in the early 1990s. This should be built on the site of the former airfield . After the end of the war, 237 hectares were expropriated and 174 of them were divided. 29 farmers received a total of three hectares, 49 farmers received 108 hectares and twelve farmers received 63 hectares. In 1955, a type III LPG was founded with initially 12 members and 128 hectares of agricultural land . By 1961, it grew to 136 members and 639 hectares. In addition, VEB Schaltgerüstbau was established in 1956 with 367 employees and VEB Gipswerk with 119 employees, which was shut down again in 1958. In the same year, a PGH electrical and plumbing trade opened with 26 members.

At the end of the 1950s, on the initiative of Sperenberg local historian Karl Fiedler, the first Heimatstube was built , but it had to be closed in 1981 due to dilapidation. It was reopened ten years later in its current premises. In 1950 a new school building was built for an eight-grade elementary school . It was dissolved just six years later in favor of a polytechnic high school , the Friedrich-Engels-Zentral- und Mittelschule Sperenberg . It stayed there until 1985. Six years later, the community built a primary school and a comprehensive school. The active outdoor pool opened in 1969, and a building complex was added in 1971. In 1973 LPG Type I in Fernneuendorf joined LPG Sperenberg. A glagit plate work was created. In 1973 there was VEB Holzbaukombinat Mitte Hennigsdorf, Glagitplattenwerk Sperenberg Gipsbruch, VEB Elektroprojekt und Anlagenbau Berlin, VEB Möbelkombinat Hellerau, Märkische Möbelwerke with the Spremberg division as well as VEB Ziegelkombinat and LPG. In 1985, there were carnival for Sperenberger carnival club together.

Population development

Population development in Spremberg from 1734 to 1971
year 1734 1772 1801 1817 1840 1858 1895 1925 1939 1946 1964 1971
Residents 158 250 312 273 with broken plaster 398 with broken plaster 585 1201 1430 and pioneer exercise area: 10 2030 2180 1840 1783

Attractions

Evangelical village church
Local museum
Remaining hole in the Sperenberger Gipsbrüche nature reserve
  • Sperenberg village church : The church was built in 1753 as a baroque hall with a tower according to plans by the state master builder Georg Friedrich Berger .
  • Museum Heimatstube Sperenberg: The Heimatstube, which was set up in the former village school, shows excavated objects from prehistory and early history as well as exhibits from the local history. Permanent exhibitions are handicrafts in Sperenberg and monetary history of the region .
  • Sperenberger Gipsbrüche nature reserve : the approximately 24 hectare site includes three of the four remaining holes of the former gypsum mine.

traffic

Sperenberg lies on the national road L 70 between Trebbin and Petkus . The L 74 towards Wünsdorf begins in town.

The Sperenberg stop was on the railway line between Zossen and Jüterbog , which was closed for passenger traffic on June 2, 1996 on the section between Sperenberg and Jüterbog and on April 18, 1998 between Zossen and Sperenberg. It is currently used for trolley rides.

Sons and daughters of the place

literature

  • Sperenberg municipal council: 500 years of Sperenberg - 1495 to 1995 . 1st edition. 1995, p. 110 .
  • District of Teltow-Fläming, Office for Agriculture and Environment, SG Water and Waste: On good ground - Soil-Geo-Path in the district of Teltow-Fläming . 1st edition. 2008, p. 40 .
  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg: Teltow (= Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg . Volume 4). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1976.

Web links

Commons : Sperenberg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ StBA Area: changes from 01.01. until December 31, 2002
  2. ^ Website of Heimatstube Sperenberg , accessed on January 4, 2014.
  3. ↑ Patent specification on innovations in potato lifting plows, patent no. 18038 , object database of the German Historical Museum, accessed on January 2, 2014.