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[[Image:Junge Hamer in Südäthiopien.jpg|thumb|A woman wearing traditional clothing in Southern [[Ethiopia]]. Many societies have no cultural proscriptions on females going bare-breasted.]]
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[[Image:Topless Barcelona.jpg|thumb|Women sunbathing topless on a beach in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]].]]
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{{Userboxtop}}
'''Topfreedom''' is a [[social movement]] seeking the recognition of a right of women and girls to be [[toplessness|topfree]] in public where men and boys have that right. The topfreedom movement objects to the risqué connotations of the term "[[topless]]" and usually prefers the term "topfree." Examples of [[public space]]s at which topfreedom might be exercised include [[beach]]es, [[swimming pool]]s and [[park]]s, although the principles of the movement admit of no restriction in location. The reasons include keeping nursing mothers from having to hide for [[breastfeeding]], [[sun tanning]], comfort, and [[gender equality]].
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{{User WP Math}}
[[Toplessness]] in public by women is illegal in many states of the [[United States]]<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/toplessness004.html Topfreedom: The Fundamental Right of Women<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Some states do not have laws against toplessness, but permit local bodies (such as cities) to make laws for their areas. In the United States, where resistance to toplessness of women is greater than in mainland [[Europe]] or [[Australia]], a small '''topfree equality''' movement has grown. The term "topfree" is used as an alternative to "topless", which may carry negative connotations. Some women prefer the term "shirtfree rights".
{{User Engineer}}

{{User WP Engineering}}
In February [[2005]] in [[California]], attorney Liana Johnsson contended that under [[Megan's Law]], women convicted of [[indecent exposure]] (for [[breastfeeding]] or [[sun tanning|sunbathing]]) could find themselves listed as [[sex offender]]s alongside [[rape|rapists]] and [[Sexual abuse#Child sexual abuse|child molesters]]. In 1991 in [[Canada]], Gwen Jacob was arrested for walking down a street in [[Guelph, Ontario]] while topless. She was acquitted in 1996 by the highest court in [[Ontario]]. A similar case had arisen for the Rochester Topfree Seven, charged in 1986 in [[Rochester, New York]] but acquitted in 1992.
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==Cultural arguments==
[[Image:Namibie Himba 0716a.jpg|thumb|left|Namibian young woman in traditional clothes]]

Western culture generally tends to oppose public female toplessness because of the idea that females' breasts are sexual organs, and thus [[decency|indecent]]. In contrast, the male chest is not commonly considered to be sexual.

Biologically there is no particular connection between mammary glands and copulation, but some cultures have regarded the exhibition of breasts as sexually arousing (others have also so regarded the exhibition of the chests of men). Some zoologists (notably [[Desmond Morris]]) believe that through human evolution, female breasts have acquired secondary sexual characteristics as a counterpart of the buttocks in other primates.<ref name=nakedape>{{cite book|author=Morris, Desmond | title=The Naked Ape : A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal|publisher=Dell|date=1999|isbn=0-385-33430-3|}} </ref> For more information, see [[breast]].

Some courts in North America have ruled that mammary glands are nurturing organs, not sexual organs, a relevant distinction in light of laws in certain jurisdictions that specifically restrict the public display of sexual organs.

==Topfree in North America==
Some places in North America have topfree equality by law, although whether such equality is practiced varies. These include:
*Some provinces of [[Canada]] including
**[[British Columbia]]
**[[Manitoba]]
**[[Ontario]]<ref name="QueenvsJacobs">Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. Judgment C12668, The Queen vs. Gwen Jacob (1996)</ref> (where equality has been tested and upheld several times)

*Some states of the [[United States]], including
**[[California]] coast, such as [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]
**[[Hawaii]] {{Fact|date=March 2008}}
**[[Maine]] (ex.<ref>[http://www.stater.kent.edu/stories_old/98fall/110698/n2a.html http://www.stater.kent.edu/stories_old/98fall/110698/n2a.html] ''Stater.kent.edu'' </ref><ref>[http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm] ''Seacoastonline.com'' </ref>)
**[[New York]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The People v. Ramona Santorelli and Mary Lou Schloss, No. 115 COURT OF APPEALS OF NEW YORK July 7, 1992
**[[Ohio]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}} State v. Jetter (1991), 74 Ohio App. 3d. 535, 599 N.E. 2d 733
**[[Texas]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

*Some cities and localities of the [[United States]], including
**[[Boulder, Colorado]]
**[[Eugene, Oregon]]
***[[Oregon Country Fair]]
**[[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach, Florida]]
**[[Key West, Florida]]
***[[Fantasy Fest]]
**[[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
***[[Mardis Gras]]
**[[Washington, D.C.]]
**[[Columbus, OH]]
Even where topfree is legal, police might still arrest those practicing it for [[disorderly conduct]] or similar charges.

==Topfree in other places==
[[Image:174363504 c5794acec0 o.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bodypainting|Bodypainted]] sports fans in Germany.]]
In some European countries and [[Australia]], it is well-established that females may go topfree at places such as beaches, parks, and outdoor swimming pools. That might be by law (''permitted'') or might be by common consent, with the law simply not being applied (''tolerated''). In other areas with more conservative social norms, women are prohibited from being topfree in any public place.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}

A protest movement called "Bara Bröst" appeared in Sweden in September 2007 to promote women's right to be topless in places where men could also be topless. Several events were staged in public swimbaths in September and October.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=76183&in_page_id=2 Metro.co.uk, November 19, 2007] ''Swedes fight for topless rights'' </ref> While toplessness is not illegal, several private or public establishments in Sweden have a [[dress code]] which demand that everyone wear tops: topless individuals can be denied access or thrown out.

==Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)==
The '''Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)'''<ref>[http://www.tera.ca http://www.tera.ca] ''Tera.ca'' </ref> is a Canadian organization for helping women who have legal troubles exercising their rights to go 'topfree' where men are able to. Their Web site states that they serve both Canada and the United States.

The organization also aims to inform and educate the public about topfreedom. They campaign to change laws against topfreedom which exist in most North American [[jurisdiction]]s, which laws they see as [[sexism|sex discrimination]] and inhibiting to breastfeeding.

==See also==
*[[Barechested]]
*[[Gender equality]]
*[[Monokini]]
*[[National Cleavage Day]]
*[[Naturism]]
*[[Nudity]]
*[[Public nudity]]
*[[Sexism]]
*[[Taboo]]
*[[Toplessness]]

===Organizations===
*[[Naturist Action Committee]] (NAC)
*[[Topfree equality#Topfree Equal Rights Association .28TERA.29|Topfree Equal Rights Association]] (TERA)
*[[Clothes free organizations]]
*[[World Naked Bike Ride]]

===People===
*Judy E. Williams: NAC board member, chief advisor of TERA, chair of Wreck Beach Preservation Society (WBPS) in Vancouver, BC
*Gwen Jacob: test case for topfreedom who won in Ontario, Canada.<ref name="QueenvsJacobs"/>
*Linda Meyer: test case for topfreedom for British Columbia. On [[June 8]], [[2000]], she won in court against Maple Ridge, BC. She had been arrested at the District of Maple Ridge's indoor public swimming pool. That was after she had provoked arrests for many years, and had gone to jail, in order to win in court and thereby stop official harassment for her topfree public activities.
*Paul Rapoport: topfree activist, writer, editor of ''Going Natural'', a publication of FCN.
*[[Sue Richards (artist)|Sue Richards]]: Publisher of the topfree, breast health calendar Breast of Canada.
*Morley Schloss: NAC board member, topfree activist.
*[[Nikki Craft]]: [[feminist]], past [[shirtfree]] rights activist, now disaffiliated from the movement.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.topfreeaction.com/ Topfree Action.]
*[http://gotopless.org National Gotopless Day] Saturday Aug 23rd 2008 (affiliated with [[Raëlism]])
*[http://www.savecalifornia.com/getpluggedin/latimes_12205.php "Woman Promotes the Right to Go Topless"] from ''Los Angeles Times'', January 2005.
<!-- above is a working link version of the same article commented out here
*[http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-topless22jan22,0,3775804.story?coll=la-home-local 2005 Legal Battle in California (broken link).]
-->
*[http://www.tera.ca/ Topfree Equal Rights Association.]
*[http://www.007b.com/topfreedom.php What is topfreedom? article.]
*[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb%2Dtxt/sc/00/09/s00%2D0902.htm Maple Ridge vs. Meyer 2000 BCSC 902.]
*[http://topfreedom.org/ Topfreedom.org is A place to share your Travel experiences about topfreedom.]
*[http://www.contra.org/lifestyles/naturist/topfree7.html New York State Court of Appeals Decision overturning the convictions of Rochester, NY's "Topfree 7".]
*[http://barabrost.blogg.se/ "Bara Bröst" (english: Only/Bare Breast), Swedish Network to promote womens right to be topless] ''(In Swedish and English)''.

{{nudity}}

[[Category:Breast]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]
[[Category:Nudity]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Social movements]]
[[Category:Protest tactics]]

[[sv:Topfreedom]]
[[ca:Topfree]]
[[it:Topfree]]

Revision as of 05:43, 13 October 2008

Projects In progress:

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