Uexkull

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Family coat of arms of the von Uexküll since 1475

Uexküll , also Yxkull or Uxkull , as well as Meyendorff von Ixkull , Uexküll-Gyllenband and Uexküll-Güldenband , is the name of an old, originally archaeological Bremen noble family . The family, some of which still exist today, belongs to the primeval nobility in the Stedinger Land . It later came to be owned and respected mainly in the Baltic States , but also in Sweden , Württemberg and Baden .

history

origin

The family was first mentioned in a document on July 26, 1229 with the knight Johannes de Bardewisch in Dünamünde . He was the stepfather of the late Conrad the Younger von Meyendorff and vassal of Archbishop Albert II of Riga , from whom he received the fiefs of Uexküll (today Ikšķile in Latvia ) and Calwe in 1257. Since that time he took the name of his estate Uexküll as a family name. The Bardewisch originally come from the place Bardewisch in Stedinger Land , today a district of the municipality of Lemwerder in the Wesermarsch district in Lower Saxony .

In 1184 Meinhard, a canon from the Augustinian monastery in Segeberg in Holstein , built a small wooden church for his Livonian parish near the live village of Uexküll ( Ykesculle ). Just one year later, craftsmen from Gotland built Uexküll Castle, which came into the possession of Conrad von Meyendorff. The Meyendorff were an old noble family from East Saxony from the area around Magdeburg and Halberstadt and had a coat of arms crossed in red and silver. In 1201 Conradus de Meyendorpe was enfeoffed with the castle and area of ​​Uexküll and in 1224 with half of the Principality of Gercike . The family died out as early as 1257 with the death of Conrad the Younger , Conrad's son and stepson of Johannes de Bardewisch .

Spread and personalities

Gravestone of Conrad von Uexsküll (St. Quintin, Mainz)

The Uexküll belonged to the knights of Liv , Estonia and Courland as well as Ösels and numerous members became members of the Brothers of the Sword and the Teutonic Order . In the course of time they provided five knighthood captains. Otto zu Felks from 1632 to 1635, Johann zu Herrküll from 1640 to 1643, Behrend Johann zu Mex from 1671 to 1676, Georg Dettlof zu Fickel from 1709 to 1710 and Behrend Johann zu Fickel from 1806 to 1809. Behrend Johann († 1827) issued 1789 a private code of law for his Fickel peasantry ( The private peasant rights of Estonia for the areas of Fickel etc. Ed. By Olaf Hansen, Dorpat 1896). The lines to Fickel (today Vigala in Estonia ) and Felks (today Veltsa district of Koonga ) branched off from the original trunk . Henricus, the son of Nicolaus auf Fickel, was bishop of Reval from November 20, 1419 to April 13, 1456 . He was buried in the Reval Cathedral . A special bull from the Pope allows him to join the Teutonic Order. Five other members of the family became canons in various Baltic dioceses. Johann from 1458 to 1476 in Dorpat , Carolus from 1489 to 1542 in Ösel , Heinrich from 1515 to 1534 in Ösel and Reval, Reinhold from 1520 and Johann from 1533 to 1542 in Ösel. Alheit was the abbess of the Cistercian monastery in Dorpat in 1514 .

Jakob Johann von Uexküll
(* 1864; † 1944)
Thure von Uexküll (1908-2004) with his father
Carl Wolmar Jakob von Uexküll
(* 1944)

Another sixteen members of the family became Estonian district administrators between 1587 and 1891. For example Bernhard Baron Uexküll zu Fickel (* 1819; † 1894), an important writer and founder of the rich family archive at Fickel Castle.

Nicolaus († 1420) was the founder of the Fickel family. In 1541 Otto Uexküll zu Fickel gave Augustinus van Ghetelen , then Thumherr and Licentiat , the task of writing a chronicle. The Uexküll von Fickel would be the first vassal dynasty of Altlivland to commission a family history. Fickel Castle has remained the headquarters and center of Uexküll in Estonia for over 500 years. In 1535 it was besieged in vain during Wieck's bishops feud. In 1560 the Russians conquered Fickel, which was destroyed as well as the other Uexküll castles of Felks and Kasti. In 1575 the older house of the Uexküll zu Fickel goes out. The last member of this family, Jürgen, is deported to Moscow by the Russians . In 1579 King John of Sweden enfeoffed Otto von Uexküll on Anzen with Fickel, who however died in 1583 without heirs.

Johann Uexküll zu Anzen-Menzen became court marshal and councilor to Duke Magnus von Holstein in 1583 . Later King Frederick II of Denmark appointed him governor of Ösel. He is the progenitor of the younger house at Schloss Fickel. In 1624 the Uexküll zu Menzen received Fickel, which has been the younger house of Fickel since then. The line had owned the old family property for almost three hundred years, since 1763 as a majorate . The sixth Majoratsherr Bernhard Baron Uexküll († 1922 in Berlin ) was expropriated by an Estonian agrarian reform .

Woldemar von Uexküll became court marshal of the kings Johann III. and Charles IX. He was introduced to the knight's house in Stockholm on January 15, 1625 . Friedrich Johann Emich Freiherr von Uexküll, a grandson of Conrad von Uexküll, who moved with Gustav Adolph from Sweden to Germany in 1630 and was killed with his king, achieved the dignity of a privy councilor and president of the court council in the margravial Baden civil service . He later entered the service of the ducal Württemberg , became budget minister and first district directorial envoy and as such a member of the imperial knighthood in the knightly canton of Kraichgau on February 22, 1790. From his marriage to Maria Ernestine Freiin Göler von Ravensburg there were five sons. His son Carl Gustav Friedrich Freiherr von Uexküll († 1801) became governor of the county of Mömpelgard and ducal Württemberg Oberhofmarschall . On October 9, 1790, the coronation day of Emperor Leopold II , he was given the status of imperial count . His wife Wilhelmine Freiin von Wallbrunn was chief stewardess to Electress Charlotte , who later became Queen of Württemberg. The couple had four sons, of whom the two eldest, Counts Carl Friedrich Gustav and Egon Friedrich Wilhelm, died childless. First as royal Dutch major in 1819 and second in 1802 as colonel and ducal Wuerttemberg wing adjutant . The two younger ones were able to continue the tribe.

Count Ludwig von Uexküll (* 1759) died in 1811 as a royal Württemberg colonel and commandant of Rottweil . He was married to Anna Freiin Göler von Ravensburg. Her son Udo Graf von Uexküll (* 1799), royal Württemberg captain , married Mathilde Freiin vom Stain zu Rechtenstein in 1833 . They had a daughter, Countess Anna (* 1835) and a son, Count Leopold (* 1834), who entered the kk military service. Count Udo's brother, Count Kuno von Uexküll (* 1800) became the royal Württemberg chief forester at Ensingen . He was married to Eleonore Zepf († 1847) in his first marriage from 1836 and to Franzisca von Crismar in his second marriage from 1854.

Carl August Bertram Graf von Uexküll (* 1761), the brother of Graf Ludwig von Uexküll, died in 1812 as the royal Württemberg chamberlain , real secret councilor and chief forest master. He was also head of the royal section of the crown forests. In 1797 he married Albertine Freiin von Kaufberg. The couple had two sons. Carl Graf von Uexküll (* 1801) became a co-owner of the Hengstfeld manor in the Jagstkreis , a royal Württemberg chamberlain and forest adviser. His first marriage was in 1828 to Charlotte Freiin von Varnbühler († 1831), his second marriage from 1834 to Elise Freiin von Fahnenberg († 1840) and his third marriage from 1841 to Maria Freiin von Fahnenberg. His brother Rudolph Graf von Uexküll (* 1809) was the owner of the manor Burleswagen in the Jagstkreis, royal chamberlain of Württemberg and chief forest master with his majesty the king of Württemberg. He was married to Albertine Uhde, the daughter of the businessman Carl Uhde . The resistance fighter Nikolaus Graf von Üxküll-Gyllenband and the DRK superior Alexandrine Countess von Üxküll-Gyllenband were his grandchildren, the brothers Claus and Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and Caesar von Hofacker his great-grandchildren.

Friedrich Johann Emich Freiherr von Uexküll , who died in 1768, was at the same time the progenitor of the count's line in Württemberg and the baron line in Baden. One of his five sons from his marriage to Maria Ernestine Freiin Göler zu Ravensburg , Emich Johann Friedrich Freiherr von Uexküll (* 1724; † 1810) was Mr. auf Mönchzell , royal Württemberg State Minister and President of the Secret Council. He was the founder of the baronial line in Baden. Because of the possession of Mönchzell he became a member of the imperial knighthood in the knightly canton of Kraichgau in 1790 . He married Susanne Elisabeth von Palm . From the marriage came August Freiherr von Uexküll (* 1765; † 1822), Lord of Mönchzell and Spechbach, royal Württemberg chamberlain, privy councilor and bailiff . He was married to Charlotte Maria Freiin von Gemmingen-Guttenberg-Bonfeld (* 1776; † 1837). From this marriage came Eduard Freiherr von Uexküll-Gyllenband (* 1800). He became chamberlain, chief forestry officer and landlord of Mönchzell, Wiesloch and Baiertal . He married Pauline Freiin Marschall von Bieberstein in 1829 .

Status surveys

With the royal Swedish diploma of April 16, 1679, the sons of Wolter Uexküll: Jacob, Swedish lieutenant general , Otto Johann, Swedish colonel, his grandson and nephew of the two aforementioned, Wolter Reinhold Uexküll, were raised to the Swedish baron on Schattmansöge from the Kasti family . The older tribe name of the sex was brought out again and the barons received the name of Meyendorff . The shortly before extinction of both families of origin, that of Meyendorff in Magdeburg (1667) and that of Meinsdorf in Holstein (1664), may have had an influence on retrieving the name , which was brought up to fabulous antiquity, and wrested it from oblivion . In any case, this aroused sharp protests from other members of the Uexküll family with the result that the Meyendorffers were obliged to sign with Meyendorff from the Uexküll house . By a royal resolution of September 22nd, 1682 the dispute over the name was finally rejected. The introduction to the knight's house in Stockholm took place as early as 1680 (No. 74 of the baron class).

Otto Reinhold von Uexküll auf Kaarmann and Engdes, from the Felks tribe, Felks line, royal Swedish major general of the cavalry and governor in Åbo and Björneborg, received the Swedish baron status as Yxkull on January 30, 1730 in Stockholm and in 1731 the introduction to the baron class of the Swedish knighthood under number 203.

Otto von Uexküll from Massau, royal Swedish colonel, war counselor and general commissioner in Estonia and Ingermanland as well as his nephews, the brothers Reinhold Johann auf Patzal, Illust, Moiseküll and Seefer, later royal Swedish colonel and Estonian district administrator, received from the Felks tribe, line Kosch , and Conrad von Uexküll on Herküll, the Swedish baron class in Stockholm on August 23, 1648 as von Yxkull-Gyllenband . The introduction to the baron class of the Swedish knighthood took place in 1652 under the number 30.
Otto Reinhold Freiherr von Uexküll-Güldenband in Serrefer, Torri and Saximois, Imperial Russian Rittmeister of the Guard and later Estonian district administrator and his cousins, the Berend brothers in Herküll and Saaremois, Hans Heinrich auf Herküll and Orrisaar, later imperial Russian colonel, Karl, later imperial Russian lieutenant colonel, and Adam Johann Freiherr von Uexküll-Güldenband, imperial Russian lieutenant , were enrolled in the Estonian knighthood in 1746 .
Alexander Freiherr von Uexküll-Güldenband, Imperial Russian Police Master in Mitau , was enrolled in the Courland Knighthood on March 18, 1808 .
In the Livonian knighthood in 1821 Peter Freiherr von Uexküll-Güldenband auf Linnamäggi, imperial Russian colonel, and in 1853 Carl Heinrich Freiherr von Uexküll-Güldenband, Livonian governor forester, enrolled. Russian recognition for the use of the baron title took place on October 17, 1855 by Senate ukase number 7867.

From the Fickel tribe, Kasti line, Wolmar von Uexküll auf Kasti, royal Swedish court marshal , received the Swedish nobility naturalization as Yxkull in 1625 and the introduction to the nobility class of the Swedish knighthood under the number 76.
Emich Johann Friedrich Freiherr von Uxkull-Gyllenband auf Mönchzell, later royal Württemberg Minister of State was admitted to the Imperial Knighthood of the Kraichgau canton on February 22, 1790. His brother Carl Freiherr von Uxkull-Gyllenband, Duke of Württemberg Councilor and Lord Marshal, received on 9 October 1790 Frankfurt the imperial counts the salutation high and Honor .

From the Fickeln tribe, Menzen line, Berend Johann von Uexküll was enrolled in Menzen, Fickel, Pickfer and Mecks in 1746 with the Estonian knighthood and 1747 with the Livonian knighthood. His descendants received Russian recognition on December 7, 1854 for the use of the baron title through Senate Ukas number 10002.
Alexander Baron von Uexküll on Metzeboe was enrolled in the Courland knighthood on June 14, 1865.

coat of arms

Coat of arms of the Barons of Uexküll

Bardewish

The family coat of arms of the Bardewisch shows two upward-facing silver battle axes (beards) in blue (also black ). On the helmet with blue-silver covers a closed blue flight, covered with the shield image on the front and silver flight on the back .

Uexkull

The main coat of arms of the Uexküll shows a crowned leoparded red lion in gold . On the helmet with red and gold covers, two facing silver sickles with red shafts, studded with natural peacock feathers.

Coat of arms since 1475

A coat of arms with two shields has been used since 1475 , both shields side by side. On the right the coat of arms of Uexküll, on the left the coat of arms of Bardewisch. On the shared helmet with red and gold covers on the right and black and silver covers on the left, a natural peacock feather between two facing silver sickles.

Name bearer

Nikolaus Graf von Üxküll-Gyllenband (1939)

literature

Web links

Commons : Uexküll  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Georg von Bunge (ed.): Liv-, Est- and Curländisches Urkundenbuch 3. Reval, 1857; Page 21, number 101a
  2. ↑ a b c d e Genealogical Handbook of the Baltic Knighthoods Part 2, 1.2 Estonia, pages 475-520.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels , Adelslexikon Volume XV, Volume 134 of the complete series, pages 130-106.
  4. ↑ According to Leonid Arbusow (historian, 1882) Ghetelen Uexküll only referred to the chronicle of Heinrich of Latvia accessible to him . See Marek Tamm, Linda Kaljundi, Carsten Selch Jensen: Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia , Ashgate Publishing, 2013, p. 370 ( digitized version )
  5. ↑ a b c New General German Adels Lexicon Volume 9, Pages 324–326
  6. ^ Karl Eduard von Napiersky : News about the Meyendorff family. Historical-genealogical reading fruit. In: Archives for the history of Liv, Estonia and Curland. 8 (1861), pp. 101-104
  7. ↑ matrikel öfwer Swea rikes ridderskap och needle. Stockholm 1754, p. 117f digitized