List of Nobel Prize Winners in Literature

The Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded annually since 1901 and was endowed with eight million Swedish kronor (around 781,000 euros) in 2012 and nine million crowns (around 831,000 euros) in 2019. The Swedish Academy is responsible for selecting the laureates . Alfred Nobel , the founder of the five different Nobel Prizes , decreed in his will that the laureate for literature should have “created the best in an idealistic direction”. The award is given each year on December 10th, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden.

Since it was first awarded, a total of 117 writers have received the Nobel Prize for Literature. These include 101 men (86%) and 16 women (14%). So far nobody has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature several times. From 1901 to 2019, the prize was awarded 109 times to one person. The prize was shared four times between two people (1904, 1917, 1966 and 1974), but never between three people, although this would be possible according to the statutes. The prize was not awarded seven times - during the war years1914 and 1918 as well as in 1935 and from 1940 to 1943. The awarding of prizes from the previous year was repeated eight times (1916, 1920, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1937, 1950 and 2019). The last time this happened was in 2019 because the academy decided against awarding an award after scandals and resignations. In 2019, the nomination for 2018 was made up for.

For the distribution of the prize according to the recipients' nations, see the Ranking list by country section . So far, a total of 30 English-speaking people have been awarded the prize, followed by German and French with 14 winners each.

List of award winners

The following list contains all the winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature in chronological order with the reasons given by the Nobel Committee. The category Nobel Prize Winners for Literature offers an alphabetical overview .

1901 to 1910 · 1911-1920 · 1921-1930 · 1931-1940 · 1941-1950 · 1951-1960

1961-1970 · 1971-1980 · 1981-1990 · 1991 to 2000 · 2001 to 2010 · 2011-2020

1901-1910

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1901	Sully Prudhomme (1839-1907)	France	"In recognition of his excellent services as a writer, which he also showed in later years, and especially his poetry, which testifies to high idealism, artistic perfection and a rare union of heart and mind"
1902	Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903)	German Empire (born in Garding , Duchy of Schleswig , Denmark )	"The currently greatest living master of historical representation, with special consideration of his monumental work ' Roman History '"
1903	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832-1910)	Norway	"As proof of recognition for his noble, magnificent and versatile effectiveness as a poet, who was always distinguished by a unique freshness of inspiration and a rare purity of soul"
1904	Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914)	France	"With reference to the fresh originality, the ingenious and artistic in his poetry, which faithfully reflects nature and folk life of his homeland, as well as to his significant effectiveness as a Provencal philologist"
	José Echegaray (1832-1916)	Spain	"With reference to its extensive and ingenious authorship which, in an independent and original way, revived the great traditions of Spanish drama"
1905	Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916)	"Poland" (at that time a historical landscape, no partial state or administrative unit of Russia )	"Because of his great services as an epic writer"
1906	Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907)	Italy (born in Valdicastello , Grand Duchy of Tuscany , now Italy )	"Not only in recognition of his rich erudition and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the plastic energy, the freshness of style and the lyrical power that characterize his poetic masterpieces"
1907	Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)	United Kingdom (born in Bombay , British India )	"In recognition of the powers of observation, the original imagination and the male strength in conception and portrayal that distinguish the creations of this world-famous writer"
1908	Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926)	German Empire (born in Aurich , Kingdom of Hanover , German Confederation )	"On the basis of the serious search for truth, the penetrating power of thought and the foresight, the warmth and power of representation, with which he represented and developed an ideal worldview in numerous works"
1909	Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940)	Sweden	"On the basis of the noble idealism, the wealth of imagination and the soulful representation that shape her poetry"
1910	Paul Heyse (1830-1914)	German Empire (born in Berlin , Kingdom of Prussia , German Confederation )	"As a tribute to the perfected and ideally conceptualized artistry that he displayed during a long and significant activity as a poet, playwright, novelist and poet of world-famous short stories"

1911-1920

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1911	Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949)	Belgium	"Due to his versatile literary effectiveness, especially his dramatic creations, which are characterized by a wealth of imagination and a poetic idealism, which, sometimes in the veiled form of the fairy tale, reveals deep inspiration and mysteriously addresses the reader's feeling and intuition"
1912	Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946)	German Empire (born in Ober Salzbrunn , Kingdom of Prussia , German Confederation )	"Primarily for its rich, versatile, outstanding effectiveness in the field of dramatic poetry"
1913	Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)	British India	"On the basis of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful poetry, by means of which he has added his poetic form of expression in his essential English words to the literature of the West with perfect artistry"
1914	not awarded
1915	Romain Rolland (1866–1944) (awarded 1916)	France	"As a tribute to the sublime idealism of his authorship, as well as to the compassion and truth with which he depicts various types of people"
1916	Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)	Sweden	"As a recognition of his importance as spokesman for a new era in our beautiful literature"
1917	Karl Gjellerup (1857-1919)	Denmark	"For his versatile, rich and high ideals poetry"
	Henrik Pontoppidan (1857-1943)	Denmark	"For his rich presentation of today's Danish life"
1918	not awarded
1919	Carl Spitteler (1845–1924) (awarded 1920)	Switzerland	"In particular with regard to his mighty epic 'Olympic Spring'"
1920	Knut Hamsun (1859–1952)	Norway	"For his monumental work ' Blessing of the Earth '"

1921-1930

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1921	Anatole France (1844-1924)	France	"As a recognition of his brilliant writing activity, characterized by noble style, generous humanity, grace and French disposition"
1922	Jacinto Benavente (1866–1954)	Spain	"For the happy way in which he continued the honorable traditions of Spanish drama"
1923	William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)	Irish Free State	"For his constantly animated poetry, which expresses the spirit of a people in the strictest artistic form"
1924	Władysław Reymont (1867-1925)	Poland	"For his great national epic 'The Peasants'"
1925	George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) (awarded 1926)	United Kingdom (born in Dublin , Ireland )	"For its authorship, carried by both idealism and humanity, whose fresh satire is often combined with a peculiar poetic beauty"
1926	Grazia Deledda (1871–1936) (awarded 1927)	Italy (born in Nuoro , Sardinia )	"For her authorship, borne by a high level of idealism, who describes the life of her fatherly origin with vividness and clarity and treats general human problems with depth and warmth"
1927	Henri Bergson (1859–1941) (awarded 1928)	France	"In recognition of his rich and invigorating ideas and the brilliant art with which they are presented"
1928	Sigrid Undset (1882–1949)	Norway (born in Kalundborg , Denmark )	"Mainly for their powerful descriptions of medieval life in the (Scandinavian) north"
1929	Thomas Mann (1875–1955)	German Empire	"Primarily for his great novel ' Buddenbrooks ', which over the years has gained more and more recognition as a classic work of contemporary literature"
1930	Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)	United States	"For his strong and lively art of portrayal, as well as his talent for creating types with wit and humor"

1931-1940

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1931	Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931)	Sweden	"Erik Axel Karlfeldt's poetry"
1932	John Galsworthy (1867-1933)	United Kingdom	"For the distinguished art of narrative which finds its highest expression in ' The Forsyte Saga '"
1933	Ivan Bunin (1870-1953)	Stateless, residing in France (born in Voronezh , Russia )	"For the strict artistry with which he represents the classic Russian line in prose"
1934	Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936)	Italy	"For his bold and ingenious new creation of drama and stage art"
1935	not awarded
1936	Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) (awarded 1937)	United States	"For his dramatic poetry, which is characterized by strength, honesty and a strong feeling as well as an independent understanding of the tragic"
1937	Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958)	France	"For the artistic power and truth with which he portrayed human contrasts and essential aspects of contemporary life in the novel series 'Les Thibault'"
1938	Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973)	United States	"For their rich and genuine epic accounts of Chinese peasant life and for their biographical masterpieces"
1939	Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964)	Finland (born in Kierikkala , Grand Duchy of Finland )	"For the deep understanding and the exquisite art of style, with which he describes the peasant life and the nature of his homeland in their mutual context"
1940	not awarded

1941-1950

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1941	not awarded
1942	not awarded
1943	not awarded
1944	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950) (awarded 1945)	Denmark	"For the rare strength and fertility of his poet's imagination, combined with a comprehensive intellect and bold creative style."
1945	Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957)	Chile	"For the poetry inspired by powerful feelings, which has made its poet's name a symbol for the ideal aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
1946	Hermann Hesse (1877–1962)	Switzerland (born in Calw , Württemberg , German Empire )	"For its inspired authorship, which in its development not only represents boldness and depth, but also classic ideals of humanity and high style values"
1947	André Gide (1869–1951)	France	"For his extensive and artistically meaningful authorship, in which questions and relationships of humanity are presented with an intrepid love of truth and psychological acumen"
1948	Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)	United Kingdom (born in St. Louis , Missouri , United States )	"For his remarkable achievement as a pioneer in today's poetry"
1949	William Faulkner (1897–1962) (awarded 1950)	United States	"For his powerful and artistically independent performance in America's fiction"
1950	Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)	United Kingdom	"As a recognition for his versatile and meaningful authorship, in which he emerges as a champion of humanity and freedom of thought"

1951-1960

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1951	Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974)	Sweden	"For the artistic power and deep independence with which he seeks the answer to the eternal questions of man in his poetry"
1952	François Mauriac (1885-1970)	France	"For the penetrating knowledge of the soul and artistic power, with which he interprets the drama of human life in the form of the novel"
1953	Winston Churchill (1874-1965)	United Kingdom	"For his mastery in historical and biographical presentation as well as for the brilliant eloquence with which he emerges as a defender of the highest human values"
1954	Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)	United States	"For his powerful and style-forming mastery within today's storytelling, recently shown in 'The Old Man and the Sea'", German The old man and the sea
1955	Halldór Laxness (1902-1998)	Iceland	"For its vivid epic, which renews the great Icelandic storytelling"
1956	Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881-1958)	Spain	"For his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish is a model of high spirituality and artistic purity"
1957	Albert Camus (1913-1960)	France (born in Mondovi , Algeria )	"For its meaningful authorship, which illuminates human conscience problems in our time with astute seriousness"
1958	Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) (not accepted)	Soviet Union	"For his significant achievement both in contemporary poetry and in the field of the great Russian storytelling tradition"
1959	Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968)	Italy	"For his lyrical poetry, which expresses the tragic lifestyle of the present with classic fire"
1960	Saint-John Perse (1887–1975)	France (born in Guadeloupe )	"For the high flight and the imaginative fantasies of his poetry, which visionarily reflects the times"

1961-1970

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1961	Ivo Andrić (1892–1975)	Yugoslavia	"For the epic power with which he shapes motifs and fates from the history of his country"
1962	John Steinbeck (1902–1968)	United States	"For his unique realistic and imaginative storytelling, characterized by compassionate humor and social acumen"
1963	Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971)	Greece (born in Smyrna , Ottoman Empire )	"For his excellent lyric poetry, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic cultural world"
1964	Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) (not accepted)	France	"In recognition of his creative literary work, whose liberal spirit and whose search for truth has had a far-reaching influence on our age"
1965	Michail Scholochow (1905-1984)	Soviet Union	"For his artistic strength and honesty, with which he shaped a historical period from Russian folk life in his Don epic"
1966	Samuel Agnon (1888-1970)	Israel (born in Buczacz , Galicia , now Ukraine )	"For his profound, characteristic narrative art with motifs from the Jewish people"
	Nelly Sachs (1891-1970)	Sweden (born in Berlin , German Empire )	"For their outstanding lyric and dramatic works, which interpret the fate of Israel with moving clarity"
1967	Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974)	Guatemala	"For his colorful poetry rooted in folk peculiarities and Indian traditions (Latin America)"
1968	Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972)	Japan	"For his storytelling, which expresses Japanese nature and its peculiarities with a fine feeling"
1969	Samuel Beckett (1906-1989)	Ireland	"For a poetry that, in new forms of the novel and the drama, achieves the artistic erection of man from his abandonment"
1970	Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008)	Soviet Union	"For the ethical force with which he continued the inalienable tradition of Russian literature"

1971-1980

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1971	Pablo Neruda (1904–1973)	Chile	"For a poetry that brings the fate and dreams of a continent to life with the action of a natural force"
1972	Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)	Germany	"For a poem that has had a renewing effect on German literature through its combination of contemporary foresight and loving creative power"
1973	Patrick White (1912-1990)	Australia (born in London , United Kingdom )	"For his epic and psychological storytelling, through which a new continent has been brought to literature"
1974	Eyvind Johnson (1900-1976)	Sweden	"For his art of storytelling, which, looking far across countries and times, is in the service of freedom"
	Harry Martinson (1904–1978)	Sweden	"For a poetic work that captures the dewdrop and reflects the cosmos"
1975	Eugenio Montale (1896-1981)	Italy	"For his particularly marked poetry, which interprets human values ​​with great artistic sensitivity as an expression of an illusion-free view of life"
1976	Saul Bellow (1915-2005)	United States (born in Montreal , Canada )	"For the human understanding and the subtle cultural analysis that are united in his work"
1977	Vicente Aleixandre (1898-1984)	Spain	"For his creative poetry, which illuminates the conditions of man in the cosmos and in today's society and at the same time represents the renewal of traditional Spanish poetry between the wars"
1978	Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-1991)	United States (born in Leoncin , Poland )	"For his haunting narrative art, which, with its roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1979	Odysseas Elytis (1911-1996)	Greece	"For his poetry, which, based in the Greek tradition, shapes the struggle of a modern person for freedom with sensual power and intellectual clarity"
1980	Czesław Miłosz (1911-2004)	Poland and United States	"Who expresses man's position in a world of serious conflicts with uncompromising clarity"

1981-1990

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1981	Elias Canetti (1905-1994)	United Kingdom (born in Russe , Bulgaria )	"For his literary work, characterized by foresight, inventiveness and artistic power"
1982	Gabriel García Márquez (1927-2014)	Colombia	"For his novels and stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic unite in a multifaceted world of poetry, which reflects the life and conflict of a continent"
1983	William Golding (1911-1993)	United Kingdom	"For his novels, which shed light on human conditions in today's world with the vividness of realistic storytelling and the ambiguous generality of the myth"
1984	Jaroslav Seifert (1901–1986)	Czechoslovakia	"For his poetry, which with fresh sensuality and rich ingenuity gives a liberating image of human inflexibility and diversity"
1985	Claude Simon (1913-2005)	France	"Who in his novels combines the work of a poet and painter with a deepened awareness of the times in the description of basic human conditions"
1986	Wole Soyinka (* 1934)	Nigeria	"Who shaped the drama of human existence in a broad cultural perspective and with poetic overtones"
1987	Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996)	United States (born in Leningrad , Soviet Union )	"For a literary work of comprehensive breadth, characterized by intellectual sharpness and poetic expressiveness"
1988	Nagib Mahfuz (1911-2006)	Egypt	"Pioneer of new (socially critical) Egyptian storytelling between tradition and modernity"
1989	Camilo José Cela (1916-2002)	Spain	"For his rich and haunting prose art, which, with restrained compassion, creates a challenging vision of human exposure"
1990	Octavio Paz (1914-1998)	Mexico	"In appreciation of his passionate poetry with broad horizons, shaped by sensual intelligence and humanistic integrity"

1991-2000

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1991	Nadine Gordimer (1923-2014)	South Africa	"For her epic poetry, which has shown great use to mankind and which, through its deep insights into historical events, helps shape this event"
1992	Derek Walcott (1930-2017)	St. Lucia	"For a poem of great luminosity, borne by a historical vision that grew out of a multicultural obligation"
1993	Toni Morrison (1931-2019)	United States	"For her literary portrayal of an important side of US society through visionary power and poetic conciseness"
1994	Kenzaburō Ōe (* 1935)	Japan	"For his creation of a world in the factory in which life and myth condense into a harrowing image of man in the present"
1995	Seamus Heaney (1939-2013)	Ireland	"In appreciation of the lyrical beauty and ethical depth of his oeuvre"
1996	Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012)	Poland	"For her work, which ironically and precisely lets the historical and biological context emerge in fragments of human reality"
1997	Dario Fo (1926-2016)	Italy	"Who, following the medieval jugglers, castigates power and rebuilds the dignity of the weak and humiliated"
1998	José Saramago (1922-2010)	Portugal	"Who with parables, carried by fantasy, compassion and irony, constantly makes an escaping reality tangible"
1999	Günter Grass (1927-2015)	Germany (born in Danzig )	"Because he has drawn the forgotten face of history in lively black fables"
2000	Gao Xingjian (* 1940)	France (born in Ganzhou , China )	"For his work of universal goodness, bitter insight and linguistic wealth"

2001-2010

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2001	VS Naipaul (1932-2018)	United Kingdom (born in Trinidad , Trinidad and Tobago )	"For his works, which combine clairaudient storytelling and incorruptible observation and force us to see the present of repressed history"
2002	Imre Kertész (1929-2016)	Hungary	"For a literary work that asserts the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
2003	JM Coetzee (* 1940)	South Africa	"Who in numerous disguises represents the astonishing participation of outsiders"
2004	Elfriede Jelinek (* 1946)	Austria	"For the musical flow of voices and dissenting voices in novels and dramas that reveal the absurdity and compelling power of social clichés with a unique linguistic passion"
2005	Harold Pinter (1930-2008)	United Kingdom	"Who in his dramas exposes the abyss beneath everyday chatter and breaks into the closed space of oppression"
2006	Orhan Pamuk (* 1952)	Turkey	"Who, in search of the melancholy soul of his hometown Istanbul, has found new symbols for the clash and interweaving of cultures"
2007	Doris Lessing (1919-2013)	United Kingdom (born in Kermanshah , Persia )	"The epic woman of female experience who, with skepticism, passion and visionary power, has taken on a fragmented civilization to test"
2008	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (* 1940)	France / Mauritius	"The author of the awakening, the poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, the explorer of a humanity outside and below the ruling civilization"
2009	Herta Müller (* 1953)	Germany (born in Nitzkydorf , Banat , Romania )	"Which draws landscapes of homelessness by condensing poetry and the objectivity of prose"
2010	Mario Vargas Llosa (* 1936)	Peru / Spain	"For his cartography of power structures and sharp-edged images of individual resistance, turmoil and defeat"

2011-2020

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2011	Tomas Tranströmmer (1931–2015)	Sweden	"Because it shows us new paths to the real in compressed, illuminating images"
2012	Mo Yan (* 1955)	People's Republic of China	"Because he combines fairy tales, history and the present with hallucinatory realism"
2013	Alice Munro (* 1931)	Canada	"The virtuoso of contemporary short stories"
2014	Patrick Modiano (* 1945)	France	"For the art of memory, with which he awakened the most incomprehensible human fates and made the world of the occupation transparent"
2015	Svetlana Alexievich (* 1948)	Belarus (born in Stanislaw , Soviet Union , today Ukraine)	"For her polyphonic work, which is a monument to the suffering and courage of our time"
2016	Bob Dylan (born 1941)	United States	"For his poetic new creations in the great American song tradition"
2017	Kazuo Ishiguro (* 1954)	United Kingdom (born in Nagasaki , Japan )	"Who, in novels with a strong emotional impact, uncovered the abyss in our supposed connection with the world"
2018	Olga Tokarczuk (* 1962) (awarded 2019)	Poland	"For a narrative imagination that shows, with encyclopedic passion, transgressions as a way of life"
2019	Peter Handke (* 1942)	Austria	"For an influential work that explored marginal areas and the specificity of human experiences with linguistic ingenuity"
2020	Louise Glück (* 1943)	United States	"For her unmistakable poetic voice, which makes individual existence universal with its strict beauty"

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1901-1910 · 1911-1920 · 1921-1930 · 1931-1940 · 1941-1950 · 1951-1960
1961-1970 · 1971-1980 · 1981-1990 · 1991-2000 · 2001-2010 · 2011-2020

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Distribution by country

Prize winners who were citizens of two countries at the time of the award are half-counted here for both countries.

nation	Number of awards
France	14.5
United States	12.5
United Kingdom	11.5
Germany	8th
Sweden	8th
Italy	6th
Spain	5.5
Poland	4.5
Ireland	4th
Norway	3
Soviet Union	3
Denmark	3
Austria	2
Switzerland	2
Chile	2
Greece	2
South Africa	2
Japan	2
Egypt	1
Australia	1
Belgium	1
People's Republic of China	1
Finland	1
Guatemala	1
India	1
Iceland	1
Israel	1
Yugoslavia	1
Canada	1
Colombia	1
Mexico	1
Nigeria	1
Portugal	1
Stateless	1
St. Lucia	1
Hungary	1
Czechoslovakia	1
Turkey	1
Belarus	1
Mauritius	0.5
Peru	0.5

Web links

Commons : Nobel Prize Winner in Literature  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Nobel Prize in Literature  - Sources and Full Texts

• Official list of Nobel Prize for Literature (English)
• Swedish Academy website (Swedish)
• Information from the German Historical Museum
• Official website of the Nobel Foundation (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ German translation of Alfred Nobel's will ( Memento of the original of July 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
2. ^ All Nobel Prizes in Literature. Retrieved October 26, 2019 (American English). 
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Nationality at the time of the award of the award according to the information on the awarding institution or Nobel Foundation. Available on nobelprize.org ( nobelprize.org ( memento of January 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )) until 2010 , since then according to the Swedish Academy.
4. ↑ see also: Nobel Prize for Literature 1901
5. ↑ ^{a b} The money was given to the special fund for this price category.
6. ↑ According to the official list of the Nobel Foundation. This refers to the time of the award.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e} One third of the prize money was given to the main fund and two thirds to the funds in this prize category.
8. ↑ When Pasternak was to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, he initially accepted it, but later turned it down under pressure from the Soviet authorities. After the Soviet reform processes in the 1980s (cf. perestroika and glasnost ), his son accepted the 1989 Nobel Prize in Stockholm, which Pasternak had rejected, on behalf of his father in a special ceremony.
9. ↑ Usually places of birth are shown in the official lists of the Nobel Foundation if they are not in the specified country. However, this information is missing here.
10. ↑ According to the Nobel List. Poland did not exist as an independent state at that time.
11. ↑ The official translation from the German press release  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Swedish Academy uses the word "novella" instead of "short story". In the Swedish original ( Memento from May 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), however, reference is made to the Swedish word “novell”, which as a false friend does not mean “novella” but “short story”.  
12. ↑ Due to a crisis in the Swedish Academy , the 2019 award was given retrospectively for 2018. In 2018, Frenchwoman Maryse Condé received the New Academy's one-time alternative literature prize .

This version was added to the selection of informative lists and portals on November 12, 2008 .