List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded annually since 1901 and has been endowed with 9 million Swedish kronor (approx. 868,000 euros) since 2017 . The selection of the laureates is subject to the Karolinska Institute . The founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel , decreed in his will of November 27, 1895, in which the award of the award was regulated, that the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine should be awarded to “whoever made the most important discovery in the domain of physiology or medicine has made". The Nobel Prize is presented each year by the King of Sweden on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10th.

Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded (as of 2019), a total of 219 people have been honored, including 207 men (94.5%) and twelve women (5.5%). So far nobody has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine multiple times. So far, the prize has been awarded 39 times to one person. 33 times it was split between two people and 38 times between three people. With a rate of 1.98 winners per award, it is the most heavily divided Nobel Prize. Nine times the prize was not awarded, the last time in 1942.

The section Distribution by country provides an overview of the distribution across individual nations .

List of award winners

This list contains a chronological overview of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with the reasons for the Nobel Committees. The category Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology or Medicine offers an alphabetical overview .

1901–1910 • 1911–1920 • 1921–1930 • 1931–1940 • 1941–1950 • 1951–1960

1961–1970 • 1971–1980 • 1981–1990 • 1991–2000 • 2001–2010 • 2011–2020

1901-1910

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1901	Emil von Behring (1854–1917)	German Empire	"For his work on serum therapy and especially for its application against diphtheria , with which he opened up new avenues for medical science and gave the doctor a successful weapon in the fight against illness and death"
1902	Ronald Ross (1857-1932)	United Kingdom (born in Almora , India )	"For his work on malaria , through which he demonstrated how the disease gets into the organism and thus laid the foundation for successful research into this disease and its treatment methods"
1903	Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904)	Denmark (born in Tórshavn )	"In recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris , by means of concentrated light rays, through which he opened up a new path for medical science" (Note: Lupus vulgaris , in German skin tuberculosis, is a rare form of tuberculosis)
1904	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)	Russia	"In recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion which has improved and expanded knowledge of essential aspects of this area"
1905	Robert Koch (1843-1910)	German Empire	"For his investigations and discoveries in the field of tuberculosis "
1906	Camillo Golgi (1843 or 1844–1926)	Italy	"In recognition of her work on the structure of the nervous system "
	Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934)	Spain
1907	Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922)	France	"In recognition of his work on the importance of protozoa as pathogens" (Note: Protozoa is an outdated term for single-celled organisms with a cell nucleus)
1908	Ilya Ilyich Metschnikow (1845–1916)	Russia	"In recognition of their work on immunity"
	Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915)	German Empire
1909	Theodor Kocher (1841-1917)	Switzerland	"For his work on physiology , pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland "
1910	Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927)	German Empire	"In recognition of the contribution that his work on proteins including nucleins made to our knowledge of the chemistry of the cell" (Note: DNA was still unknown at the time - the substances in the cell nucleus were called nucleins )

1911-1920

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1911	Allvar Gullstrand (1862-1930)	Sweden	"For his work on the dioptric of the eye "
1912	Alexis Carrel (1873-1944)	France	"In recognition of his work on vascular sutures and on vascular and organ transplants "
1913	Charles Richet (1850-1935)	France	"For his work on anaphylaxis "
1914	Robert Bárány (1876–1936) (awarded 1915)	Austria-Hungary	"For his work on physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus "
1915	not awarded
1916	not awarded
1917	not awarded
1918	not awarded
1919	Jules Bordet (1870–1961) (awarded 1920)	Belgium	"For his discoveries in the field of immunity"
1920	August Krogh (1874-1949)	Denmark	"For the discovery of the capillary motor regulation mechanism"

1921-1930

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1921	not awarded
1922	Archibald Vivian Hill (1886–1977) (awarded 1923)	United Kingdom	"For his discoveries in the field of heat generation in muscles "
	Otto Meyerhof (1884–1951) (awarded 1923)	German Empire	"For his discovery of the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid production in muscles"
1923	Frederick Banting (1891-1941)	Canada	"For the discovery of insulin "
	John James Rickard Macleod (1876-1935)	Canada (born in Cluny , Scotland )
1924	Willem Einthoven (1860-1927)	Netherlands (born in Semarang , Java , then Dutch East Indies )	"For his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram "
1925	not awarded
1926	Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928) (awarded 1927)	Denmark	"For his discovery of spiroptera carcinoma " (he mistakenly assumed this abnormal tissue proliferation to be a carcinoma, which led to the thesis that cancer is an infectious disease)
1927	Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940)	Austria	"For the discovery of the therapeutic importance of the malaria vaccination in the treatment of progressive paralysis "
1928	Charles Nicolle (1866-1936)	France	"For his work on typhus "
1929	Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930)	Netherlands	"For his discovery of the anti-neuritic vitamin "
	Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947)	United Kingdom	"For the discovery of growth-promoting vitamins "
1930	Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943)	Austria	"For the discovery of human blood groups "

1931-1940

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1931	Otto Warburg (1883-1970)	German Empire	"For the discovery of the nature and the function of the respiratory ferment " (Note: The term ferment is hardly used today - it has been replaced by the term enzyme )
1932	Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952)	United Kingdom	"For their discoveries in the field of the functions of neurons "
	Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889–1977)	United Kingdom
1933	Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945)	United States	"For his discoveries about the role of chromosomes in inheritance"
1934	George Hoyt Whipple (1878-1976)	United States	"For your liver therapy against anemia "
	George Richards Minot (1885-1950)	United States
	William Parry Murphy (1892-1987)	United States
1935	Hans Spemann (1869–1941)	German Empire	"For the discovery of the organizer effect in the embryonic development stage"
1936	Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968)	United Kingdom	"For their discoveries in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses" ( Dalesches principle )
	Otto Loewi (1873–1961)	Austria (born in Frankfurt am Main , German Empire )
1937	Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986)	Hungary	"For his discoveries in the field of biological combustion processes , especially in relation to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid "
1938	Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) (awarded 1939)	Belgium	"For the discovery of the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in breathing regulation"
1939	Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964)	German Empire	"For the discovery of the antibacterial effect of Prontosil "
1940	not awarded

1941-1950

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1941	not awarded
1942	not awarded
1943	Henrik Dam (1895–1976) (awarded 1944)	Denmark	"For the discovery of vitamin K "
	Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) (awarded 1944)	United States	"For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1944	Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965)	United States	"For their discoveries about the highly differentiated functions of the individual nerve fibers "
	Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963)	United States
1945	Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)	United Kingdom (born in Darvel , Scotland )	"For the discovery of penicillin and its healing properties in various infectious diseases "
	Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979)	United Kingdom (born in Berlin , German Empire )
	Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968)	Australia
1946	Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967)	United States	"For the discovery that mutations can be caused with the help of X-rays "
1947	Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984)	United States (born in Prague , then Austria-Hungary )	"For their discovery of the course of the catalytic glycogen metabolism"
	Gerty Cori (1896-1957)	United States (born in Prague , then Austria-Hungary )
	Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971)	Argentina	"For his discovery of the importance of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland for sugar metabolism"
1948	Paul Hermann Müller (1899-1965)	Switzerland	"For the discovery of the strong effects of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods "
1949	Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973)	Switzerland	"For the discovery of the functional organization of the diencephalon for the coordination of the activity of internal organs"
	António Egas Moniz (1874–1955)	Portugal	"For the discovery of the therapeutic value of prefrontal leukotomy in certain psychoses"
1950	Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972)	United States	"For their discoveries about the hormones of the adrenal cortex , their structure and their biological effects"
	Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996)	Switzerland (born in Włocławek , Congress Poland )
	Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965)	United States

1951-1960

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1951	Max Theiler (1899–1972)	South Africa	"For research into yellow fever and its control"
1952	Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973)	United States (born in Nowa Pryluka , Ukraine , then Russia )	"For the discovery of streptomycin , the first antibiotic against tuberculosis "
1953	Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981)	United Kingdom (born in Hildesheim , German Empire )	"For his discovery of the citric acid cycle "
	Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986)	United States (born in Königsberg , then German Empire )	"For his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for the intermediate metabolism"
1954	John Franklin Enders (1897–1985)	United States	"For their discovery of the ability of the poliovirus to grow in cultures of different tissue types "
	Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-2008)	United States
	Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003)	United States
1955	Hugo Theorell (1903–1982)	Sweden	"For his discoveries about the nature and mode of action of the oxidizing enzymes "
1956	André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988)	United States (born in Paris , France )	"For their discoveries about cardiac catheterization and the pathological changes in the circulatory system "
	Werner Forßmann (1904–1979)	Germany
	Dickinson Woodruff Richards (1895-1973)	United States
1957	Daniel Bovet (1907-1992)	Italy (born in Neuchâtel , Switzerland )	"For his discoveries about synthetic compounds that make certain substances effective in the body, and especially their effect on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles "
1958	George Wells Beadle (1903-1989)	United States	"For their discovery that genes work by regulating certain chemical processes"
	Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909-1975)	United States
	Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008)	United States	"For his discoveries about genetic new combinations and the organization of genetic material in bacteria"
1959	Severo Ochoa (1905-1993)	United States (born in Ḷḷuarca , Spain )	"For their discovery of the mechanism in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid "
	Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007)	United States
1960	Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985)	Australia	"For their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
	Peter Brian Medawar (1915-1987)	United Kingdom

1961-1970

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1961	Georg von Békésy (1899–1972)	United States (born in Budapest , Austria-Hungary )	"For his discoveries in the physical mechanism of excitations in the cochlea of ​​the ear "
1962	Francis Crick (1916-2004)	United Kingdom	"For their discoveries about the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living matter"
	James Watson (* 1928)	United States
	Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004)	United Kingdom / New Zealand (born in Pongaroa , New Zealand )
1963	John Carew Eccles (1903-1997)	Australia	"For her discoveries about the ion mechanism that takes place during excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central areas of the nerve cell membrane"
	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-1998)	United Kingdom
	Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-2012)	United Kingdom
1964	Konrad Bloch (1912-2000)	United States (born in Neisse , German Empire )	"For their discoveries about the mechanism and regulation of the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids "
	Feodor Lynen (1911–1979)	Germany
1965	François Jacob (1920–2013)	France	"For their discoveries in the field of genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses "
	André Lwoff (1902-1994)	France
	Jacques Monod (1910-1976)	France
1966	Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)	United States	"For his discoveries in the field of tumorigenic viruses"
	Charles Brenton Huggins (1901-1997)	United States	"For his discoveries on the hormone treatment of prostate cancer "
1967	Ragnar granite (1900-1991)	Sweden (born in Riihimäki , Finland )	"For their discovery in the field of primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
	Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903-1983)	United States
	George Wald (1906-1997)	United States
1968	Robert W. Holley (1922-1993)	United States	"For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis "
	Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011)	United States (born in Raipur , British India )
	Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1927-2010)	United States
1969	Max Delbrück (1906–1981)	United States (born in Berlin , German Empire )	"For their discoveries of the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
	Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997)	United States
	Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991)	United States (born in Turin , Italy )
1970	Bernard Katz (1911-2003)	United Kingdom (born in Leipzig , German Empire )	"For their discovery of the signal substances in the contact organs of nerve cells and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation"
	Ulf von Euler (1905–1983)	Sweden
	Julius Axelrod (1912-2004)	United States

1971-1980

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1971	Earl Wilbur Sutherland (1915–1974)	United States	"For his discoveries about the mechanisms of action of hormones "
1972	Gerald M. Edelman (1929-2014)	United States	"For their discoveries about the chemical structure of antibodies "
	Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985)	United Kingdom
1973	Karl von Frisch (1886–1982)	Germany (born in Vienna , Austria-Hungary )	"For your discoveries about the organization and triggering of individual and social behavioral patterns "
	Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989)	Austria
	Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988)	United Kingdom (born in The Hague , Netherlands )
1974	Albert Claude (1899-1983)	Belgium	"For their discoveries on the structural and functional organization of the cell"
	Christian de Duve (1917-2013)	Belgium
	George Emil Palade (1912-2008)	United States (born in Iași , Romania )
1975	David Baltimore (* 1938)	United States	"For their discoveries in the field of interactions between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
	Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012)	United States (born in Catanzaro , Italy )
	Howard M. Temin (1934-1994)	United States
1976	Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011)	United States	"For their discoveries of new mechanisms in the development and spread of infectious diseases "
	Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008)	United States
1977	Roger Guillemin (* 1924)	United States (born in Dijon , France )	"For their discoveries about the production of peptide hormones in the brain"
	Andrew Victor Schally (* 1926)	United States (born in Wilno , Poland )
	Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011)	United States	"For the development of radioimmunological methods for the determination of peptide hormones "
1978	Werner Arber (* 1929)	Switzerland	"For their discovery of restriction enzymes and the application of these enzymes in molecular genetics "
	Daniel Nathans (1928-1999)	United States
	Hamilton Othanel Smith (* 1931)	United States
1979	Allan McLeod Cormack (1924-1998)	United States (born in Johannesburg , South African Union )	"For their development of computed tomography "
	Godfrey Hounsfield (1919-2004)	United Kingdom
1980	Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011)	United States (born in Caracas , Venezuela )	"For their discoveries of genetically determined cellular surface structures that control immunological reactions "
	Jean Dausset (1916–2009)	France
	George Davis Snell (1903-1996)	United States

1981-1990

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1981	Roger Sperry (1913-1994)	United States	"For his discoveries about the functional specialization of the brain hemispheres "
	David H. Hubel (1926-2013)	United States (born in Windsor , Ontario , Canada )	"For their discoveries about information processing in the visual perception system"
	Torsten N. Wiesel (* 1924)	Sweden
1982	Sune Bergström (1916-2004)	Sweden	"For her groundbreaking work on prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
	Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (* 1934)	Sweden
	John Robert Vane (1927-2004)	United Kingdom
1983	Barbara McClintock (1902-1992)	United States	"For their discovery of the movable structures in the genetic material"
1984	Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994)	Denmark	"For theories about the specific structure and control of the immune system and for the discovery of the principle of the production of monoclonal antibodies "
	Georges JF Koehler (1946–1995)	Germany
	César Milstein (1927-2002)	Argentina / United Kingdom (born in Bahía Blanca , Argentina )
1985	Michael Stuart Brown (born 1941)	United States	"For your discovery to determine the cholesterol metabolism "
	Joseph L. Goldstein (* 1940)	United States
1986	Stanley Cohen (1922-2020)	United States	"For their discovery of the nerve growth factor "
	Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)	Italy / United States (born in Turin , Italy )
1987	Tonegawa Susumu (* 1939)	Japan	"For his discovery of the genetic basis for the development of the richness of variation in antibodies "
1988	James Whyte Black (1924-2010)	United Kingdom	"For their groundbreaking discoveries of important biochemical principles of drug therapy "
	Gertrude Belle Elion (1918–1999)	United States
	George Herbert Hitchings (1905-1998)	United States
1989	John Michael Bishop (* 1936)	United States	"For their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes "
	Harold E. Varmus (* 1939)	United States
1990	Joseph Edward Murray (1919–2012)	United States	"For their introduction of the method of transferring tissue and organs as a clinical treatment practice in human medicine"
	Edward Donnall Thomas (1920–2012)	United States

1991-2000

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1991	Erwin Neher (* 1944)	Germany	"For their development of a method for the direct detection of ion channels in cell membranes to research signal transmission within the cell and between the cells"
	Bert Sakmann (* 1942)	Germany
1992	Edmond Henri Fischer (* 1920)	United States / Switzerland (born in Shanghai , Republic of China )	"For their discovery of the mechanisms that control the metabolic processes in organisms"
	Edwin Gerhard Krebs (1918–2009)	United States
1993	Richard J. Roberts (* 1943)	United Kingdom	"For their identification of the discontinuous structure of some genetic make-up of cell organisms"
	Phillip Allen Sharp (* 1944)	United States
1994	Alfred Goodman Gilman (1941-2015)	United States	"For the discovery of G-proteins and their role in signal transmission in cells"
	Martin Rodbell (1925-1998)	United States
1995	Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004)	United States	"For their fundamental knowledge about the genetic control of early embryonic development "
	Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (* 1942)	Germany
	Eric Wieschaus (* 1947)	United States
1996	Peter Doherty (* 1940)	Australia	"For their discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells"
	Rolf Zinkernagel (* 1944)	Switzerland
1997	Stanley Prusiner (* 1942)	United States	"For his discovery of prions , a new biological principle of infection "
1998	Robert Francis Furchgott (1916-2009)	United States	"For her work on the role of nitric oxide as a messenger substance in the cardiovascular system "
	Louis J. Ignarro (* 1941)	United States
	Ferid Murad (* 1936)	United States
1999	Günter Blobel (1936-2018)	United States (born in Waltersdorf , Silesia )	"For the discovery of the signals built into proteins that control their transport and localization in the cell"
2000	Arvid Carlsson (1923-2018)	Sweden	"For their discoveries about signal transmission in the nervous system "
	Paul Greengard (1925-2019)	United States
	Eric Kandel (* 1929)	United States (born in Vienna , Austria )

2001-2010

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2001	Leland H. Hartwell (* 1939)	United States	"For their discoveries about the control of the cell cycle "
	Tim Hunt (born 1943)	United Kingdom
	Paul Nurse (* 1949)	United Kingdom
2002	Sydney Brenner (1927-2019)	United Kingdom (born in South African Union )	"For their discoveries about the genetic control of organ development and programmed cell death "
	H. Robert Horvitz (* 1947)	United States
	John E. Sulston (1942-2018)	United Kingdom
2003	Paul Christian Lauterbur (1929-2007)	United States	"For their discoveries about magnetic resonance imaging "
	Peter Mansfield (1933-2017)	United Kingdom
2004	Richard Axel (* 1946)	United States	"For the research of the olfactory receptors and the organization of the olfactory system "
	Linda B. Buck (* 1947)	United States
2005	Barry Marshall (born 1951)	Australia	"For the discovery of the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its importance in gastritis and gastric ulcers "
	John Robin Warren (born 1937)	Australia
2006	Andrew Z. Fire (* 1959)	United States	"For their discovery of RNA interference "
	Craig Mello (* 1960)	United States
2007	Mario Capecchi (* 1937)	United States (born in Italy )	"For groundbreaking discoveries in the field of embryonic stem cells and DNA recombination in mammals"
	Martin Evans (born 1941)	United Kingdom
	Oliver Smithies (1925-2017)	United States (born in United Kingdom )
2008	Harald zur Hausen (* 1936)	Germany	"For his discovery of the induction of cervical cancer by human papilloma viruses "
	Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (* 1947)	France	"For the discovery of the HI virus "
	Luc Montagnier (* 1932)	France
2009	Elizabeth Blackburn (* 1948)	United States (born in Hobart , Tasmania , Australia )	for discovering "how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase "
	Carol W. Greider (* 1961)	United States
	Jack Szostak (* 1952)	United States (born in London , United Kingdom )
2010	Robert Edwards (1925-2013)	United Kingdom	"For his development of in vitro fertilization "

2011-2020

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2011	Bruce Beutler (* 1957)	United States	"For their discoveries about the activation of innate immunity "
	Jules Hoffmann (* 1941)	France (born in Echternach , Luxembourg )
	Ralph M. Steinman (1943-2011)	Canada	"For his discovery of dendritic cells and their role in adaptive immunity"
2012	John Gurdon (* 1933)	United Kingdom	"For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells"
	Shin'ya Yamanaka (* 1962)	Japan
2013	James Rothman (born 1950)	United States	"For the discovery of transport processes in cells"
	Randy Schekman (born 1948)	United States
	Thomas Südhof (* 1955)	Germany / United States
2014	John O'Keefe (* 1939)	United States / United Kingdom	"For the discovery of cells that form a positioning system in the brain"
	May-Britt Moser (* 1963)	Norway
	Edvard Moser (* 1962)	Norway
2015	William C. Campbell (born 1930)	United States (born in Ramelton , Ireland )	"For their discoveries concerning a novel therapy for of nematodes caused infections"
	Satoshi Ōmura (* 1935)	Japan
	Tu Youyou (* 1930)	People's Republic of China	"For their discoveries regarding a novel therapy for malaria "
2016	Yoshinori Ōsumi (* 1945)	Japan	"For his discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy "
2017	Jeffrey C. Hall (* 1945)	United States	"For their discoveries regarding the molecular control mechanisms of the circadian rhythm "
	Michael Rosbash (* 1944)	United States
	Michael W. Young (born 1949)	United States
2018	James P. Allison (born 1948)	United States	"For the discovery of a cancer therapy by inhibiting negative immune regulation"
	Tasuku Honjo (* 1942)	Japan
2019	William G. Kaelin (* 1957)	United States	"For the discovery of molecular mechanisms of oxygen uptake by cells"
	Gregg Semenza (* 1956)	United States
	Peter J. Ratcliffe (* 1954)	United Kingdom

Distribution by country

Prize winners who were citizens of two countries at the time of the award are half-counted here for both countries.

nation	Number of awards
United States	103
United Kingdom	30.5
Germany	16.5
France	11
Sweden	8th
Switzerland	6.5
Australia	6th
Denmark	5
Austria	5
Japan	5
Italy	4.5
Belgium	4th
Canada	3
Netherlands	2
Norway	2
Russia	2
Argentina	1.5
Portugal	1
Spain	1
South Africa	1
Hungary	1
People's Republic of China	1
New Zealand	0.5

See also

• Medical advances timeline

Web links

Commons : Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine (English)
• Information from the German Historical Museum

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Country according to the information on nobelprize.org. Usually, the nationality of the award winner is stated at the time of the award. If his place of birth is in another country, this is noted in brackets.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} The prize money was given to the funds of this prize category
3. ↑ Gerhard Domagk was forced to refuse the award due to the prohibition at the time for Germans to accept the Nobel Prize. He later accepted the certificate and medal.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} One third of the prize money was given to the main fund and two thirds to the funds in this prize category.
5. ↑ The Nobel Foundation names Lochfield as the place of birth, but it is a farm in the parish of Darvel.
6. ↑ (Finnish)
7. ↑ Blackburn is listed as an American in the official lists of the Nobel Foundation, but also has Australian citizenship.
8. ↑ Steinman died shortly before the decision to award him the award. A posthumous award contradicts the statutes of the Nobel Foundation. However, the awarding body was unaware of Steinman's demise. Following a decision by the Nobel Foundation, the statutes are interpreted to mean that their purpose is to ensure that no one is deliberately awarded the prize posthumously. This was not the case here, which is why Steinman received the award anyway. Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org (Swedish; accessed October 3, 2011)
9. ↑ Südhof lost his German citizenship in the 1990s through naturalization in the United States. After he was awarded the Nobel Prize, he was offered to be a German citizen again. He came to the award ceremony with a German passport. See “I have a German passport again”. In: Berliner Zeitung , March 10, 2014.

This version was added to the selection of informative lists and portals on December 16, 2008 .