Teltow (landscape)
The term Teltow [ 'tɛltoː ] today denotes both a geological plateau and a historical landscape in Brandenburg and Berlin . As a historical landscape, the Teltow was one of the eight areas from which the Mark Brandenburg emerged in the 12th and 13th centuries . The Teltow War (1239-1245) finally decided the question of rule in the newly created core area of the expanding Mark. A district of Teltow existed between 1816 and 1952 , and a town directly south of Berlin, in what is now the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark , bears the name of Teltow .
Geography and geology
Demarcation
The Teltow is not a unified area in terms of history or landscape. The term commonly used today is defined by a glacial plateau , which mostly consists of ground moraine surfaces. Their natural borders are the rivers of the Dahme in the east, the Spree in the north and the Havel and Nuthe in the west. In the southwest, the landscape around the Pfefferfließ is also included in the Teltow , albeit without a fixed limit . The landscape boundary in the south is blurred, as the ground moraine there was often eroded by glacial valleys . There are numerous small plateau islands there . The Baruther glacial valley is generally accepted as the cultural landscape boundary . The Fläming joins further to the south .
The Havel separates the Teltow from the northwestern Nauener Platte . The Nuthe Nieplitz -Niederung a Urstromtalung, separates him from the Sander plateau of Zauche in the southwest and the Berlin glacial valley forms the border of the Barnim .
However, it is controversial whether the up to 115 m above sea level. NN high Müggelberge in southeast Berlin are to be assigned to the Teltow. With regard to the geological classification, this is partially correct, as the mountains have a similar history of development. However, they are completely isolated as plateau remnants within the Berlin glacial valley. With the definition of the Dahme as the eastern boundary of the Teltow, the Müggelberge are not included in the Teltow, neither geologically nor in terms of cultural landscape.
Geology, geomorphology and soils
Solid rock deposits
The 80 meter high Sperenberger Gipsberg on the northern edge of the Baruther glacial valley is a geological peculiarity . There, unique for Brandenburg, is gypsum . The rise of Zechstein Age salt in a salt dome pierced all of the younger deposits there. Since all the easily soluble salts had already been sucked off, the plaster of paris remained on the surface as a solution residue. Rock salt is there at a depth of only 45 m (about 0 m above sea level). The Gipsberg is also of scientific and historical interest, as the world's first borehole was sunk there in 1867, reaching a depth of more than 1000 m. It was also used for the first time that the geothermal depth was determined to be around 3 K / 100 m.
The Sperenberg gypsum was quarried in several quarries from the Middle Ages until 1957. Other salt domes, which, however, have not quite reached the surface, are located under Mittenwalde and the Blankensee . For the geological structure of the Teltow, however, they are only of minor importance.
Saale ice age
While the deeply buried deposits of the Elster Ice Age have practically no significance for the current appearance of the Teltow, the sandy, gravelly sediments of the so-called Berlin Elbe run are widespread underground. These deposits were formed between the Elster and Saale age ice advances, when the Elbe flowed north from today's Torgau and crossed the Fläming, which at that time did not yet exist. As aquifers and for the supply of building materials, they are of great economic importance. Your only point of exposure is a small sand pit on Lindenberg near Jühnsdorf .
The very thick (40 meters and more) sediments of the Saale Ice Age lie above it . Mostly these are deposits from ice reservoirs or glacial till . In several places they even penetrate the Vistula period deposits and are directly or at least very close to the earth's surface (for example in Glienick near Zossen ). Since the ice from the time of the Saale has strongly compressed the underlying deposits , there are also isolated tertiary deposits near the surface. Lignite was mined in Schenkendorf near Königs-Wusterhausen in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century .
Vistula and post-glacial development
Today's Brandenburg-Berlin plateau Teltow was created around 20,000 years ago in the Brandenburg stage of the Vistula Ice Age . The inland ice from the Vistula period advanced southwards beyond the Teltow and reached its maximum extent to the south on the northern edge of the Baruther glacial valley. Terminal moraines can be found there, for example, around Dobbrikow , in Luckenwalde (Weinberg) and near Sperenberg . However, the terminal moraine is very patchy and formed as an ice edge layer. To the north there are ground moraine surfaces that have been buried over a large area. The closed ground moraine plateau of the Teltow only begins south of Ludwigsfelde .
The deposits of Weichseleiszeit are relatively low strong in the Teltow, the boulder clay usually has a thickness of only two to four meters. Especially in the west of the Teltow, in the Grunewald and in the Parforceheide , as well as on the small moraine islands south of the closed plateau, it is largely missing. There the following sands from the advance phase of the Vistula-time ice stand with varying layer thickness. They are on average 10 to 20 meters thick. In the north-western part of the Teltow plateau, the Grunewald , but also occasionally in the other areas (for example at the Groß Machnower Weinberg), the thickness of the pouring sands is significantly greater over a wide area. There, the ice advancing over it partially compressed (disturbed) the sands.
The so-called Rixdorfer Horizont (after Rixdorf, today's Neukölln ) is interesting for fossil collectors . It is at the base of the Vistula Age sediments, is coarse-grained (gravel and pebbles) and often contains the bones of large Ice Age mammals such as the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros .
With the melting of the youngest ice, a tundra-like landscape with sparse vegetation and wind-blown dunes was created on the Teltow Plateau . Only with the final warming at the end of the Ice Age did a closed forest develop. Without human intervention, the Teltow would be covered with mixed forests, dominated by the sessile oak . Scots pine , on the other hand, will prefer to grow on sandy areas .
Surface shapes
The Teltow plateau has a typical ground moraine surface . It is flat and undulating and has very few lakes. The height of the plateau is between 45 and 60 m above sea level. NN. The northwestern Teltow (with the Schäferberg) protrudes clearly beyond that; it is therefore also referred to as the Hoher Teltow. Isolated elevations up to more than 80 meters in height, such as the Groß Machnower Weinberg, can also be found in the other areas.
Both the closed plateau and the surrounding glacial valleys are cut by glacial channels . Today they form chains of lakes, such as those of the Selchower See , the Blankenfelder See and the Rangsdorfer See . On the plateau itself, the Ludwigsfelder Pechpfuhl represents the remainder of such a channel. The channels noticeably enliven the otherwise little agitated landscape. Some smaller, more isolated still waters probably emerged from blocks of dead ice .
The plateau in today's Berlin urban area with 103 m above sea level has the largest elevations . NN high Schäferberg in Wannsee and the 97 m above sea level. NN high Havel Mountains in the Grunewald .
Floors
The widespread boulder clay surfaces have Lessives developed. They are considered fertile. Mostly there are transitional forms between the pale earth and the brown earth , sometimes also parabrown earths . Waterlogging in the form of pseudogleyen occurs only to a minor extent. On the meltwater sand surfaces, rather nutrient-poor brown soils formed. Depending on the composition of the sand, the brown earths can either be weakly de-activated or weakly podsolized .
The moist lowlands and deep glacial valleys are dominated by gullies and fens . The moors show clear signs of soil formation as a result of the drainage.
The anthropogenic (i.e. man-made) soils and urban soils are widespread. You can address them as young raw floors . Loose syrosemes and pararendzines predominate . Hortisols (garden floors), regosols and kolluvisols are also found here and there .
climate
Due to its modest relative height, the Teltow, in contrast to the Fläming and the Barnim , does not have any pronounced weather differences compared to its surroundings. Like its surroundings, it lies in the transition area from the oceanic climate of Western Europe to the continental climate of Eastern Europe. The coldest month is January with average temperatures of −1 ° C, the warmest July with approx. 18 ° C. The average annual precipitation is around 550 mm (Großbeeren station: 555 mm / year from 1951–1980) with a pronounced summer maximum and winter minimum. The higher northwestern Teltow is likely to be provided with a little better rainfall.
The northern border of the Teltow in Berlin
The Berlin Kreuzberg in the district of the same name is geologically part of the Teltow. East of the Kreuzberg, geologically speaking, you roll down the northern slope of the Teltower Plateau into the Spree valley or into the Berlin glacial valley when you drive on the slightly sloping Mehringdamm from the Platz der Luftbrücke to Gneisenaustrasse. The Neuköllner Hermannstrasse , which slopes gently between Columbiadamm and Hermannplatz, is also located on the north slope of Teltow. The Tempelhofer Feldmark was divided into the Oberland on the Teltow and the Unterland in the glacial valley until 1920 ; Only with the establishment of Greater Berlin and the incorporation of the lowlands into the newly founded Kreuzberg district did the distinction become obsolete. The former Tempelhofer Feld area with the former Tempelhof Airport is also on the plateau. The northwestern edge of the Teltow begins at the confluence of the Spree with the Havel with the Murellenberge , runs along the Ruhleben settlement around the Murellenteich and continues over the former Spandauer Spitze on the Spandauer Bock and the Ruhwaldpark to the steep slope above the Fürstenbrunn mineral water spring. At this point, south of today's Rohrdammbrücke , the Teltow plateau reaches its northernmost point and approaches the Spree up to a few meters. Then the Teltownordband bends to the southeast along the Charlottenburg Palace Gardens (→ see historical map of the Northband of the Teltow ).
Almost all of Berlin's districts and regions south of the Spree and west of the Dahme - apart from the parts of the inner city that are directly in the Berlin glacial valley - are thus part of the Teltow. To the north of the Spree, Berlin lies largely on the Barnim plate. Berlin was therefore of considerable importance as a river crossing between the plateaus, which was formed by the Mühlendamm between the two founding cities of Cölln in the south (on the Spree island , the northern part of which is now called Museum Island ) and Berlin in the north. The Mühlendamm in the city center still connects the island with the whey market today .
Namesake Teltefließ (Bäke)
According to Gerhard Schlimpert's analysis, the name Teltow goes back to the originally Germanic name of the Bäkeflowes Telte , from tel- (columns) or * Til-ithi, from til- (bis, to, an) with the ending -ithi , which ends the frequency indicates.
The Teltow Canal uses the Bäketal, which is marked by the river , for its route , so that the stream has largely risen up in the canal. According to Schlimpert, the Teltow as Land an der Telte was at that time limited to the area at the Bäke, the Telte was given the name Teltow to distinguish it from the term Bäke = general for Bach , which occurs several times in Brandenburg . The Etymon Bäke , which Schlimpert equates with Telte , certainly describes the (possibly formerly water-rich) stream that originally flowed from the Steglitzer Fichtenberg to the Griebnitzsee near Potsdam and today only consists of two small sections.
The landscape name Teltow was in turn transferred to the place Teltow . He sees a connection to the place name Teldau near Hagenow and the place Thilithi on the Weser and their mouths Westertill , Nordertill and Ostertill , which are later known as Wester Telte and Oster Telte . Derivation of the term Teltow from the Slavic tele = calf , calf meadow and other attempts to clarify the term in the literature are very likely to be incorrect, according to Schlimpert. The suffix -ow (ov) ( Tel-tova ) is said to have been given to Teltow in the Slav period and most likely mean "Land on the Telte" . In Germanic telda also means to waver or to wiggle .
Teltow Canal
Between 1901 and 1906 the Teltow Canal was built, which connects the Havel with the Dahme over 38 kilometers through southern Berlin and the Berlin area. The course of the Teltow Canal follows a glacial channel over long stretches .
Landscape and former district
area
The indistinctly defined landscape of Teltow today usually covers a somewhat larger area than the geological plateau, since villages and towns in the lowlands are also included in the Teltow. For example, Schlimpert includes the formerly independent villages of Nudow and Philippsthal from the Nuthetal community in the Nuthe lowlands, which has existed since 2003 .
The southern areas of Berlin and the city of Teltow of the same name , as well as Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Ludwigsfelde , Sperenberg , Trebbin , Zossen and Mittenwalde, belong to the old settlement area of Teltow . The Dahme-Heideseen nature park covers part of the eastern Teltow. As part of the regional parks in Brandenburg and Berlin , which were only founded in 2003, the Teltow regional park is endeavoring, among other things, to create an ecological compensation area for the metropolis of Berlin.
Landscapes within the Teltow
Parts of the Teltow sometimes have their own traditional landscape names. Are known:
- the parforce heather ,
- the Grunewald and
- the Glauer Berge ( cultural-spatial allocation to the Teltow; geologically, the Glauer Berge form an isolated compression moraine ).
Former district of Teltow
The district of Teltow, which existed from 1816 to 1952, comprised on January 1, 1945:
- the six cities of Königs Wusterhausen , Mittenwalde , Teltow , Teupitz , Trebbin and Zossen as well
- 105 other municipalities and
- four estate districts (forests).
"A Whitsun trip to the Teltow"
In the second half of the 19th century, the writer Theodor Fontane took a trip from Berlin via the then independent villages of Rixdorf , the core area of today's Neukölln , and Rudow , which is also part of the Neukölln district, to Königs Wusterhausen . In his hikes through the Mark Brandenburg , Fontane describes the travel experience under the heading A Whitsun trip to the Teltow as follows:
“It travels nicely into the world on a Pentecost Saturday, it is where it is. Nature laughs and so do people; the sun goes down in rays, the rapeseed fields bloom and even the windmill blades swing a green maybush in the air.
'Rixdorf' was preparing for the festival. The maids, with short sleeves and aprons, stood in the courtyards washing and scrubbing, the copper kettles flashed like gold, and a couple of children who had just come out of the pool ran naked across the path and stirred up the dust. The pond remained for a second bath.
In 'Rudow' the boys cut calamus; The linden trees stretched their umbrella over Waltersdorf; But Kiekebusch, as if ashamed of his name, peeped no longer out of bush and heather, but out of high rye fields.And now heathland; then open field again, until suddenly the height that we are driving on drops steeply and a valley surrounded by forests lies in front of us, into which we roll down. The postilons blow (we have three beichaises), individual houses shimmer from behind trees and bushes, now there are more of them, the people in front of the doors stand up and the street youth throw their caps in the air and shout hurray. It is a noise that would do credit to a residence, and yet it is only 'Wusterhausen' that we drive into. Of course, Wusterhausen at 'Pentecost'. "
history
Early settlement
Finds show that the Teltow was settled around 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. On the Steglitzer Fichtenberg, the source mountain of the Bäke (Telte), stone axes from the last period of the Paleolithic and flint chisels from the Mesolithic were excavated. During the construction of the Teltow Canal, mammoth bones from the Ice Age and worked flint pieces from the same era were found on the Rauhen Mountains east of Steglitz. A group of Stone Age people also lived on the former Wukesee between the present-day Berlin districts of Lankwitz and Mariendorf .
Several bronze smiths have been discovered, estimated to be around 4,000 years old. The most important excavation from the Germanic times that can be visited today is a village settlement near Klein Köris on the eastern edge of the Teltow. During excavations on the hospital grounds of the Free University of Berlin , which is directly adjacent to today's Bäkepark, archaeologists came across a village from the Iron Age around 2,500 years ago. The rural settlement lay on a slope above the river and marshland of the Bäketal and consisted of post houses with clay walls.
Core area of the Mark Brandenburg
When the Suebi , the Elbe-Germanic sub-tribe of the Semnones , left their home on the Havel and Spree in the direction of Upper Rhine, Swabia , in the course of the migrations of peoples in the 4th and 5th centuries , they moved there in the late 7th and 8th centuries probably a largely unpopulated area of Slavs . The Stodoranen settled in Teltow , whose Prince Jacza von Köpenick was a bitter opponent of Albrecht the Bear , the founder and first margrave of the Mark Brandenburg. To the west opposite in the Zauche and in the Havelland , separated by the Nuthe-Havel river line , lived the Slavic tribe of the Hevellers , who were allied with the Ascan Albrecht. Nutheburgen near Potsdam , Drewitz , Kleinbeuthen and Trebbin secured the political dividing line of the river between Teltow and Zauche.
The Slavic era came to an end with the establishment of the Mark and the subsequent expansion of the German state to the east. Along with the Zauche and Havelland , parts of the Teltow were among the core areas of the young Mark Brandenburg . The Schildhorn on the western edge of the Teltow became the symbol of the foundation due to the Schildhorn legend . In the course of the skillful settlement policy of the Ascanian margraves (see in detail Lehnin Monastery ), further parts of the Teltow were opened up. New villages with churches emerged in quick succession, and some Slavic settlements were taken over and expanded. Between the fertile Bäketal and the Schlachtensee , settlers who arrived in today's Berlin-Zehlendorfer district of Düppel built and expanded a village in 1170, shortly after the Mark was founded, together with the Slavs who lived here. Around 1230 the settlement consisted of 16 farms, which were stored in a horseshoe shape around a large village square, the grazing area for the animals. This village in the Krummes Fenn landscape protection area has been exposed, reconstructed and is now accessible as the Düppel museum village in the summer months .
On March 7, 1232, the name Teltow was first mentioned in a document from the city of Spandau, today the Spandau district , as "Flecken". The Teltow village of Stegelitze ( Steglitz ) can be traced for the first time in 1242 in a deed of donation from Heinrich von Stegelitze , in which he transferred the village of Arnestrop ( Ahrensdorf ) to the Lehnin monastery. Also in the 13th century, Flemish settlers founded the village of Lichtervelde ( Lichterfelde ) a few kilometers downstream , which became part of Steglitz in 1870 and Berlin with Steglitz in 1920.
Eastern parts of the Teltow with the rulership centers of Köpenick and Mittenwalde were owned by the Wettins in the first half of the 13th century , who competed with the Ascani for land development to the north and east and the settlement of the new areas. It was not until after the six-year Teltow War between 1239 and 1245, which the joint ruling great-grandchildren Albrecht the Bear, Johann I and Otto III. , against the Margrave of Meißen Heinrich the Illustrious and his ally, the Bishop of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg Wilbrand von Käfernburg , were able to decide for themselves, the entire Teltow and the entire Barnim came permanently to the Mark Brandenburg.
Battle of Großbeeren
The massive, 32-meter-high memorial tower in Großbeeren recalls the tremendous battle of 23 August 1813 in Prussia with the allied Russians and Sweden , the army of Napoleon in Teltow proposed preliminary decision. The Museum des Teltow in Wünsdorf presents in the permanent exhibition grazing lights from the history of the Teltow landscape found objects and props from different centuries.
Terra incognita
Seven years before their incorporation, many villages in the former Teltow core area south of the city were largely unknown to Berliners, as Wilhelm Spatz discovered in 1913:
“The area directly south of Berlin ..., the actual heartland of the district, is a 'terra incognita' for most Berliners! How delightful an example of early medieval architecture is the church of 'Klein-Ziethen', bought by Steglitz, how pretty the area around Rangsdorfer See, [...] how beautiful views of the Berlin suburbs, especially Lichterfelde and Steglitz from the area near Genshagen from offer, of which the normal-sized city dweller knows as much or little as of the Teltow towns, z. B. 'Mittenwalde', where Paul Gerhard wrote 'Now rest the woods' [...] "
Therefore places like Steglitz, Lankwitz and Treptow praised in this very calendar to Brussels residents in full-page advertisements their scenic benefits, public institutions and "cheap (s) apartments in any size, with or without a garden, with all the facilities of modern times" on.
See also
literature
- Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Part 4. Spreeland. Blankensee. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin, 1998 edition, ISBN 3-548-24381-9 . Quote on page 274.
- Adolf Hannemann: The Teltow district, its history, its administration, its development and its facilities . Berlin 1931.
- N. Hermsdorf: On the quaternary sequence of layers of the Teltow plateau . In: Brandenburgische Geoscientific Contributions, 1, pp. 27–37, Kleinmachnow 1995.
- N. Hermsdorf, L. Lippstreu, A. Sonntag: Geological overview map of the state of Brandenburg 1: 300,000 - explanations . Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-7490-4576-3 .
- Herbert Lehmann: The Bäketal in prehistoric times . Ed .: Berlin-Steglitz administrative district. Berlin 1953, (brochure).
- Lutz Partenheimer : Albrecht the Bear . 2nd edition, Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-16302-3 .
- Max Philipp: Steglitz in the past and present . Kulturbuch Verlag, Berlin 1968.
- Carsten Rasmus, Bettina Rasmus: Berliner Umland Süd . KlaRas-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-933135-10-9 .
- Gerhard Schlimpert : Brandenburg name book. Part 3. The place names of the Teltow. Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar, 1972. Quotation p. 187.
- Wilhelm Spatz: From the past of the Teltow district . In: Ernst Friedel (Hrsg.): Large Berlin Calendar, Illustrated Yearbook 1913 . Verlag von Karl Siegismund Royal Saxon Court Bookseller, Berlin 1913. Quotation p. 212f.
- Werner Stackebrandt , Volker Manhenke (Ed.): Atlas for the geology of Brandenburg . 2nd edition, State Office for Geosciences and Natural Resources Brandenburg , Kleinmachnow 2002, ISBN 3-9808157-0-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Information on the soil associations is available on the website of the State Office for Mining, Geology and Raw Materials of the State of Brandenburg. on-line
- ↑ Data from M. Hendl: The climate of the North German lowlands. In: H. Liedtke & J. Marcinek (eds.): Physische Geographie Deutschlands, 559 S., Gotha 1994, ISBN 3-623-00840-0
- ↑ a b c Gerhard Köbler : Germanic Dictionary ( MS Word ; 261 kB) , Innsbruck 2007
- ↑ Hermann Großler : News about the fall of the Thuringian Kingdom , magazine of the Association for Thuringian History and Archeology, Volume 22, pp. 262–263, Jena 1904
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph : onenological studies on the German problem , p. 271, Berlin 1993
- ^ Advertisement in Steglitz. In: Wilhelm Spatz: From the past of the Teltow district . In: Large Berlin Calendar, Illustrated Yearbook 1913 . Edited by Ernst Friedel . Published by Karl Siegismund, Royal Saxon Court Bookseller, Berlin 1913.
Coordinates: 52 ° 22 ′ 0 ″ N , 13 ° 20 ′ 0 ″ E