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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> |
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| name = Pablo Neruda |
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| awards = {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1971}} |
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| image = Pablo Neruda.jpg |
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| birthname = Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto |
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| birthdate = {{birth date|1904|7|12|mf=y}} |
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| birthplace = [[Parral, Chile|Parral]], [[Chile]] |
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| deathdate = {{death date and age|1973|9|23|1904|7|12|mf=y}} |
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| deathplace = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] |
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| occupation = [[Poet]], [[Diplomat]], [[Political figure]] |
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}} |
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== October 2008 == |
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'''Pablo Neruda''' ([[July 12]], [[1904]]–[[September 23]], [[1973]]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the [[Chile]]an writer and politician '''Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto'''. |
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[[Image:Information.png|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. The <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro?diff=244814621 recent edit]</span> you made to [[:Mohenjo-daro]] has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. You may also wish to read the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction to editing]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-huggle1 --> [[User:Tohd8BohaithuGh1|Tohd8BohaithuGh1]] ([[User talk:Tohd8BohaithuGh1|talk]]) 18:11, 12 October 2008 (UTC) |
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With his works translated into many languages, Pablo Neruda is considered one of the greatest and most influential poets of the 20th century. |
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Neruda was accomplished in a variety of styles ranging from erotically charged love poems like his collection ''[[Twenty Poems of Love and a Song of Despair]]'', [[surrealism|surrealist]] poems, historical epics, and overtly political manifestos. In 1971 Neruda won the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]], a controversial award because of his political [[activism]]. [[Colombian]] novelist [[Gabriel García Márquez]] once called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language".<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3319014 A Reading in Honor of Pablo Neruda's Centennial : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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On [[July 15]], [[1945]] at [[Pacaembu Stadium]] in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], he read to 100,000 people at a reading in honor of Communist revolutionary [[Luís Carlos Prestes]].<ref>[http://www.neruda.uchile.cl/cronologia/cronologia6.htm Neruda | La vida del poeta | Cronología | 1944–1953], Fundación Neruda, University of Chile. Accessed online 29 December 2006.</ref> Upon returning to Chile after his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, [[Salvador Allende]] invited Neruda to read at the [[Estadio Nacional de Chile|Estadio Nacional]] before 70,000 people.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Wyman |
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| first = Eva Goldschmidt Wyman |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = Fuentes, Zurita Harris, Victoria Frankel Montealegre, Jorge |
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| title = The Poets and The General: Chile's Voices Of Dissent Under Augusto Pinochet |
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| publisher = Lom Ediciones |
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| date = December 2002 |
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| location = |
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| pages = 18 |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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| isbn = }} |
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</ref> |
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During his lifetime, Neruda occupied many diplomatic posts and served a stint as senator for the Chilean Communist Party. When Conservative Chilean President [[Gabriel González Videla| González Videla]] outlawed communism in Chile, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months in a basement of a home in the Chilean port of [[Valparaíso]]. Neruda then escaped into exile through a mountain pass near [[Maihue Lake]] into Argentina. Years later, Neruda was a close collaborator to [[Socialism|socialist]] President [[Salvador Allende]]. |
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Hospitalized with cancer at the time of the Chilean coup d'état led by [[Augusto Pinochet]], Neruda died of heart failure twelve days later. Already a legend in life, Neruda's death became charged with an intense symbolism that reverberated around the world. Pinochet had denied permission to transform Neruda's funeral into a public event, but thousands of grieving Chileans disobeyed the curfew, flooding the streets in tribute<ref>"Pablo Neruda, The Poet's Calling" [http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php]</ref>{{Fact|date=February 2008}}. Neruda's funeral became the first public protest against the Chilean military dictatorship. |
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Neruda assumed his pen name as a teenager, partly because it was in vogue, partly to hide his poetry from his father, a rigid man who wanted his son to have a "practical" occupation. Neruda's pen name was derived from [[Czech people|Czech]] writer and poet [[Jan Neruda]]; Pablo is thought to be from Paul Verlaine. It later became his legal name. |
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==Early years== |
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Ricardo Eliezer Neftalí Reyes y Basoalto was born in [[Parral, Chile|Parral]], a city in [[Linares Province]] in the [[Maule Region]], some 400 km south of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]. His father, José del Carmen Reyes Morales, was a railway employee; his mother, Rosa Basoalto, was a school teacher who died two months after he was born. Neruda and his father soon moved to [[Temuco]], where his father married Trinidad Candia Marverde, a woman with whom he had had a child nine years earlier, a boy named Rodolfo. Neruda also grew up with his half-sister Laura, one of his father's children by another woman. |
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The young Neruda was christened "Neftalí", his late mother's middle name. His father was opposed to Neruda's interest in writing and literature, but Neruda received encouragement from others, including future Nobel Prize winner [[Gabriela Mistral]], who headed the local girls' school. His first published work was an essay he wrote for the local daily newspaper, ''La Mañana'', at the age of thirteen: ''Entusiasmo y perseverancia'' ("Enthusiasm and Perseverance"). By 1920, when he adopted the pseudonym of Pablo Neruda, he was a published author of poetry, prose, and journalism. |
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==''Veinte poemas''== |
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In the following year (1921), he moved to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] to study [[French language|French]] at the [[Universidad de Chile]] with the intention of becoming a teacher, but soon Neruda was devoting himself full time to poetry. In 1923 his first volume of verse, ''Crepusculario'' ("Book of Twilights"), was published, followed the next year by ''[[Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada]]'' ("Twenty Love Poems and a Desperate Song"), a collection of love poems that was controversial for its eroticism, especially considering its author's young age. Both works were critically acclaimed and were translated into many languages. Over the decades, ''Veinte poemas'' would sell millions of copies and become Neruda's best-known work. |
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Neruda's reputation was growing both inside and outside of [[Chile]], but he was plagued by poverty. In 1927, out of desperation, he took an honorary consulship in [[Yangon|Rangoon]], then a part of colonial [[Myanmar|Burma]] and a place of which he had never heard before. Later, he worked stints in [[Colombo]] ([[Ceylon]]), [[Jakarta|Batavia]] ([[Java (island)|Java]]), and [[Singapore]]. In Java he met and married his first wife, a tall Dutch bank employee named Maryka Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang. While on diplomatic service, Neruda read large amounts of poetry and experimented with many different poetic forms. He wrote the first two volumes of ''Residencia en la tierra,'' which included many [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] poems, later to become famous. |
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==Spanish Civil War== |
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After returning to Chile, Neruda was given diplomatic posts in [[Buenos Aires]] and then [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]. He later replaced Gabriela Mistral as consul in [[Madrid]], where he became the center of a lively literary circle, befriending such writers as [[Rafael Alberti]], [[Federico García Lorca]], and the [[Peru]]vian poet [[César Vallejo]]. A daughter, Malva Marina Trinidad, was born in Madrid in 1934; she was to be plagued with health problems, especially [[hydrocephalus]], for the whole of her short life. During this period, Neruda became slowly estranged from his wife and took up with Delia del Carril, an [[Argentina|Argentine]] woman who was twenty years his senior and who would eventually become his second wife. He divorced from his Dutch wife in 1936, who moved to the Netherlands with his only child; this child died in 1943. |
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As Spain became engulfed in civil war, Neruda became intensely politicized for the first time. His experiences of the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath moved him away from distinctive, privately focused labor in the direction of collective obligation and better cohesion. Neruda became an ardent [[communist]], and remained so for the rest of his life. The radical leftist politics of his literary friends, as well as that of del Carril, were contributing factors, but the most important catalyst was the execution of [[García Lorca]] by forces loyal to [[Francisco Franco]]. By means of his speeches and writings, Neruda threw his support behind the Republican side, publishing a collection of poetry called ''España en el corazón'' ("Spain in My Heart"). Neruda’s wife and child moved to [[Monte Carlo]]; he was never to see either of them again. After leaving his wife, he took up full time with del Carril in [[France]]. |
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Following the election in 1938 of President [[Pedro Aguirre Cerda]], whom Neruda supported, he was appointed special consul for Spanish emigration in [[Paris]]. There Neruda was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in [[Concentration camps in France|squalid camps]], to Chile on an old boat called the ''[[Winnipeg (ship)|Winnipeg]]''. Neruda is sometimes charged with only selecting Communists for emigration while excluding others who had fought on the side of the Republic {{Fact|date=September 2007}}; others deny these accusations, pointing out that Neruda chose only a few hundred of the refugees personally; the rest were selected by the Service for the Evacuation of Spanish Refugees, set up by [[Juan Negrín]], president of the Spanish Republican government-in-exile. |
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==Mexico== |
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Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in [[Mexico City]], where he spent the years 1940 to 1943. While in Mexico, he divorced Hagenaar, married del Carril, and learned that his daughter had died, age eight, in the Nazi-occupied [[Netherlands]] from her many health problems. He also became a friend of the Stalinist assassin [[Vittorio Vidali]] [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:RG1ai3t2lAwJ:trovamex.com/n/modules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D4+Neruda+%22Vittorio+vidali%22&hl=en]. |
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After the failed 1940 assassination attempt against [[Leon Trotsky]], Neruda arranged a Chilean visa for the Mexican painter [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] who was accused of having been one of the conspirators. Neruda later said he did it at the request of Mexican President [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]]. This enabled Siqueiros, then jailed, to leave Mexico for Chile, where he stayed at Neruda's private residence. In exchange for Neruda's assistance, Siqueiros spent over a year painting a mural in a school in [[Chillán]]. Neruda's relationship with Siqueiros attracted criticism and Neruda dismissed the allegations that his intent had been to help an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary harassment". In Mexico, Pablo Neruda met the famous Mexican writer Octavio Paz where he nearly came to blows in 1942. |
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==Return to Chile== |
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In 1943, following his return to Chile, Neruda made a tour of [[Peru]], where he visited [[Machu Picchu]]. The austere beauty of the [[Inca]] citadel later inspired [[The Heights of Macchu Picchu|''Alturas de Macchu Picchu'']], a book-length poem in twelve parts which he completed in 1945 and which marked a growing awareness and interest in the ancient civilizations of the Americas: themes he was to explore further in ''[[Canto General]]''. In this work, Neruda celebrated the achievement of Machu Picchu, but also condemned the slavery which had made it possible. In the Canto XII, he called upon the dead of many centuries to be born again and to speak through him. [[Martin Espada]], poet and professor of creative writing at the [[University of Massachusetts]], has hailed the work as a masterpiece, declaring that "there is no greater political poem". |
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==Neruda and Stalinism== |
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Bolstered by his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, Neruda, like many left-leaning intellectuals of his generation, came to admire the [[Soviet Union]] of [[Joseph Stalin]], partly for the role it played in defeating [[Nazi Germany]] (poems ''Canto a Stalingrado'' (1942) and ''Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado'' (1943)). In 1953 Neruda was awarded the [[Stalin Peace Prize]]. On Stalin's death that same year, Neruda wrote an ode to him, as he also (during [[World War II]]) wrote praise of [[Fulgencio Batista]] (''Saludo a Batista'', i.e ''Salute to Batista'') and later of [[Fidel Castro]] [http://libros.libertaddigital.com/articulo.php/1276229962]. |
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His fervent Stalinism eventually drove a wedge between Neruda and longtime friend [[Octavio Paz]] who commented that "''Neruda became more and more Stalinist, while I became less and less enchanted with Stalin''". Their differences came to a head after the 1939 Nazi-Soviet [[Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact]] when they almost came to blows in an argument over Stalin. Although Paz still considered Neruda "''the greatest poet of his generation''", in an essay on [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] he wrote that when he <blockquote>thinks of … Neruda and other famous Stalinist writers I feel the gooseflesh that I get from reading certain passages of Dante’s Inferno. No doubt they began in good faith, but insensibly, commitment by commitment, they saw themselves becoming entangled in a mesh of lies, falsehoods, deceits and perjuries, until they lost their souls.</blockquote> |
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Neruda called [[Lenin]] the "great genius of this century". Another speech ([[June 5]], [[1946]]) is a tribute to the late Soviet leader [[Mikhail Kalinin]], who for Neruda was "man of noble life", "the great constructor of the future", "a comrade of arms of Lenin and Stalin". [http://libros.libertaddigital.com/articulo.php/1276229541] |
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Neruda later came to rue his support of the Soviet leader; after [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s famous [[Secret Speech]] [[20th Party Congress]] in 1956, in which he denounced the "[[cult of personality]]" that surrounded Stalin and accused him of committing crimes during the [[Great Purges]], Neruda wrote in his memoirs "I had contributed to my share to the personality cult," explaining that "in those days, Stalin seemed to us the conqueror who had crushed [[Hitler]]'s armies". Of a subsequent visit to [[China]] in 1957, Neruda would later write: "What has estranged me from the Chinese revolutionary process has not been [[Mao Zedong|Mao Tse-tung]] but Mao Tse-tungism", which he dubbed Mao Tse-Stalinism: "the repetition of a cult of a Socialist deity". However, despite his disillusionment with Stalin, Neruda never lost his essential faith in communism and remained loyal to "the Party". Anxious not to give ammunition to his ideological enemies, he would later refuse publicly to condemn the Soviet repression of [[dissident]] writers like [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Joseph Brodsky]]: an attitude with which even some of his staunchest admirers disagreed. |
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==Senator== |
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On [[March 4]], [[1945]] Neruda was elected a [[Communist]] party [[Senate of Chile|senator]] for the northern provinces of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]] and [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] in the arid and inhospitable [[Atacama Desert]]. He officially joined the [[Communist Party of Chile]] four months later. |
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In 1946, Radical Party presidential candidate [[Gabriel González Videla]] asked Neruda to act as his campaign manager. González Videla was supported by a coalition of left-wing parties and Neruda fervently campaigned on his behalf. Once in office, however, González Videla turned against the Communist Party. The breaking point for Senator Neruda was the violent repression of a Communist-led miners' strike in [[Lota, Chile|Lota]] in October 1947, where striking workers were herded into island military prisons and a concentration camp in the town of [[Pisagua]]. Neruda's criticism of González Videla culminated in a dramatic speech in the Chilean senate on [[6 January]], [[1948]] called ''Yo acuso'' ("I accuse"), in the course of which he read out the names of the miners and their families who were imprisoned at the concentration camp. |
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==Exile== |
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A few weeks later, Neruda went into hiding and he and his wife were smuggled from house to house, hidden by supporters and admirers for the next thirteen months. While in hiding, Senator Neruda was removed from office and in September 1948 the Communist Party was banned altogether under the ''Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia'' (Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy), called by critics the ''Ley Maldita'' ("Accursed Law"), which eliminated over 26,000 people from the electoral registers, thus stripping them of their right to vote. Neruda's life underground ended in March 1949 when he fled over the [[Andes Mountains]] to [[Argentina]] on horseback. He would dramatically recount his escape from Chile in his Nobel Prize lecture. |
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Once out of Chile, he spent the next three years in exile. In [[Buenos Aires]] a friend of Neruda, the future Nobel winner and novelist [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], was cultural attaché to the Guatemalan embassy. There was some slight resemblance between the two men, so Neruda went to Europe using Asturias's passport. [[Pablo Picasso]] arranged his entrance into [[Paris]]{{Fact|date=August 2008}} and Neruda made a surprise appearance there to a stunned [[World Congress of Peace Forces]], the Chilean government meanwhile denying{{Fact|date=August 2008}} that the poet could have escaped the country. |
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Neruda spent those three years traveling extensively throughout [[Europe]] as well as taking trips to [[India]], [[China]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. His trip to [[Mexico]] in late 1949 was lengthened due to a serious bout of [[phlebitis]]. A Chilean singer named [[Matilde Urrutia]] was hired to care for him and they began an affair that would, years later, culminate in marriage. During his exile,Urrutia would travel from country to country shadowing him and they would arrange meetings whenever they could. Matilde Urrutia was the muse for "Los versos del Capitán", which he later published anonymously in 1952. |
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While in Mexico Neruda also published his lengthy epic poem ''[[Canto General]]'', a [[Walt Whitman|Whitmanesque]] catalog of the history, geography, and flora and fauna of [[South America]], accompanied by Neruda's observations and experiences. Many of them dealt with his time underground in Chile, which is when he composed much of the poem. In fact, he had carried the manuscript with him on his escape on horseback. A month later, a different edition of five thousand copies was boldly published in Chile by the outlawed Communist Party based on a manuscript Neruda had left behind. In Mexico, he was granted honorary Mexican citizenship. |
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His 1952 stay in a villa owned by [[Italy|Italian]] historian [[Edwin Cerio]] on the island of [[Capri]] was fictionalized in the popular film ''[[Il Postino]]'' ("The Postman", 1994). |
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==Return to Chile== |
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By 1952, the González-Videla government was on its last legs, weakened by corruption scandals. The Chilean Socialist Party was in the process of nominating [[Salvador Allende]] as its candidate for the September 1952 presidential elections and was keen to have the presence of Neruda—by now Chile's most prominent left-wing literary figure—to support the campaign. |
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Neruda returned in August of that year and rejoined [[Delia del Carril]], who had traveled ahead of him some months earlier, but the marriage was crumbling. Del Carril eventually learned of his torrid affair with Matilde Urrutia and left him in 1955, moving back to Europe. Now united with Urrutia, Neruda would spend the rest of his life in Chile, many foreign trips notwithstanding and a stint as Allende's ambassador to France from 1970 to 1973. |
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By this time, Neruda enjoyed worldwide fame as a poet, and his books were being translated into virtually all the major languages of the world. He was also vocal on political issues, vigorously denouncing the U.S. during the [[Cuban missile crisis]] (later in the decade he would likewise repeatedly condemn the U.S. for the [[Vietnam War]]). But being one of the most prestigious and outspoken leftwing intellectuals alive also attracted opposition from ideological opponents. The [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], an anti-communist organization covertly established and funded by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]], adopted Neruda as one of its primary targets and launched a campaign to undermine his reputation, reviving the old claim he had been an accomplice in the attack on Trotsky in Mexico City in 1940{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The campaign became more intense when it became known that Neruda was a candidate for the 1964 Nobel prize, which was eventually awarded to [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. |
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[[Image:Pablo Neruda (1966).jpg|thumb|right|Neruda recording his poetry at the U.S. Library of Congress in 1966.]] |
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In 1966, Neruda was invited to attend an [[International PEN]] conference in New York City. Officially, he was barred from entering the U.S. because he was a communist, but the conference organizer, playwright [[Arthur Miller]], eventually prevailed upon the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] Administration to grant Neruda a visa. Neruda gave readings to packed halls, and even recorded some poems for the [[Library of Congress]]. Miller later opined that Neruda's adherence to his communist ideals of the 1930s was a result of his protracted exclusion from "bourgeois society". Due to the presence of many [[East Bloc]] writers, Mexican writer [[Carlos Fuentes]] later wrote that the PEN conference marked a "beginning of the end" of the [[Cold War]]. |
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[[Image:La Sebastiana Neruda 1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|La Sebastiana, Neruda's house in [[Valparaíso]].]] |
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Upon Neruda's return to Chile, he stopped off in Peru, where he gave readings to enthusiastic crowds in Lima and [[Arequipa]] and was received by President [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]]. However, the visit prompted an unpleasant backlash. The Peruvian government had come out against the government in [[Cuba]] of [[Fidel Castro]], and in July 1966 retaliation against Neruda came in the form of a letter signed by more than one hundred Cuban intellectuals who charged Neruda with colluding with the enemy, and called him an example of the "tepid, pro-Yankee revisionism" then prevalent in Latin America. The affair was particularly painful for Neruda because of his previous outspoken support for the Cuban revolution, and he never visited the island again, even after an invitation in 1968. |
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After the death of [[Che Guevara]] in [[Bolivia]] in 1967, Neruda wrote several articles regretting the loss of a "great hero".{{Fact|date=July 2007}} At the same time, he told his friend Aida Figueroa not to cry for Che, but for [[Luis Emilio Recabarren]], the father of the Chilean communist movement, who preached a pacifist revolution over Che's violent ways.<ref>"Pablo Neruda: The Poet's Calling (http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php)"</ref> |
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[[Image:La Chascona Santiago de Chile.jpg|thumb|180px|right|La Chascona, Neruda's house in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]].]] |
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==Final years== |
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In 1970, Neruda was nominated as a candidate for the Chilean presidency, but ended up giving his support to [[Salvador Allende]], who later won the election and was inaugurated in 1970 as the first democratically elected socialist head of state. Shortly thereafter, Allende appointed Neruda the Chilean ambassador to France (lasting from 1970-1972; his final diplomatic posting). Neruda returned to Chile two and half years later due to failing health. |
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In 1971, having sought the prize for years, Neruda was finally awarded the [[Nobel Prize]]. This decision did not come easily, as some of the committee members had not forgotten Neruda's past praise of Stalinist dictatorship. But his Swedish translator, [[Artur Lundkvist]], did his best to ensure the Chilean the prize.<ref>http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=4328 A critical review</ref> |
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[[Image:From La Sebastiana.JPG|thumb|left|250px| Inside "La Sebastiana", home of Pablo Neruda in Valparaíso]] |
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As the [[Chilean coup of 1973|disturbances of 1973]] unfolded, Neruda, then terminally ill with [[prostate cancer]], was devastated by the mounting attacks on the Allende government. The military coup led by General [[Augusto Pinochet]] on [[11 September]] saw Neruda's hopes for a [[Marxism|marxist]] Chile destroyed. Shortly thereafter, during a search of the house and grounds at Isla Negra by Chilean armed forces at which he was present, Neruda famously remarked: |
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{{cquote|Look around—there's only one thing of danger for you here—poetry.}} |
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Neruda died of [[heart failure]] on the evening of [[September 23]], [[1973]], at Santiago's Santa María Clinic.<ref>"Pablo Neruda, Nobel Poet, Dies in a Chilean Hospital", ''The New York Times'', September 24, 1973.</ref><ref>''Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems'', Robert Bly, ed.; Beacon Press, Boston, 1993, p. xii.</ref><ref>''Earth-Shattering Poems'', Liz Rosenberg, ed.; Henry Holt, New York, 1998, p. 105.</ref> After his death, Neruda's homes in both Valparaiso and Santiago were looted and vandalized{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The funeral took place amidst a massive [[Carabineros de Chile|police]] presence, and mourners took advantage of the occasion to protest against the new regime, established just a couple of weeks before. |
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[[Image:Casa de neruda isla negra.jpg|thumb|Casa la Isla Negra, Neruda's third home in Chile]] |
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Matilde Urrutia subsequently compiled and edited for publication the memoirs that Neruda had been working on just days prior to his death including, possibly his final poem 'Right Comrade, Its the Hour of the Garden'. These and other activities brought her into conflict with Pinochet's government, which continually sought to curtail Neruda's influence on the Chilean collective consciousness. Indeed, Neruda's poetry was outlawed in Chile{{Fact|date=March 2008}} by the junta until the restoration of democracy in 1990. Urrutia's own memoir, ''My Life with Pablo Neruda'', was published posthumously in 1986. |
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Neruda owned three houses in Chile; today they are all open to the public as museums: La Chascona in Santiago, La Sebastiana in [[Valparaíso]], and [[Casa de Isla Negra]] in [[Isla Negra]], where he and Matilde Urrutia are buried. |
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==Legacy== |
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* An edition of Neruda's ''On the Blue Shore of Silence'' was printed in honor of the poet's 100th birthday in 2004. The book featured translations of Neruda's original poems by Scottish poet [[Alastair Reid]] and original paintings from artist [[Mary Heebner|Mary Heebner's]] series ''Laguna Salada''. |
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* Neruda always wrote in green ink because it was the color of Esperanza (hope). |
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* Neruda was good friends with Venezuelan intellectuals and diplomats, such as [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]], [[Juan Oropeza]] and [[Miguel Otero Silva]]. |
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* In the Italian film ''[[Il Postino]]'', Pablo Neruda, portrayed by [[Philippe Noiret]], befriends a postman and inspires in him a love of poetry. |
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* Neruda is mentioned briefly in "En El Ultimo Lugar Del Mundo," a song by [[Ricardo Montaner]]. |
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* A [http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000934.htm bust of Neruda] stands on the south side of the Organization of American States building in Washington D.C. |
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* The South African musician [[Johnny Clegg]] drew heavily on Neruda in his early work with the band [[Juluka]]. |
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* Neruda is referred to frequently as "The Poet" in the novel ''[[The House of the Spirits]]'' by [[Isabel Allende]]. One character, Clara "the Clarivoyant" Trueba, is said to have helped him in his rise to fame and another member of the Trueba family later attends his funeral. |
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* Greek composer [[Mikis Theodorakis]] set to music the famous "Canto General" (one of the most famous poems by Neruda) when he was exiled from his homeland by the dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974). It's a very well-known and popular musical work in both countries (Chile and Greece). The world premiere of this music work occurred in Athens, Greece in 1975. Over 125,000 attended this concert. Theodorakis has visited Chile many times and had the opportunity to present "Canto General" in concerts in Santiago. |
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* "Neruda Songs," a classical and operatic cycle based on five of Neruda's love poems, received the $200,000 University of Louisville's Grawemeyer Award for Musical Composition. The composer, [[Peter Lieberson]], dedicated the music to his deceased wife, mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson, who performed the music exemplifying what Neruda referred to as "the arc of love" at its world premiere shortly before her death. |
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* Documentary film in production on Neruda's life, times, and poetry, [http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php ''Pablo Neruda: The Poet's Calling''], directed by Mexican director Carlos Bolado and Mark Eisner, narrated by singer/songwriter [[Suzanne Vega]]. |
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* In 2008 the writer [[Roberto Ampuero]] published a fictional novel ''El caso Neruda'', about his private eye Cayetano Brulé, where Pablo Neruda is one of the protagonists.<ref>[http://elcasoneruda.cl Official site of El caso Neruda] a novel by Roberto Ampuero</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Cien Sonetos de Amor]] |
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==Further reading== |
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''English'' |
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* Pablo Neruda / Durán, Manuel., 1981 |
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* Pablo Neruda: The Secrets of the Chilean Poet and Diplomat, 1981 |
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* Pablo Neruda: all poets the poet / Bizzarro, Salvatore., 1979 |
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* The poetry of Pablo Neruda / Costa, René de., 1979 |
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* Pablo Neruda: Memoirs (Confieso que he vivido: Memorias) / tr. St. Martin, Hardie., 1977 |
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* [http://redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php The Essential Neruda] / ed. Mark Eisner, intro by Lawrence Ferlinghetti (City Lights), 2004 |
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* Paz and Neruda: A Clash of Literary Titans/ Americas Magazine, July 2008/ Jaime Perales Contreras[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Clash+of+literary+titans.-a0180277640]/ |
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''Spanish' |
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'*Paz y Neruda: Historia de una amistad/Jaime Perales Contreras.,2008. Revista Américas, (Organización de los Estados Americanos), julio 2008. |
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* Pablo Neruda en Cuba y Cuba en Pablo Neruda / Angel I Augier., 2005 |
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* Neruda por Skármeta / Antonio Skármeta., 2004 |
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* Neruda, memoria crepitante / Virginia Vidal., 2003 |
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* Voy a vivirme : variaciones y complementos nerudianos / Volodia Teitelboim., 1998 |
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* Neruda y Arauco / Maria Maluenda., 1998 |
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* Para leer a Neruda / Hugo Montes., 1997 |
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* Neruda y la mujer / Berna Pérez de Burrell., 1993 |
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* Para leer a Pablo Neruda / José Carlos Rovira., 1991 |
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* Neruda, voz y universo / Mario Ferrero., 1988 |
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* Neruda total / Eulogio Suárez., 1988 |
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* Nuevas aproximaciones a Pablo Neruda / Angel Flores., 1987 |
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* Neruda : un hombre de la Araucania / Rafael Aguayo., 1987 |
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* Asturias y Neruda : cuatro estudios para dos poetas / Giuseppe Tavani., 1985 |
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* Neruda, 10 años después / Floridor Pérez., 1983 |
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* El pensamiento poético de Pablo Neruda / Alain Sicard., 1981 |
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* Poesía y estilo de Pablo Neruda / Amado Alonso., 1979 |
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* Mi pequeña historia de Pablo Neruda / Arturo Aldunate Phillips., 1979 |
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* Conocer Neruda y su obra / Alberto Cousté., 1979 |
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* La poesía de Neruda / Luis Rosales., 1978 |
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* Pablo Neruda : naturaleza, historia y poética / Eduardo Camacho Guizado., 1978 |
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* Rilke, Pound, Neruda : tres claves de la poesía contemporánea / José Miguel Ibáñez Langlois., 1978 |
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* Poesía y estilo de Pablo Neruda : interpretación de una poesía hermética / Amado Alonso., 1977 |
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==Notes== |
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{{wikiquote|Pablo Neruda}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* Jaime Perales Contreras, " Paz and Neruda: A Clash of Literary Titans", Americas Magazine,(Organization of American States). July 2008. |
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* Adam Feinstein, ''Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life'', Bloomsbury, 2004. (ISBN 1-58234-410-8) |
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* Pablo Neruda, ''Memoirs'' (translation of ''Confieso que he vivido: Memorias''), translated by Hardie St. Martin, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1977. (1991 edition is ISBN 0-374-20660-0) |
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== External links == |
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* [http://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/chile/misc/odas.html Works of Neruda] (some translated into English) |
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* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/07/16/1442233 "Celebrating Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda"], Amy Goodman of ''Democracy Now!'' interviews [[Martín Espada]], poet and professor at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. |
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* [http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php Red Poppy] site dedicated to spreading Neruda's poetry and furthering his fight for social justice. |
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* [http://www.evoca.com/everyone_recording.jsp?rid=17750 Poem #6] hear the poem (Spanish) |
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* [http://www.reelyredd.com/0505.Socks.htm Ode To My Socks] hear the poem (English) |
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* [http://www.lucabelcastro.it/cat_primavera.html "La primavera escondida"] by the contemporary composer [[Luca Belcastro]], with poems by Pablo Neruda |
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* [http://www.poesia-inter.net/Pablo_Neruda.htm Poems by Neruda.] In most of them translations and audio files are provided |
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{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}} |
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Revision as of 18:11, 12 October 2008
October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Mohenjo-daro has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Tohd8BohaithuGh1 (talk) 18:11, 12 October 2008 (UTC)