Slavic dialects of Greece and Clarence Swensen: Difference between pages

Clarence Swenson
Clarence Swenson
Born	August Clarence Swenson

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Clarence Swenson (born December 29, 1917) is an American actor and one of the last surviving munchkins from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

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-{{Infobox Language
-|name=Slavic dialects of Greece
+{{Infobox actor
-|nativename= ''bălgarski''; ''makedonski''
+| name          = Clarence Swenson
-|familycolor=Indo-European
+| image         =
-|states=[[Greece]]
+| imagesize     =
-|speakers=20,000 (2008)<ref name=autogenerated3>Στη Δυτική Μακεδονία, κυρίως στις περιοχές της Φλώρινας, της Καστοριάς, της Βέροιας και του Κιλκίς υπάρχουν άνθρωποι οι οποίοι μιλούν (και) μία διάλεκτο που ονομάζουν «μακεντόνσκι», κι έχει ομοιότητες με τη γλώσσα που μιλούν στην ΠΓΔΜ, η οποία, με τη σειρά της, έχει σαφώς βουλγαρικές καταβολές.</ref> - <br>41,017 (1951) - <br>230,000<ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004 UCLA Macedonian], [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=37&menu=004 UCLA Bulgarian]</ref>
+| caption       =
-|rank=not official
+| birthname     = August Clarence Swenson
-|fam2=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
+| birthdate     = {{birth date and age|1917|12|29}}
-|fam3=[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
+| birthplace    =
-|fam4=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]; [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
+| deathdate     =
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+| spouse        =
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+| homepage      =
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+| emmyawards   =
 }}
-{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
-The '''Slavic dialects of Greece''' are the dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] spoken by [[Minorities in Greece|minority groups]] in the regions of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace (Greece)|Thrace]] in northern [[Greece]]. Linguistically, these dialects are classified as either [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] or [[Pomak]] in [[Western Thrace|Thrace]], transitional dialects in [[East Macedonia and Thrace|East Macedonia]], and Macedonian in [[Central Macedonia|Central]] and [[West Macedonia]]. Until the official codification of the Macedonian language in 1944 many linguists considered the dialects to be a part of the [[Bulgarian dialects|Bulgarian diasystem]].<ref>Mladenov, Stefan. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.</ref><ref>Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.</ref><ref>Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968, с. 580-582.</ref><ref>Die Slaven in Griechenland von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands, p.324.</ref> This has remained the predominant opinion in Bulgarian linguistics and dialectology and the position of the Bulgarian governments.<ref>{{cite book |title=Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology)|last=Стойков (Stoykov)|first=Стойко |authorlink=Stoyko Stoykov |origyear=1962 |year=2002 |location=София |publisher=Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" |language=Bulgarian |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/index.htm |isbn=9544308466 |oclc=53429452 }}</ref><ref name=unity>{{cite book |author=Institute of Bulgarian Language |title=Unity of the Bulgarian language in the past and today (Единството на българския език в миналото и днес) |publisher=[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1978 |page=p. 4 |language=Bulgarian |location=[[Sofia]] |oclc=6430481}}</ref><ref> Шклифов, Благой. Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори, София 1995, с. 14.</ref><ref>Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VІІІ, с. 201-205,</ref>
-==History==
-[[Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]] began settling in the [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]]  and [[Thrace]] in the 6th and 7th centuries and in the following centuries mixed with the local populations. During [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]], most of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]-Slavic population of Macedonia had not formed a national identity separate from their neighbors and were instead identified through their religious affiliation. In the Middle Ages and later, until XX century the Slav-speaking population of Aegean Macedonia was indentified mostly as Bulgarian or Greek.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=KF0GAAAAQAAJ&dq=Cousin%C3%A9ry+Voyage+dans+la+Mac%C3%A9doine&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=U_MQZRU5bp&sig=GfL8YVz6jzeJfA9rALydncpd2UU&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA15,M1 Cousinéry, Esprit Marie. Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris, 1831, Vol. II, p. 15-17], one of the passages in English - [http://history-of-macedonia.com/wordpress/2008/04/13/french-consul-in-1831-macedonia-consists-of-greeks-and-bulgarians/], [http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606837/index.pdf Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, p. 99, 142],[http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4 Kaloudova, Yordanka. Documents on the situation of the population in the southwestern Bulgarian lands under Turkish rule, Военно-исторически сборник, 4, 1970, p. 72]</ref><ref>Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -[http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/ma1.html#13, http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4]</ref>
-The Muslim Slavic-speakers in [[Western Thrace]] known as [[Pomak]] themselves self-identified predominantly as [[Turkish people|Turks]], because Turks and Pomaks were part of the same [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|''millet'']] during the years of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
-<ref name="GHMPomaks">[http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/english/reports/pomaks.html Report on the Pomaks], by the [[International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|Greek Helsinki Monitor]]</ref>  After [[WWI]], new [[Slav Macedonian]] (Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνας) nationalism began to arise.<ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=j_NbmSoRsRcC&dq=who+are+the+macedonians&pg=PP1&ots=0Knkik_lzT&sig=BjXQx9sHrG4S-CqpgRV4QRhY_Cg&hl=bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA87,M1 Who Are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton Indiana UP, 2000 ISBN 0253213592. p. 85, The Interwar period - Greece. <!-- Citation: ...in common speech the Greek population referred to them as Bulgarians and the notion of them as a separate people, Macedonians, only came later...-->]</ref> In 1934 the [[Comintern]] issued a declaration supporting the development of  Macedonian nationalism<ref>"Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" - Февраль 1934 г, Москва</ref> However today the vast majority of this people espouse a Greek national identity and are bilingual in Greek. The fact that the majority of these people self-identify as Greeks makes their numbers uncertain.
-==Self-Identification==
-The linguistic affiliation of these varieties with either of the two neighbouring standard languages is a matter of some discussion, as is the ethnic affiliation of their speakers. Locally and in the [[Greek language]] they are often referred to simply as "Slavic" (σλάβικα ''slávika'') or "local" (εντόπια ''Entópia'', ''Dópia''). Among self-identifying terms, ''makedonski''{{fact|date=September 2008}} ("Macedonian"), ''bălgarski''<ref>:bg:s:Дописка от село Високо</ref> ("Bulgarian", ''balga&#768;rtzki'' or ''bulga&#768;rtski'' in the region of [[Kostur]]<ref>Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28-33</ref>) and Pomatskou ("Pomak") are also used<ref>[http://www.us-english.org/foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=56&TID=6 U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Greece: Language in everyday life<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> along with ''naši'' ("our own") and ''stariski'' ("old")<ref>http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JxCnAHCCuxYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=macedonians+in+greece&sig=67hHATiJ2xY16hXJ0c8Z3zrX5C8</ref>. In 2008, the Elefterotipia newspaper stated that there are 20,000 people in Greece, speaking a dialect of Bulgarian origin.<ref name=autogenerated3>Στη Δυτική Μακεδονία, κυρίως στις περιοχές της Φλώρινας, της Καστοριάς, της Βέροιας και του Κιλκίς υπάρχουν άνθρωποι οι οποίοι μιλούν (και) μία διάλεκτο που ονομάζουν «μακεντόνσκι», κι έχει ομοιότητες με τη γλώσσα που μιλούν στην ΠΓΔΜ, η οποία, με τη σειρά της, έχει σαφώς βουλγαρικές καταβολές.</ref>
-== Linguistic Opinions ==
-According to [[Peter Trudgill]],
-<blockquote>
-There is, of course, the very interesting [[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache|Ausbau]] sociolinguistic question as to whether the language they speak is [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] or [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], given that both these languages have developed out of the [[South Slavic languages|South Slavonic]] [[dialect continuum]] that embraces also [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Slovenian language|Slovene]]. In former Yugoslav Macedonia and Bulgaria there is no problem, of course. Bulgarians are considered to speak Bulgarian and Macedonians Macedonian. The Slavonic dialects of Greece, however, are "roofless" dialects whose speakers have no access to education in the standard languages. Greek non-linguists, when they acknowledge the existence of these dialects at all, frequently refer to them by the label ''Slavika'', which has the implication of denying that they have any connection with the languages of the neighboring countries. It seems most sensible, in fact, to refer to the language of the Pomaks as Bulgarian and to that of the Christian Slavonic-speakers in Greek Macedonia as Macedonian.<ref>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'', Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref>
-</blockquote>
-According to Roland Schmieger,
-<blockquote>
-Apart from certain peripheral areas in the far east of Greek Macedonia, which in our opinion must be considered as part of the Bulgarian linguistic area (the region around Kavala and in the Rhodope Mountains, as well as the eastern part of Drama ''nomos''), the dialects of the Slav minority in Greece belong to Macedonia [[diasystem]].<ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'' 131, 125-55.</ref>
-</blockquote>
-==Classification and Dialects==
-It is generally accepted that both [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] are both spoken in the north of [[Greece]]. They are split into three major groups: [[Dialects of the Macedonian language|Macedonian]], transitional dialects, and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. This opinion is not accepted by Bulgarian authors who consider all of these dialects, and the [[Macedonian language]] as a whole to be part of the the Western [[Bulgarian dialects]].<ref name="Stoykov">Stoyko Stoykov. ''Bulgarian Dialectology''. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 4th Edition, Sofia, 2002, pp. 170-186</ref>
-===Macedonian Language===
-{{see|Dialects of the Macedonian language}}
-{{see|Bulgarian dialects}}
-[[Image:Mergedcopy.svg|200px|left|thumb|Distribution of the Macedonian language according to the ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'']]
-[[Image:Macedonian Slavic dialects.png|250px|thumb|left|A map showing the various Slavic dialects as spoken in Greece.]]
-Various dialects of the [[Macedonian Language]] are spoken in the Peripheries of [[West Macedonia|West]] and [[Central Macedonia]]<ref>стр.247 Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик, Блаже Конески, Култура- Скопје 1967 </ref>. The [[Dialects of the Macedonian language]] spoken in [[Greece]] include the [[Upper Prespa dialect|Upper]] and [[Lower Prespa dialect]]s, the [[Kostur Dialect|Kastoria Dialect]]<ref>[[:bg:s:Дописка от село Бобища]]</ref>, the [[Nestram-Kostenar dialect]], the [[Florina]] variant of the [[Prilep-Bitola dialect]] and the [[Solun-Voden dialect|Salonica-Edessa Dialect]].<ref>Topolinjska, Z. (1998). "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131</ref> Certain characteristics of the these dialects include the changing of the suffix '''ovi''' to '''oj''' creating the words '''лебови> лебој''' (lebovi> leboj/ bread).<ref>стр. 244 Македонски јазик за средното образование- Стојка Бојковска, Димитар Пандев, Лилјана Минова-Ѓуркова, Живко Цветковски- Просветно дело- Скопје 2001 </ref> Often the intervocalic consonants of /v/, /g/ and /d/ are often lost, changing words from polovina >polojna (a half) and sega > sea (now).<ref>Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC) </ref> In other Phonological and Morphological Characteristics they remain similar to the other South-Eastern dialects spoken in the [[Republic of Macedonia]] and [[Albania]].<ref>Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who Are the Macedonians?, (London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd:107-108.). </ref>
-===Transitional Dialects===
-The [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]] is considered a transitional dialects between [[Macedonian Language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian Language|Bulgarian]] in Macedonian dialectology. In Bulgarian dialectology, [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect|Drama-Ser dialect]] and [[Solun dialect]] are considered Eastern Bulgarian dialects which are transitory between the Western and Eastern [[Bulgarian dialects]] and are grouped as West-Rupian dialects, part of the large Rupian dialect massif of Rhodopes and Thrace .<ref name="Stoykov" /> They are spoken in the peripheral region of [[East Macedonia]] along with a small population in [[Bulgaria]]<ref>Z. Topolińska- B. Vidoeski, Polski~macedonski- gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN, 1984 </ref>. The [[Bulgarian Language|Bulgarian]] vowels of я /ja/ and Й /ji/ are kept, transforming words such as николаи/nikolai into николай/nikolaĭ and Кои/Koj into Кой/Koĭ. Macedonian and Western Bulgarian words like Бел/Bel convert to the Eastern Bulgarian form of бял /bʲal/ (white).<ref>Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131</ref>  Old Church Slavonic ръ/рь and лъ/ль are pronounced as {{IPA|ər}} and {{IPA|əl}}, respectively (cf. ръ/ър ({{IPA|rə}}/{{IPA|ər}}) and лъ/ъл ({{IPA|lə}}/{{IPA|əl}}) in [[Bulgarian language|Standard Bulgarian]] and vocalic r/oл ({{IPA|ɔl}}) in [[Macedonian language|Standard Macedonian]])<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book
-|last=Sussex
-  |first=Roland
-  |coauthors=Paul Cubberley
-  |title=The Slavic Languages
-  |publisher=Cambridge University Press
-  |date=2006
-  |pages=p.509
-  |isbn=0521223156 }}</ref><ref name="Stoykov" />. Likewise, Old Church Slavonic [[yus]] and ъ are both pronounced with the [[schwa]] ({{IPA|ə}}) as in Bulgarian, rather than as {{IPA|a}} and {{IPA|ɔ}}, respectively, as in Macedonian<ref name=autogenerated1 />. The sound х/h also adopts the Bulgarian pronunciation of х/kh. The dialect's also have many similarities to both the [[Bulgarian Language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian Language|Macedonian]] diasystems are often placed in both.<ref> Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press</ref>
-===Bulgarian language and the Pomak Dialects===
-{{see|Bulgarian dialects}}
-[[Image:Bgmap yat.png|right|300px|thumb|The ''[[Yat]]'' split in the [[Bulgarian Language]].]]
-The [[Bulgarian Language]] in [[Western Thrace]] is called in Greece the "Pomak language" or the "Pomak dialects". The Pomak dialects are mainly spoken and taught at primary school level in the [[Pomak]] regions of Greece, which are primarily in the [[Rhodope Mountains]]. The language in Greek is known as 'Pomatskou' and taught in the Greek alphabet. The main school manual is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The number of Pomaks ranges from 30,000 to 90,000 whose presence dates from the days of the Byzantine empire. It is used by many of the Pomak speakers on either side of the Bulgarian-Greek border. The dialects are on the Eastern side of the [[Yat border|Yat isogloss]] of Bulgarian yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. The standard Bulgarian language is not taught in Greece.
-Many Greek linguists do not classify the Slavic languages spoken in [[Greece]] to be part of any diasystem or any particular Language.<ref>Trudgill, P. (1992) "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe" in International Journal of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167-177 </ref>
-== Usage of Slavic Languages in Greece ==
-The use of any [[Slavic language]] in the area now known as [[Greece]] has been prominent since the invasion of [[Slavic peoples#Slavic migrations|Slavic tribes]] in the 5th and 6th centuries. Although some [[Slavs]] were [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] or assimilated over time, many especially in the north of the country were not. As languages were codified in the 19th and 20th century many people began to identify their language as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and later [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]. After the Balkan wars many Slavs from [[Greek Macedonia]] who identified as [[Bulgarians]] left [[Greece]] for [[Bulgaria]]<ref>Human Rights Watch
-</ref>. After the [[Second World War]] many [[Macedonian Language]] speakers also left [[Greece]]. The 1951 Greek Census reported c.40,000 people who declared their mother language to be Slavic or Slav-Macedonian<ref>[http://www.usefoundation.org/foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=56&TID=6 U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Greece: Language in everyday life<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>. According to Anthropologist Ricki van Boeschoten study of the Florina area, 64% of the rural inhabitants were Slavic speakers, this was form a cross range of 43 villages.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E7Gzg0KHP9kC&pg=PA119&dq=child+refugees+macedonia&sig=ACfU3U0dbq7f65smdmL5HUx0tLXhsLJOLQ#PPA124,M1]</ref> Since then no Greek census has asked questions regarding mother language.
-===Distribution===
-[[Image:Greece linguistic minorities.svg|thumb|right|200px|Traditional non-Greek languages zones in Greece. ''Note'': Greek is the dominant language throughout Greece; inclusion in a non-Greek language zone does not necessarily imply that the relevant minority language is still spoken there.<ref>See Ethnologue ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=MK&seq=10]); Euromosaic, ''Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce'', ''L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce'', ''Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce'', and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, ''The Turkish language in education in Greece''. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), ''Language and nationalism in Europe'', Oxford University Press 2000.</ref>]]
-The Distribution of the [[Macedonian language]] and [[Bulgarian language]] in [[Greece]] varies widely. Much of the population is concentrated in the [[Prefectures of Greece|Greek prefectures]] of [[Florina Prefecture|Florina]], [[Kastoria Prefecture|Kastoria]], [[Pella Prefecture|Pella]], [[Kilkis Prefecture]] and [[Imathia Prefecture|Imathia]]. With a smaller [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] speaking population in [[East Macedonia and Thrace|Thrace]]. Their has never been a large Slavic speaking population in the [[Chalcidice]], [[Pieria]] and the [[Kavala Prefecture]]<ref>Minority Rights Group,''Minorities in the Balkans'', page 75.</ref>
-===Population Estimates===
-The exact numbers of speakers in Greece is hard to ascertain. Jacques Bacid estimates in his book that "over 200,000<sup>1</sup> Macedonian speakers remained in Greece"<ref>Jacques Bacid, Ph.D. Macedonia Through the Ages. Columbia University, 1983.</ref>. Other sources put the numbers of speakers at 180,000<sup>2</sup><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9479/makedonia.html GeoNative - Macedonia<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>L. M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995, Princeton University Press</ref>, 220,000<sup>1</sup><ref>Hill, P. (1999) "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative study of recent developments". Nationalities Papers Volume 27, 1 March 1999, page 44(14)</ref> 250,000<ref>[Macedonia and Greece - The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation Macedonia and Greece - The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation, John Shea]</ref>and 300,000<ref>Poulton, H.(2000), "Who are the Macedonians?",C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</ref>.The Encyclopedia Brittanica<ref>http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat077.pdf</ref><sup>2</sup> and the Reader's Digest World Guide<sup>1</sup>. both put the figure of [[Ethnic Macedonians]] in [[Greece]] at 0.8% or c.20,000 people, they put the figure for [[Pomaks]] at .9% or c.100,000 people, with the native language roughly corresponding with the figures. The UCLA also states that there is 20,000 [[Slavic language|Slavic]] speakers in [[Greece]] and 30,000 [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] speakers.<ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=37&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>. The European Commission on language states no official number but acknkowledges that the languages ([[Slavic language|Slavic]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]) spoken number into the hundreds of thousands.<sup>1</sup><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm European Commission<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
-<sup>1</sup> This refers to speakers regardless of Ethnic identity.
-<sup>2</sup> No information is given regarding how the figures were obtained.
-== Education ==
-[[Image:Abecedar.JPG|thumb|left|A Slavic language [[Abecedar]] schoolbook.]]
-[[Image:Distribution of Races on the Balkans in 1922 Hammond.png|thumb|200px|Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1922, Racial Map Of Europe by Hammond & Co. "Macedonian Slavs" shown as Bulgarians and Serbs]]
-[[Image:Hellenism in the Near East 1918.jpg|thumb|Right|200px|Greek ethnographic map of south-eastern Balkans, showing the Macedonian Slavs as a separate people, by Professor George Soteriadis, Edward Stanford, London, 1918.]]
-Under the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920 (which was never ratified [http://www2.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/3E053BC1-EB11-404A-BA3E-A4B861C647EC/0/1923_lausanne_treaty.doc]), Greece undertook the obligation to open schools for minority-language children. In 1925 the government of Greece submitted copies of a schoolbook called [[Abecedar]], which was written in the Slavic language for the Slavophone children and published by the Greek Ministry of Education, to the [[League of Nations]] as evidence that they were carrying out these obligations. [[Abecedar]] was written in a newly adapted variety of the [[Latin alphabet]] for the Slavic language in Greece, and not in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] which was the official alphabet of neighboring [[Bulgaria]] and [[Serbia]]
-- this also shows the intent of the Greek government to create a distinctively Slavic minority, not a Bulgarian or Serbian minority; the result being that Bulgaria and Serbia would have no right to interfere in Greece's internal affairs.
-In October 2006 [http://florina.org/html/2006/abecedar.html] [http://florina.org/html/2006/abecedar_vinozhito_gr.html] [http://florina.org/html/abecedar/main.html], the [[Rainbow (political party)|Rainbow Party]] in Greece reprinted the original [[Abecedar]] Slavic language primer in [[Thessaloníki]], Greece, which was printed in [[Athens]] in 1925 and was based on the [[Florina|Florina/Lerin]] dialect, as well as an up to date primer in the standardized [[Macedonian language]] and [[Macedonian alphabet|script]] as taught in the [[Republic of Macedonia]] and presented it to the Greek Ambassador to the OSCE, Mr Manesis [http://florina.org/html/2006/macedonian_language_primer.html] [http://florina.org/html/2006/macedonian_language_primer_gr.html]. The book is being distributed to people who identify as [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] speakers in northern Greece and it has been successfully promoted in the city of [[Thessaloníki]] [http://florina.org/html/2006/presentation_of_abecedar_in_solun.html].
-At present there is no formal teaching of this language within [[Greece]]<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223 Greek Helsinki Monitor (Ghm) &<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> but it is possible to attain a private tutor. The language is used primarily in the home and within informal situations.<ref name=autogenerated2 />.
-== The Metaxas regime ==
-On the [[August 4|4th August]] 1936 the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[4th of August Regime|regime]] of General [[Ioannis Metaxas|Metaxas]] came to power, and a new state sponsored policy of [[Hellenisation]] was enacted. The aim was to Hellenise all the non-Greek speaking Orthodox Christian populations within the Greek state's territory; other Balkan countries ([[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Albania]]) respectively followed similar policies. In Greece, the ensuing result left the Slavic speakers (and other minority speech communities) forcibly suppressed, and their privileges under the Treaty of Sèvres withdrawn. Policies of the Metaxas regime included forcible Hellenization of Personal and Surnames, Punishment for speaking a non-Greek language and changing of all Slavic toponyms<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>[http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/macedoni/fr/i1/i1.html Denying Ethnic Identity, The Macedonians of Greece]</ref>.
-== Present situation ==
-At present, the number of [[Minorities in Greece#Slavic-speaking|Slavophones]] in Greece is unknown. In the latest census posing a question on mother tongue (1951), 41,017 people declared themselves speakers of Slavic. Almost all Slavic speakers today in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]] also speak [[Greek language|Greek]]{{Fact|date=April 2008}} and most regard themselves as ethnically and culturally Greek{{Fact|date=September 2008}}. Many of those for whom a non-Greek identity was particularly important have tended to leave Greece during the past eighty years{{Fact|date=April 2008}}. Very few speakers can understand written Macedonian and Bulgarian and according to Euromosaic, the dialects spoken in Greece are mutually intelligible<ref>[http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/macedoni/fr/i1/i1.html Euromosaic - Le [slavo&#93;macédonien / bulgare en Grèce<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> as is the case with the [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] languages. Some linguists used the term "Greek-Slavic" instead of the confusing interchangable terms "Macedonian" and "Bulgarian".
-==Political Representation==
-A political party that promotes the concept and rights of the "[[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] minority in Greece", and refers to the Slavic language as [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] - the [[Rainbow (political party)|Rainbow Party]] (Ουράνιο Τόξο) - was founded in September 1998, and received 2,955 votes in the region of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] in the 2004 elections. Rainbow didn't participate in the [[Greek legislative election, 2007]] citing financial reasons<ref>[http://www.florina.org/html/2007/2007_efa_rainbow_elections_gr.html Press release of Rainbow]</ref>.Similarly, a pro-Bulgarian political website, known as [[Bulgarian Human Rights in Macedonia]] (Βουλγαρικά Ανθρώπινα Δικαιώματα στη Μακεδονία) was founded in June 2000, promoting the concept and rights of what they describe as the "[[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] minority in Greece", and prefers to designate the local Slavic language as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. Currently this political party operates only a website.
-== See also ==
-* [[Greece]]
-* [[Aegean Macedonians]]
-* [[Macedonia (Greece)]]
-* [[Bulgarian language]]
-* [[Macedonian language]]
-* [[Bulgarians]]
-* [[Macedonians (ethnic group)]]
-* [[Minorities in Greece#Slavic-speaking|Slavic speaking minority of Greece]]
-* [[Slavic peoples]]
-* [[Slavic languages]]
-==References==
-<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
-<references />
-</div>
-== Bibliography ==
-*[[Peter Trudgill|Trudgill P.]] (2000) "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity" in ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'' (Oxford : Oxford University Press)
-* Iakovos D. Michailidis  (1996) "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer 'Abecedar'". Journal of Modern Greek Studies'' 14.2 329-343 [http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/downloads/library/Michai01.pdf]
-{{Slavic languages}}
+'''Clarence Swenson''' (born [[December 29]], [[1917]]) is an [[United States|American]] actor and one of the last surviving [[munchkin]]s from the 1939 film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz'']].
-[[Category:Slavic languages]]
-[[Category:Languages of Greece]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Swenson, Clarence}}
-[[de:Ägäis-Mazedonische Sprache]]
+[[Category:1917 births]]
+[[Category:American film actors]]
+[[Category:Living people]]