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{{about|the cooking show|the film|The Barefoot Contessa}}
{{expand|date=August 2008}}
{{for|other uses of the same name|Syncopation (disambiguation)}}
In [[music]], '''syncopation''' includes a variety of [[rhythm]]s which are in some way [[expectation|unexpected]] in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced strong and weak [[beat (music)|beats]] in a [[meter (music)|meter]] ([[pulse (music)|pulse]]). These include a [[accent (music)|stress]] on a normally unstressed beat or a [[rest (music)|rest]] where one would normally be stressed. "If a part of the measure that is usually unstressed is accented, the rhythm is considered to be syncopated."<ref>Benward & Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice'', Vol. I, p.12. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.</ref>


{{infobox television |
Syncopation is used in many [[music]]al styles, if not all, and is fundamental in such styles as [[funk]], [[ska]], [[reggae]], [[ragtime]], [[rap]], [[jump blues]], [[jazz]] and often in [[dubstep]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and [[European classical music|classical music]]. "All dance music makes use of [syncopation] and it's often a vital element that helps tie the whole track together"<ref name="Dance">Snoman, Rick (2004). ''Dance Music Manual: Toys, Tools, and Techniques'', p.44. ISBN 0240519159.</ref>. In the form of a [[back beat]], syncopation is used in virtually all contemporary [[popular music]].
| show_name = Barefoot Contessa
| image = <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:BClogo.jpg]] -->
| caption =
| format = [[Cooking show|Cooking]]
| runtime = 20–23 minutes
| creator = [[Ina Garten]]
| starring = [[Ina Garten]]
| country = {{USA}}
| network = [[Food Network]]
| first_aired = [[November 30]], [[2002]]
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes = 111, [[as of December 2007]]<ref>[http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/episode_archive/0,1904,FOOD_9971_222,00.html TV : Barefoot Contessa : Barefoot Contessa : Food Network<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|}}


'''''Barefoot Contessa''''' is a [[cooking show]] on [[Food Network]] hosted by [[Ina Garten]], which premiered on [[November 30]], [[2002]]. Each episode features Garten assembling dishes of varying complexity, and she often gives the viewer tips on decorating and entertaining.
==Types of syncopation==
Technically, "syncopation occurs when a temporary displacement of the regular metrical accent occurs, causing the emphasis to shift from a strong accent to a weak accent."<ref>Reed, Ted (1997). ''Progressive Steps to Syncopation for the Modern Drummer'', p.33. ISBN 0882847953.</ref> "Syncopation is," however, "very simply, a deliberate disruption of the two- or three-beat stress pattern, most often by stressing an off-beat, or a note that is not on the beat."<ref name="Dummies">Day, Holly and Pilhofer, Michael (2007). ''Music Theory For Dummies'', p.58-60. ISBN 0764578383.</ref>


The "Barefoot Contessa" name comes from Garten's best-selling cookbook, ''[[The Barefoot Contessa Cookbook]]'', which in turn was named after the specialty foods store she bought in [[1978]]. The store, which is no longer in operation, opened in [[1975]] and was named after the [[The Barefoot Contessa|1954 film]] of the same name. The show is set in Garten's home in [[East Hampton (village), New York|East Hampton]].
Cognitively, Temperley<ref>Temperley, David (1999). "Syncopation in Rock: A Perceptual Perspective". Source: ''Popular Music'', Vol. 18, No. 1, (Jan., 1999), pp. 19-40. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/853567. Accessed: 26/05/2008 17:33</ref> argues that most accurately syncopation be described as involving "displacement; in a syncopation, an accent that belongs on a ''particular'' strong beat is shifted or displaced to a weak one."


In a typical episode, Garten prepares a multi-course meal for friends, colleagues, small parties, or her husband [[Jeffrey Garten|Jeffrey]]. Her recipes often include fresh herbs, which she hand-harvests from her backyard garden. Table settings include both simple and elegant dishes, and are often accompanied by her own flowers or those brought in by Michael Grim, a friend and local florist.
===Missed-beat syncopation===
Syncopation itself may look as simple as follows, involving the addition of a rest<ref name="Dummies"/>:


Often, her recipes require an excursion, and the show features her visits to various East Hampton specialty stores. Sometimes she asks Jeffrey or other guests to pick up various ingredients or prepared desserts from a local shop.
[[Image:Syncopation simple.png|260px]]


Garten deconstructs complex French recipes like [[boeuf bourguignon]] while disseminating the joys of luxury and simply "treating yourself". She focuses on preparing foods efficiently, allowing more time to spend with guests.
This is an example of the '''missed beat''' type of syncopation, in which a rest (silence) is substituted for an expected note <ref>{{Harvard reference
| Surname=van der Merwe
| Given=Peter
| Title=Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music
| Year=1989
| Publisher=Clarendon Press
| Place=Oxford
| pages=128
| ISBN=0193161214
}}</ref>. This can occur on any beat in a measure. "The natural stress of the meter has been disrupted -- ONE-two-(three)-FOUR, which is weird, because we want to keep hearing that nonexistent quarter note that would carry the downbeat in the middle of the measure."<ref name="Dummies"/>


The show is taped mostly in her own kitchen, and features fast-moving camera shots and closeups (e.g., perfectly-ripened fruits, eggs falling from the shells, or caramel sauce melting and sizzling in a shining steel pan).
===Suspension===
This may be thought of as a suspension, as in the following example with two points of syncopation, the third beats which are sustained rather than missed:


The show was nominated for a [[Daytime Emmy Award]] in 2005. In 2007, it was nominated in the category of Outstanding Lifestyle Program.
[[Image:Two point syncopation.png|260px]]


==References==
Though syncopation may be highly complex, dense or complex looking rhythms often contain no syncopation. The rhythm, though dense, stresses the regular [[downbeat]]s, 1 & 4 (in 6/8)<ref name="Dummies"/>:

[[Image:Not syncopation example.png|260px]]

However, whether it's a "carefully placed rest or an accented note...any point of a piece of music that moves your perspective of where the downbeat is is a point of syncopation because it's shifting where the strong and weak accents are built."<ref name="Dummies"/>

==="Even-note" syncopation===
For example, in meters with even numbers of beats (2/4, 4/4, etc.), the stress normally falls on the odd-numbered beats. If the even-numbered beats are stressed instead, the rhythm is syncopated. However, the former implies duple meter (<ins>1</ins>2<ins>1</ins>2) while the latter implies quadruple(1<ins>2</ins>3<ins>4</ins>).

===Off-beat syncopation===
The stress can shift by less than a whole beat so it falls on an ''[[Back beat|off-beat]]'', as in the following example where the stress in the first bar is shifted back by an [[eighth note]] (or quaver):

[[Image:Syncopation example.svg]]

Whereas the notes are expected to fall ''on'' the beat:

[[Image:Unsyncopated off beat exam.png|260px]]

playing a note ever so slightly before, or after, a beat is another form of syncopation because this produces an unexpected accent:

[[Image:Off beat example other way.png|260px]]

====Anticipated bass====
'''Anticipated bass''' {{Fact|date=May 2008}} is a [[Bass (musical term)|bass]] tone that comes [[syncopation|syncopated]] shortly before the [[downbeat]], which is used in [[Son montuno]] [[Cuban dance music]]. Timing can vary, but it usually comes less than an [[eighth note]] before the first and third beats in 4/4 time.

==Transformation==
[[Richard Middleton]] <ref name="Middleton">Middleton (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music'', p.212-13. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.</ref> suggests adding the concept of [[Transformation (music)|transformation]] to Narmour's <ref>Narmour (1980). p.147-53. Cited in Middleton (1990/2002), p.212-13.</ref> prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions in order to explain or generate syncopations. "The syncopated pattern is heard 'with reference to', 'in light of', as a remapping of, its partner."
He gives examples of various types of syncopation: latin, backbeat, and before-the-beat. First however, one may listen to the audio example of stress on the "strong" beats, where expected:

{{Listen|filename=Unsyncopated example.ogg|title=Unsyncopated example|description=Unsyncopated example with stresses on the beats.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

===Latin equivalent of simple 4/4===
This unsyncopated rhythm is shown in the first measure directly below:

[[Image:Latin transformation.PNG|550px|Latin transformation]]

The third measure depicts the syncopated rhythm in the following audio example in which the first and fourth beat are provided as expected, but the accent unexpected lands in between the second and third beats, creating a familiar "latin rhythm":

{{Listen|filename=Syncopation example latin transformation.ogg|title=Latin transformation|description=Syncopated example demonstrating a "latin transformation" or displacement of the stressed beats.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

===Backbeat transformation of simple 4/4===
The accent may be shifted from the first to the second beat in duple meter (and the third to fourth in quadruple), creating the backbeat rhythm familiar in rock drumming beatbox stereotypes:

[[Image:Backbeat transformation.PNG|550px|Backbeat transformation]]

Different crowds will "clap along" at concerts on either 1 & 3 or 2 & 4, as above.

==="Satisfaction" example===
Before-the-beat phrasing, combined with backbeat transformation of a simple repeated [[trochee]], which gives the phraseology of "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction|Satisfaction]]"<ref name="Middleton"/>, recommended for its syncopation<ref name="Dummies"/>:

[[Image:Satisfaction transformations.PNG|550px|"Satisfaction" backbeat syncopation is good and before-the-beat transformations]]

{{Listen|filename=Satisfaction transformations.ogg|title=Rhythmic transformations producing "Satisfaction"|description=Rhythmic transformations producing "Satisfaction".|format=[[Ogg]]}}

==Syncopation in dance music==
In [[trance music]] the bass falls between the beat (one &), while the kick drum falls on the beat<ref name="Dance"/>.

In the University of Wyoming Fight Song, "Ragtime Cowboy Joe", "On a horse - a pretty good horse! - That is syncopated gaited", so Joe's horse must forget to take a step every now and again.

==See also==
* [[Syncopation (dance)]]
* [[Anacrusis]]
* [[Counting (music)]]

==Bibliography==
*Seyer, Philip, Allan B. Novick and Paul Harmon (1997). ''What Makes Music Work''. Forest Hill Music. ISBN 0-9651344-0-7.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.lovemusiclovedance.com/syncopat.htm Syncopation in Dance and Music]
*[http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/show_ig/0,1976,FOOD_9971,00.html Barefoot Contessa on The Food Network]
* [http://barefootcontessa.com Barefoot Contessa'']
*[http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/press/press-Pages/Image2.html On syncopation (in Dutch)]

[[Category:Rhythm]]
[[Category:Jazz techniques]]
[[Category:Musical techniques]]


[[Category:American television series]]
[[be:Сінкапа, музыка]]
[[Category:Cooking television series]]
[[ca:Síncope (música)]]
[[Category:Food Network series]]
[[cs:Synkopa]]
[[Category:2002 television series debuts]]
[[de:Synkope (Musik)]]
[[es:Síncopa (música)]]
[[fr:Syncope (musique)]]
[[hr:Sinkopa]]
[[it:Sincope (musica)]]
[[he:סינקופה]]
[[nl:Syncope (muziek)]]
[[ja:シンコペーション]]
[[no:Synkope]]
[[pl:Synkopa (muzyka)]]
[[pt:Síncope (música)]]
[[ru:Синкопа (музыка)]]
[[fi:Synkooppi]]
[[sv:Synkop]]
[[uk:Синкопа]]
[[zh-yue:切分音]]
[[zh:切分音]]

Revision as of 23:43, 13 October 2008

This article is about the cooking show. For the film, see The Barefoot Contessa.
Barefoot Contessa
Created byIna Garten
StarringIna Garten
Country of origin United States
No. of episodes111, as of December 2007[1]
Production
Running time20–23 minutes
Original release
NetworkFood Network
ReleaseNovember 30, 2002 –
present

Barefoot Contessa is a cooking show on Food Network hosted by Ina Garten, which premiered on November 30, 2002. Each episode features Garten assembling dishes of varying complexity, and she often gives the viewer tips on decorating and entertaining.

The "Barefoot Contessa" name comes from Garten's best-selling cookbook, The Barefoot Contessa Cookbook, which in turn was named after the specialty foods store she bought in 1978. The store, which is no longer in operation, opened in 1975 and was named after the 1954 film of the same name. The show is set in Garten's home in East Hampton.

In a typical episode, Garten prepares a multi-course meal for friends, colleagues, small parties, or her husband Jeffrey. Her recipes often include fresh herbs, which she hand-harvests from her backyard garden. Table settings include both simple and elegant dishes, and are often accompanied by her own flowers or those brought in by Michael Grim, a friend and local florist.

Often, her recipes require an excursion, and the show features her visits to various East Hampton specialty stores. Sometimes she asks Jeffrey or other guests to pick up various ingredients or prepared desserts from a local shop.

Garten deconstructs complex French recipes like boeuf bourguignon while disseminating the joys of luxury and simply "treating yourself". She focuses on preparing foods efficiently, allowing more time to spend with guests.

The show is taped mostly in her own kitchen, and features fast-moving camera shots and closeups (e.g., perfectly-ripened fruits, eggs falling from the shells, or caramel sauce melting and sizzling in a shining steel pan).

The show was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 2005. In 2007, it was nominated in the category of Outstanding Lifestyle Program.

References

  1. ^ TV : Barefoot Contessa : Barefoot Contessa : Food Network

External links

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