Pablo Neruda

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Pablo Neruda ; actually Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (* July 12, 1904 in Parral ; † September 23, 1973 in Santiago de Chile ), was a Chilean poet and writer who campaigned primarily against fascism in his home country and in Spain . In 1971 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature .

biography

Childhood and youth

Neruda was the son of the engine driver José del Carmen Reyes and the elementary school teacher Rosa Neftalí Basoalto. The mother died of tuberculosis when Neruda was one month old. The father moved to Temuco and the child grew up lonely in the care of the grandfather. In 1906 the father brought his son Pablo to Temuco and married a second time: Trinidad Candia Marverde; Neruda referred to her in his works as mamadre . He attended the Temuco boys' school until 1920. There he met the poet Gabriela Mistral , who would later receive a Nobel Prize for literature herself . She brought him close to the classic Russian stories. In his free time and on vacation he did his first experimental writing exercises and he was regularly allowed to ride on the train with his father. In his later poems, too, one often discovers the reference to impressions of his youth, shaped by a vast, pristine landscape.

In 1919 he won the third prize in the Maule Flower Games (Juegos Florales de Maule) with his poem Ideelle Gemeinschaft (Comunión ideal). From 1920 he used, initially for the literary magazine Selva Austral , the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, according to legend based on the Czech patriotic poet Jan Neruda , whose socially critical works he used as a model for his own work from a Latin American perspective. According to recent studies, however, the young Neftalí Reyes had once seen a score by Pablo de Sarasate , which was dedicated to the violinist Wilma Norman-Neruda . It was the Spanish Dances for violin and piano in an edition of the Berliner Edition N. Simrock from the year 1879. The cover sheet of the score noted a dedication to "Frau Norman-Neruda". From then on Neftalí Reyes used the first name of the Spanish composer and the last name of the Czech violinist for his pseudonym. The reason for choosing a pseudonym was to avoid the father's disapproval of his poetry. From 1921 to 1926 he studied French and pedagogy at the Institute for Pedagogy at the Universidad de Chile in Santiago . There he received the first prize at the Spring Festival with the poem La canción de fiesta . In 1923 he published his first self-financed book.

First stay in Asia and Europe

"La Casa de las Flores". This is where Neruda lived when he was consul in Madrid. The house was bombed and badly damaged and rebuilt after the civil war.

In 1927 he entered the diplomatic service and spent his first years as honorary consul in Southeast Asia, in Rangoon , Colombo , Singapore and Batavia ( Jakarta ). In August 1933 Neruda was appointed honorary consul in Buenos Aires. There he met the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca , who was staying in the Argentine capital. In 1934 he got a post as Chilean consul in Spain, first in Barcelona and later in Madrid . He became friends with García Lorca and, with him and other editors, brought out the magazine Caballo verde para la poesia ("Green horse for poetry"). Five issues had appeared by 1936. The sixth edition, already written and edited, was to appear on July 19, 1936; But this did not happen. On July 17th, the Spanish Civil War began with the coup of General Francisco Franco . García Lorca was shot and Neruda decided to be more active against the coup plotters, although as consul he was obliged to be absolutely neutral. His works became increasingly political.

When the putschists stood at the gates of Madrid in early November 1936, Neruda had to flee; he went first to Barcelona, ​​then to Marseille and later to Paris . At this time he wrote his cycle of poems España en el corazón .

He teamed up with a group of Spanish politicians, artists and journalists, including Pablo Picasso . They worked with Nancy Cunard to bring the injustice in Spain to the public and brought out a volume of poetry entitled The poets of the world defend the Spanish people . For lack of money, Neruda set and printed the poems himself; however, he lacked the skill to do so. He usually put the letter p the other way around, so that in one verse the word párpados ("eyelids") became dardapos . Years later, Nancy Cunard is said to have addressed him in letters as "My dear Dardapo".

Return to Chile

In 1938 Neruda returned to Chile and found a job as an editor for the magazine Aurora de Chile . He devoted many of his articles to the fateful development of worldwide fascism. He organized a book donation to the National Library in the form of over 500 titles by German writers, including Heinrich Heine , Thomas Mann , Arnold Zweig and Anna Seghers , some of whose works had been publicly burned in Germany by the Hitler regime . The National Museum initially declined the donation. Neruda persevered and asked, unannounced during a state banquet, the Foreign Minister of Chile, Don Miguel Cruchaga Tocarnal , to accept the book donation, which actually happened.

When the Popular Front came to power in 1939, Neruda was entrusted with traveling to Paris and inspiring Spanish emigrants who had to flee from Franco to come to Chile. He stayed in Paris for several months and brought around 2,000 Spanish refugees to Chile on the Winnipeg passenger steamer . Back in Chile, after a series of political and literary activities, he was appointed Consul General in Mexico , where he took up the post on August 20, 1940. After three years, Neruda asked for his discharge from the diplomatic service; he wanted to go back to Chile and devote himself to writing and politics. In 1943 he returned to Santiago de Chile.

He ran in March 1945 as an independent candidate for the Senate on the list of the Communist Party of Chile ; after his election he joined the party on July 8th.

Criticism of the regime and exile in Europe

When González Videla changed his political position after his election as President of Chile in 1946 due to the beginning of the Cold War , Neruda became one of the president's fiercest critics. As a senator, he enjoyed parliamentary immunity - no one could try or arrest him while he was an elected representative. Neruda took advantage of this situation and his speeches against González became more and more aggressive. In the end he criticized him in a public speech: “You lied to and betrayed the people through whose voice you became president. Instead of fighting poverty as you promised, you are only consolidating the power of the rich few who suck the people up like vampires. "

Pablo Neruda and Erich Honecker , chairman of the FDJ , in Berlin, 1951

González was unwilling to allow Neruda to make a second such appearance; the majority of the parliament passed the law for the permanent defense of democracy , which deprived more than 25,000 people of their political rights. An arrest warrant for Neruda was immediately issued. As in Madrid, Neruda escaped the city at the last minute. For the next year and a half, Neruda changed homes almost every day. Although the police were always on the lookout for him, he always found refuge - the population, especially the common people, loved their poet, who had so courageously given his opinion to the president in parliament. During this time Neruda wrote essential parts of his most important work Canto General ("The Great Song") - 15,000 verses in which he interpreted the essence and history of the American continent from prehistoric times to the present.

Concerned about Neruda's health due to the constant flight, his friend Ricardo Fonseca brought him together with Galo González , the party leader of the now banned communists, who also lived underground. Gonzáles organized Neruda's escape across an unguarded section of the border to Argentina. In Buenos Aires , Neruda met another friend, the Guatemalan writer Miguel Ángel Asturias , whose passport he used to emigrate to Europe.

Neruda went to Paris for the third time, where he was enthusiastically received by his old friends. With the help of Pablo Picasso , he managed to regulate his presence in Europe. In his memoir Confieso que he vivido , Neruda tells with great joy about Picasso's sympathy when he had to flee Chile for political reasons in 1949. He expresses his thanks for the valuable help he received from Picasso. He had campaigned for the poet in 1948 at the Peace Congress in Breslau (Wrocław) , in which he took part with Paul Éluard . During Neruda's stay in Paris for several months, his book Toros was published , translated by Jean Marcenac and illustrated by Picasso. At the second World Peace Congress in Warsaw in November 1950, both Picasso and Neruda, along with other artists, received the Peace Prize of the World Peace Congress, Neruda for his poem Woodcutter Wake Up . In addition, years later, in 1953 and after his return to Chile, he received the Stalin Prize for the consolidation of peace among the peoples. In the following years Neruda appeared all over Europe, but also in India and China at peace congresses and political debates. In early 1952, the Chilean government let Neruda know that he could return home; and so he returned to Chile on August 12, 1952.

Again return to Chile

Demonstration for Salvador Allende, 1964
Pablo Neruda during a sound recording, 1966
Pablo Neruda on a GDR postage stamp from 1974

In 1952, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo , who had already headed the state in the 1920s and founded a social reform program and restructured the state finances, was re-elected president. Neruda published the Canto General in 1953 , which had already appeared in Mexico in 1950. He devoted himself exclusively to his poetic work for the next five years, after which he traveled around the world again and took part in conferences and debates.

In 1969 Neruda was nominated as a presidential candidate by the Communist Party, but he resigned in favor of the socialist and friend Salvador Allende favored by the electoral alliance Unidad Popular . In 1970 Allende won the presidential election and persuaded Neruda to become ambassador to Paris. Despite his bad health, he consented; but he had to undergo an operation after just a few months. During his recovery, on October 21, 1971, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature “for poetry that brings the fate and dreams of a continent to life with the action of a natural force”. A few days after receiving the award, Neruda returned to Chile; his health deteriorated steadily. A series of performances of the oratorio Canto General by Mikis Theodorakis planned for September 1973 , based on Neruda's text, in which Neruda's participation was also planned, had to take place without him because of his illness and the precipitous political events.

On September 23, 1973, twelve days after the coup in Chile under the leadership of Augusto Pinochet , Neruda allegedly succumbed to cancer ( see The dispute over the cause of death ). After his death, his house was ransacked and destroyed by the military .

Neruda's funeral, which was only possible in this form because of the presence of foreign camera teams, became the first major public protest against the military junta . On September 25, 1973, Neruda's remains were buried between two rows of armed soldiers in Santiago de Chile . A “precaller” shouted into the crowd “¡Camarada Pablo Neruda!”, The crowd replied with “¡Presente!”, Then again “¡Camarada Pablo Neruda!” - “¡Presente!” And finally “¡Camarada Pablo Neruda! "-" ¡Presente, ahora y siempre! ", So" Comrade Pablo Neruda! "-" Present! "," Comrade Pablo Neruda! "-" Present! "," Comrade Pablo Neruda! "-" Present, now and always ! ". The game was repeated with “¡Camarada Salvador Allende !” And “¡Compañero Víctor Jara !” The Internationale was sung at his grave . In her novel Das Geisterhaus, the writer Isabel Allende describes the funeral as a “symbolic burial of freedom”.

style

Neruda's early lyrical work is influenced by the European avant-garde, particularly surrealism. This early style is characterized by an extraordinary wealth of associations and the overriding of the rules of syntax and punctuation. This also applies to his first avant-garde novel El habitante y su esperanza , published in 1926. In the course of his literary development, he took on more and more influences: his stylistic models included Arthur Rimbaud , Mayakowski and above all Walt Whitman , whose portrait hung in all his houses. He saw Whitman's blades of grass as a pioneering achievement that paved the way for American poetry. Neruda rejected the concept of "pure" poetry, as it is e.g. B. Paul Valéry represented, resolutely resigned and stood in Whitman's tradition of an "impure" poetry ( Sobre una poesía sin pureza ), which places reference to the world before construction and musicality and is intended to capture the entire spectrum of life, regardless of whether it is moral or amoral or even trivial: all objects are equally authorized. Neruda shares with Whitman a feeling for geographical space, for the vastness of the continent. However, unlike Whitman's rooms, Neruda's landscapes are historically charged, they have a prehistory and must be explored archaeologically. But if, according to Fernando Alegría, the similarity of the style is an optical illusion: Although both share the erotic relationship to nature, Whitman's mysticism is separated from Neruda's materialism by an abyss. The categorization of his style (since Canto General 1950) as socialist-realistic falls short, even if this is manifested in works such as Las uvas y el viento (1954).

Controversy

The dispute over the cause of death

The Chilean judiciary ordered the exhumation of the body on April 8, 2013 , thereby granting an application by the Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile). Heart failure had been established as the official cause of death ; but rumors about a possible murder of Neruda, which had arisen from various quarters since his death, were now to be dispelled. Neruda himself contributed, as he had stated before his death that he had been given an injection in the hospital where he was staying and sleeping. The poet is said to have suffered from cancer when he died and was treated for it in hospital. Until her death, however, his widow maintained the opinion that her husband did not die of cancer without claiming that he was murdered. His driver and servant Manuel Araya sticks to the thesis of Neruda's murder in the hospital. Neruda's medical files, which could provide information about the medical history and the contents of the syringe, can no longer be found. An international team of forensic scientists who examined the remains came to the conclusion in the final report presented in November 2013 that Neruda was not poisoned but actually died of prostate cancer . In January 2015 it was announced that there would be a new investigation into the cause of death. Francisco Ugas, the head of the Chilean government's human rights department, said there were reasonable initial suspicions that the poet had been poisoned. The new investigation should look for inorganic substances or heavy metals and determine whether there has been cell or protein damage from chemical agents. The previous investigations have concentrated on looking for directly detectable poisons. In November 2015, the Chilean Ministry of the Interior announced in a statement that it was “obviously possible and very likely” that Neruda's death was caused by outside influence. This confirmed a document by the Ministry of the Interior that had already been published in March of that year in the Spanish newspaper El País . However, the ministry warned that a commission of experts had not come to a final judgment.

Neruda's body was to be buried a fourth time on April 25, 2016, after being reburied and exhumed in Isla Negra.

The dispute over the poetic work

In the GDR there was a first publication of poems as early as 1949 (Offended Land) . Because of the explicitly political (communist) aspects in his work and his at times positive attitude towards Stalin , to whom he dedicated an almost hymn ode after his death (1953) , Neruda, who described himself as a poet of the people, became a popular figure in many Western European countries ignored until the 1960s. The mood only changed in the wake of the great, worldwide sympathy for Chile after the military coup in 1973. Until then, there was no complete edition of Neruda's poems in the Federal Republic of Germany.

His life was reflected in Antonio Skármeta's semi-biographical novel With Burning Patience (the novel was filmed by Michael Radford with Philippe Noiret as Neruda under the title The Postman ). Skármeta's novel served as a template for the opera Il Postino by the Mexican composer Daniel Catán, which was premiered in 2010 by Plácido Domingo .

Abuse of a woman

In his posthumous work I Confess, I Have Lived, there is a section in which the author describes raping a woman when he was consul of Ceylon in 1929.

Honors

GDR Pablo Neruda Medal on his death in 1973
Memorial plaque for Pablo Neruda at the Casa de las Flores in Madrid from 1981.
Bust of Pablo Neruda at the University of Bremen
  • In 1953 he received the Stalin Prize for his commitment to maintaining peace among the peoples.
  • In 1968 he was accepted as an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters .
  • In 1970 Neruda was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  • In 1971 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature on the grounds "for a poetry that brings the fate and dreams of a continent to life with the action of a natural force".
  • In the GDR , the Chilean Nobel Prize winner was highly appreciated. In 1974 he was shown on a GDR postage stamp. The polytechnic high schools in Greifswald and Hoyerswerda became the Pablo Neruda School . The 100th POS in Dresden and the 23rd POS in Cottbus also had the name Pablo Neruda , as had the grammar school in Spremberg since 1975. In Leipzig and Chemnitz two primary schools still bear the name Pablo-Neruda.
  • In 1982 a memorial stone was donated on the grounds of the Polytechnic High School in Greifswald; since 2006 it has been at the Alexander-von-Humboldt high school . After 1990 the stone was considered lost; it has recently been rediscovered and renovated. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the writer's death, the memorial stone was rededicated in 2013 and was given its new domicile at the Humboldt-Gymnasium. The simple rectangular memorial stone bears the inscription: PABLO NERUDA 1904–1973 .
  • A bronze bust of Pablo Neruda was erected on the campus of the University of Bremen in 2014 .

Works (selection)

Cover of the autobiography, 2003


  • 1923 Crepusculario - twilight
  • 1924 Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada - twenty love poems and a song of despair . (German by Fritz Vogelgsang ), Luchterhand. ISBN 978-3-630-62150-0 .
  • 1926 El habitante y su esperanza
  • 1926 with Thomas Lago: Anillos (Santiago: Editorial Nasciment, 1926)
  • 1933 Residencia en la tierra - stay on earth . (German by Erich Arendt and Stephan Hermlin , with 18 color woodcuts by HAP Grieshaber , Berlin (East), Volk und Welt, 1974)
  • 1937 España en el corazón - Spain at heart
  • 1948 Obras poéticas - poetic works
  • 1950 Canto general - The great song . (German by Erich Arendt, Berlin (East), Volk und Welt, 1953)
  • 1953 Los versos del capitán - The captain's verses
  • 1953 Poesía política - political poetry
  • 1954 Las uvas y el viento - The grapes and the wind . (German by Fritz Arendt, Volk und Welt, Berlin-Ost, 1955)
  • 1960 Poesías: Las piedras de Chile - Poetry: The stones of Chile
  • 1964 Memorial de Isla Negra - Memorial of Isla Negra . (German by Erich Arendt, Volk und Welt, Berlin-Ost, 1976)
  • 1970 Las piedras del cielo - The stones of heaven
  • 1972 Geografía infructuosa - Barren geography . (German by Hans-Jürgen Schmitt / Ute Steinbicker). Zurich. ISBN 978-3-908126-37-9 .
  • 1973 Satrapas - The Satraps
  • 1973 Confieso que he vivido - I confess that I have lived. (Autobiography, German by Curt Meyer-Clason ). Neuwied: Luchterhand. ISBN 3-630-62041-8
  • 1974 Libro de las preguntas - Book of Questions

literature

German
Spanish
  • Matilde Urrutia: Mi vida junto a Pablo Neruda . Fundación Pablo Neruda 1986 (German by Ursula Roth: My life with Pablo Neruda , Berlin and Weimar 1989, ISBN 3-351-01528-3 )
  • Bernardo Reyes: Neruda. Retrato de familia. 1904-1920 . San Juan, Puerto Rico 1996. ISBN 0-8477-0222-7 .
  • David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda y su tiempo. Las furias y las penas . RIL editores, 2 volumes. Santiago de Chile 2008. ISBN 978-956-284-629-5 .
  • Volodia Teitelboim: Neruda . Ediciones BAT, Santiago de Chile 1994.
French
  • Jean Ortiz: De Madrid à Valparaiso. Neruda et le "Winnipeg". Atlantica, Biarritz 2011. ISBN 978-2-7588-0455-0 .

Films about Neruda

  • Ebbo Demant : Neruda . Documentary, Germany 2003, 120 minutes.
  • Michael Radford: Il postino (German: The Postman ). Feature film, Italy 1994, 108 minutes.
  • Pablo Larrain: Neruda . Feature film, Chile 2016, 107 minutes.

Settings

  • Kalevi Aho : Kysymysten kirja ( The Book of Questions . Suite for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra; El libro de las preguntas in Finnish translation by Katja Kallio; the suite forms part 1 of the three-part concerto [s] for chamber orchestra ; it can be used independently of the concerto for viola and orchestra or the final 14th symphony ), WP: Rovaniemi , November 27, 2007 ( Monica Groop , mezzo-soprano; Lapland Chamber Orchestra ; conductor: John Storgårds )
  • Volker Blumenthaler : Poem or September 11, 1973 (1988) for soprano and horn
  • Nikolaus Brass : Emerge tu ... (1991). Madrigal for 4 voices. WP 1991 Graz (music protocol in Styrian autumn ; Ensemble <belcanto>, conductor: Dietburg Spohr)
  • Alan Bush : De Plenos Poderes (From Fully Empowered) op.86 (1977), for baritone and piano. No. 3: El perezoso ("Continuarán viajando cosas ...")
  • Enrique González-Medina (* 1954): Me gustas cuando callas op.3 (1990/96) for tenor, alto saxophone (or clarinet), violoncello and piano
  • Carlos Guastavino (1912–2000): Esta iglesia no tiene (1948) for medium or high voice and piano
  • Rodolfo Holzmann : Tres madrigales (1944) for high voice and piano
1.  Lamento lento - 2.  Fantasma - 3.  Madrigal escrito en invierno
  • Nicolaus A. Huber : Banlieue - Schauplätze der Revolution (1973), I. Almería , UA Witten 1974
  • Peter Lieberson : Five Neruda Songs (2005) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra. Texts from the Cien Sonetos de Amor (1959)
1.  Sonnet VIII ("Si no fuera porque tus ojos tienen color de luna ...") - 2.  Sonnet XXIV ("Amor, amor, las nubes a la torre del cielo ...") - 3.  Sonnet XLV ("No estés lejos de mí un solo día, porque cómo ... ") - 4th  Sonnet LXXXI (" Ya eres mía. Reposa con tu sueño en mi sueño ... ") - 5th  Sonnet XCI (" Amor mío, si muero y tú no mueres ... " )
  • John Mitchell : Four Songs in Spanish . No. 4: La United Fruit Co. ("Cuando sonó la trompeta, estuvo ..."; from Canto general )
  • Allan Pettersson :
  • De döda på torget (Symphony No. 12; 1974) for mixed choir and orchestra
  • Vox Humana (1974) for solos, mixed choir and string orchestra. Texts: Manuel Bandeira, Daniel Laínez, Roberto Fernández Retamar, César Vallejo, Murilo Mendes, Nicolás Guillén, Cassiano Ricardo, Miguel Barnet, Pablo Neruda
  • Tobias Picker : Tres sonetos de amor (2000) for medium or high voice and piano / for baritone and orchestra. Texts from the Cien Sonetos de Amor
1.  Sonnet XVII - No te amo ("No te amo como si fueras rosa de sal, topacio ...") - 2.  Sonnet III - Áspero amor ("Áspero amor, violeta coronada de espinas ...") - 3.  Sonnet XLV - No estés lejos ("No estés lejos de mí un solo día, porque cómo ...")
  • Leon Schidlowsky : Tres versos del capitán (1966) for tenor and 6 percussion
  • Roland Schmidt: Neruda-Lieder (2005/07) for mezzo-soprano, clarinet, piano and percussion
1.  Como cenizas, como mare - 2.  Cantares - 3.  Barcarola - 4.  Jinete en la lluvia - 5.  Oceano - 6.  Mares de Chile
  • Yvette Souviron (* 1914): Poema de Neruda for voice and piano
  • Mikis Theodorakis : Canto General (1970-81). Oratorio for mezzo-soprano, baritone, mixed choir and orchestra
  • Los Jaivas : Alturas de Machu Picchu ( Progressive Rock album; 1981). Text: Parts of Alturas de Machu Picchu from the Canto General
  • José Carlos Amaral Vieira (* 1952): Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada op.179b (1983) for mezzo-soprano and piano
1.  Cuerpo de mujer - 2.  En su llama mortal - 3.  Ah vastedad de pinos - 4.  Es la mañana llena de tempestad - 5.  Para mi corazón basta tu pecho - 6.  Puedo escribir los versos - 7.  La canción desesperada
  • Samuel Barber : 1971 Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, set to music as The Lovers , for baritone, orchestra and mixed choir, Op. 43, an order from the Girard Bank of Philadelphia.

Web links

Commons : Pablo Neruda  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files
Wikiquote: Pablo Neruda  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erich Arendt (editor, translator): Pablo Neruda Dichtungen 1919-1965 (work title: Poemas ). Luchterhand, Neuwied / Berlin 1967, foreword by Erich Arendt p. 6.
  2. ↑ Biografía. In: fundacionneruda.org. Retrieved February 26, 2020 (Spanish).
  3. ↑ Eberhard Hungerbühler: Pioneers for Peace , 1983.
    Pablo Neruda: Foreword . In: Enrico Guidoni: Inka. Grandi Monumenti, Civiltà Andine (= monuments of great cultures). Ebeling, Wiesbaden 1974.
  4. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda y su tiempo. Las furias y las penas. Santiago de Chile 2008, vol. 1, p. 39.
  5. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda and Germany. Pp. 14-15.
  6. ↑ I confess, I have lived , Darmstadt 1977, p. 132.
  7. ↑ I confess, I have lived , Darmstadt 1977, p. 144.
  8. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda and Germany. Pp. 35-70.
  9. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda and Germany. P. 75.
  10. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda and Germany. P. 85.
  11. ^ David Schidlowsky: Pablo Neruda and Germany. Pp. 75-84.
  12. ↑ See also: Kiu Eckstein : One Life - Two Worlds. Biographical Notes in Times of Change. Hamburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-7439-3297-5 , pp. 114, 116.
  13. ↑ Rössner 2002, p. 245.
  14. ↑ Fernando Alegría: Walt Whitman en Hispanoamérica. México: Ediciones Studium, 1954, pp. 315–334.
  15. ↑ dolphins Rumeau: Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda, American Came Rados . In: Revue Française d´Études Américaines. No. 108 (2006), pp. 47-62.
  16. ↑ Gerrit Bartels: Nobel Prize Winner for Literature: Doubts about the cause of death of Pablo Neruda. In: Zeit Online . February 11, 2013, accessed June 20, 2020 . Pablo Neruda's corpse is exhumed: was it murder? In: sueddeutsche.de . March 25, 2013, accessed June 20, 2020 .
  17. ^ Unraveling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death. In: BBC News . April 8, 2013, accessed May 3, 2013 .
  18. ↑ No poisoning: Neruda died of cancer. In: Badische Zeitung . November 9, 2013, archived from the original on November 11, 2013 ; accessed on June 20, 2020 .
  19. ↑ Chile reopens Pablo Neruda death investigation to test for poisoning. In: theGuardian.com . January 21, 2015, accessed January 22, 2015 .
  20. ↑ Chile admits Pablo Neruda might have been murdered by the Pinochet Regime. In: TheGuardian.com. November 6, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015 .
  21. ^ After exhumation: Neruda is buried for the fourth time. In: orf.at . April 25, 2016, accessed June 20, 2020 .
  22. ↑ Leopold Federmair : The drunken thirst of the enthusiastic slingshot: Pablo Neruda was born a hundred years ago. In: NZZ.ch . July 12, 2004, archived from the original on March 11, 2012 ; accessed on June 20, 2020 . Valentin Schönherr: The bread of poetry for the masses: Pablo Neruda. In: Latin America News. 361/362, July 2004, accessed on June 20, 2020 ( Fritz Rudolf Fries in conversation about possible interpretations of an ideologist).
  23. ↑ El día que Pablo Neruda violó a una mujer Dalit. In: mqltv.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018 (Spanish). El espeluznante relato donde Pablo Neruda confiesa haber violado a una mujer. In: cronicachile.cl. September 1, 2017, archived from the original on September 3, 2017 ; Retrieved June 4, 2018 (Spanish). “Confieso que he violado” ¿Sabes que Neruda violó a una joven tamil? In: Tribuna Feminista on ElPlural.com. December 10, 2017, Retrieved June 4, 2018 (Spanish).
  24. ↑ Neruda: Peace to the flour. In: Der Spiegel . September 18, 1963, pp. 89-90 , accessed June 20, 2020 .
  25. ^ Honorary Members: Pablo Neruda. American Academy of Arts and Letters, accessed March 17, 2019 .
  26. ^ Ostsee-Zeitung, Greifswalder Zeitung, edition of September 24, 2013, p. 9.
  27. ^ Christiane von Korff: detective novel "The Neruda case": As many countries as beloved. In: Spiegel Online . April 26, 2010, accessed June 20, 2020 (review).
  28. ↑ The merchant ship Winnipeg, full of refugees from Spain from all political camps, who fled the Republic after the Franco-Hitler war, left Bordeaux on August 4, 1939. The refugees came from the French "camps of shame", from Argelès-sur-Mer , Barcarès , Saint-Cyprien , and the Camp de Gurs . The crossing to South America took a month. When the ship arrived in Valparaíso on September 2, 1939 , the Spaniards were greeted by a delegation led by Neruda on behalf of the Chilean Popular Front government. They were received as heroes. The Second World War began.
personal data
SURNAME Neruda, Pablo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Reyes Basoalto, Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí (real name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chilean writer
DATE OF BIRTH July 12, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH Parral
DATE OF DEATH 23rd September 1973
Place of death Santiago de Chile