List of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry has been awarded annually since 1901 and has been endowed with 9 million Swedish kronor (approx. 868,000 euros) since 2017 . The selection of the laureates is made by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel , decreed in his will of November 27, 1895, in which the award of the award was regulated, that the Nobel Prize for Chemistry should be awarded to "those who have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement". The Nobel Prize is presented each year by the King of Sweden on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10th.

Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded, the prize has been awarded a total of 111 times. A total of 183 people were honored, including 178 men (97.3%) and five women (2.7%). Frederick Sanger was the only one to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. From 1901 to 2019, the prize was awarded to one person 63 times. 23 times it was split between two people and 25 times between three people. Eight times the prize was not awarded, the last time in 1942.

List of award winners

This list contains a chronological overview of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with the reasons for the Nobel Committees. The category Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry provides an alphabetical overview .

1901–1910 · 1911–1920 · 1921–1930 · 1931–1940 · 1941–1950 · 1951–1960 1961–1970 · 1971–1980 · 1981–1990 · 1991–2000 · 2001–2010 · 2011–2020

1901-1910

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1901	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)	Netherlands	"In recognition of the extraordinary merit he has earned through the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902	Emil Fischer (1852-1919)	German Empire	"In recognition of the extraordinary merit he has earned through his synthetic work in the field of sugar and purine groups "
1903	Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927)	Sweden	"In recognition of the extraordinary merit he has earned through his theory of electrolytic dissociation for the development of chemistry"
1904	Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916)	United Kingdom	"In recognition of the merit he has earned through the discovery of the indifferent gaseous basic substances noble gases in the air and the determination of their place in the periodic system "
1905	Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917)	German Empire	"In recognition of the service he has earned in the development of organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906	Henri Moissan (1852-1907)	France	"In recognition of the great merit he has earned through his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and through the introduction of the electric furnace named after him into the service of science"
1907	Eduard Buchner (1860-1917)	German Empire	"For his biochemical investigations and the discovery of cell-free fermentation "
1908	Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)	United Kingdom / New Zealand (born in Nelson , New Zealand )	"For his investigations into the decay of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909	Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932)	German Empire (born in Riga , then Russian Empire )	"In recognition of his work on catalysis as well as for his fundamental studies of chemical equilibrium conditions and reaction rates "
1910	Otto Wallach (1847–1931)	German Empire	"In recognition of the service he has earned in the development of organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his pioneering work in the field of alicyclic compounds "

1911-1920

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1911	Marie Curie (1867-1934)	France (born in Warsaw , Congress Poland )	“In recognition of the merit she has earned in the development of chemistry through the discovery of the elements radium and polonium , through the characterization of radium and its isolation in a metallic state, and through her investigations into the nature and chemical compounds of this important element "
1912	Victor Grignard (1871-1935)	France	"For the so-called Grignard's reagent that he discovered , which has greatly promoted the progress of organic chemistry in recent years"
	Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)	France	"For his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals , whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been promoted to a large extent in recent years"
1913	Alfred Werner (1866-1919)	Switzerland (born in Mulhouse , then French Empire )	"On the basis of his work on the bonding relationships of the atoms in the molecule, which has clarified older research areas and opened up new ones, especially in the field of inorganic chemistry "
1914	Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) (awarded 1915)	United States	"In recognition of its precise determinations of the atomic weight of numerous chemical elements"
1915	Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)	German Empire	"For his studies of the dyes in the plant kingdom, especially the chlorophyll "
1916	not awarded
1917	not awarded
1918	Fritz Haber (1868–1934) (awarded 1919)	German Empire	"For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" ( Haber-Bosch process )
1919	not awarded
1920	Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941) (awarded 1921)	German Empire	"In recognition of his thermochemical work"

1921-1930

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1921	Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) (awarded 1922)	United Kingdom	"For his contributions to the knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances and his investigations into the occurrence and nature of isotopes "
1922	Francis William Aston (1877-1945)	United Kingdom	"For his discovery of a large number of isotopes in several non-radioactive elements with the help of his mass spectrograph and for his discovery of the so-called law of integers"
1923	Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)	Austria	"For the microanalysis of organic substances developed by him "
1924	not awarded
1925	Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) (awarded 1926)	German Empire (born in Vienna , Austria )	"For the elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions as well as for the methods used, which are fundamental for modern colloid chemistry "
1926	The Svedberg (1884–1971)	Sweden	"For his work on disperse systems "
1927	Heinrich Wieland (1877–1957) (awarded 1928)	German Empire	"For his research on the composition of bile acid and related substances"
1928	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)	German Empire	"For his services to research into the structure of sterols and their connection with vitamins "
1929	Arthur Harden (1865-1940)	United Kingdom	"For their research on sugar fermentation and the role of enzymes in this process"
	Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)	Sweden (born in Augsburg , German Empire )
1930	Hans Fischer (1881–1945)	German Empire	"For his work on the structure of blood and plant pigments and for the synthesis of heme "

1931-1940

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1931	Carl Bosch (1874–1940)	German Empire	"For their services to the discovery and development of high pressure chemical processes"
	Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)	German Empire
1932	Irving Langmuir (1881-1957)	United States	"For his discoveries and research in the field of surface chemistry "
1933	not awarded
1934	Harold C. Urey (1893-1981)	United States	"For his discovery of heavy hydrogen "
1935	Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900-1958)	France	"For their jointly performed representations of new radioactive elements"
	Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)	France
1936	Peter Debye (1884–1966)	Netherlands	"For his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structures through his research on dipole moments, on the diffraction of X-rays and on electrons in gases"
1937	Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)	United Kingdom	"For his research on carbohydrates and vitamin C "
	Paul Karrer (1889–1971)	Switzerland	"For his research on carotenoids and flavins as well as vitamins A and B2 "
1938	Richard Kuhn (1900–1967) (awarded 1939)	German Empire (born in Vienna , Austria )	"For his work on carotenoids and vitamins "
1939	Adolf FJ Butenandt (1903–1995)	German Empire	"For his work on sex hormones "
	Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)	Switzerland (born in Vukovar , then Austria-Hungary )	"For his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes "
1940	not awarded

1941-1950

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1941	not awarded
1942	not awarded
1943	George de Hevesy (1885–1966) (awarded 1944)	Hungary	"For his work on the use of isotopes as indicators in the research of chemical processes"
1944	Otto Hahn (1879–1968) (awarded 1945)	German Empire	"For his discovery of the fission of atoms "
1945	Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)	Finland	"For his investigations and discoveries in the field of agronomic and food chemistry , in particular for his method of preserving animal feed and forage plants"
1946	James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)	United States	"For his discovery of the crystallizability of enzymes "
	John Howard Northrop (1891-1987)	United States	"For their representation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form"
	Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)	United States
1947	Robert Robinson (1886–1975)	United Kingdom	"For his research on biologically important plant products, especially alkaloids "
1948	Arne Tiselius (1902–1971)	Sweden	"For his work on analysis with the help of electrophoresis and adsorption , in particular for his discoveries about the complex nature of serum proteins"
1949	William Francis Giauque (1895-1982)	United States	"For his contribution to chemical thermodynamics , especially for his investigations into the properties at extremely low temperatures"
1950	Otto Diels (1876–1954)	BR Germany	"For their discoveries and the development of the diene synthesis "
	Kurt Alder (1902-1958)	BR Germany

1951-1960

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1951	Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-1991)	United States	"For their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements "
	Glenn T. Seaborg (1912-1999)	United States
1952	Archer JP Martin (1910-2002)	United Kingdom	"For their invention of distribution chromatography "
	Richard LM Synge (1914–1994)	United Kingdom
1953	Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)	BR Germany	"For his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry "
1954	Linus Pauling (1901-1994)	United States	"For his research on the nature of chemical bonds and their application to elucidate the structure of complex substances"
1955	Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)	United States	"For his work on the biochemically important sulfur compounds , especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)	United Kingdom	"For their research on the mechanisms of chemical reactions "
	Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Semjonow (1896–1986)	Soviet Union
1957	Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-1997)	United Kingdom	"For his work on nucleotides and co-enzyme nucleotides"
1958	Frederick Sanger (1918-2013)	United Kingdom	"For his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin "
1959	Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)	Czechoslovakia	"For his discovery and development of the polarographic method of analysis"
1960	Willard Libby (1908-1980)	United States	"For his method of using carbon 14 for age determination in archeology , geology , geophysics and other branches of science" (see: radiocarbon method )

1961-1970

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1961	Melvin Calvin (1911-1997)	United States	"For his research on the carbonic acid assimilation of plants"
1962	Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-2002)	United Kingdom (born in Vienna , Austria )	"For their studies on the structures of globulin proteins "
	John Cowdery Kendrew (1917-1997)	United Kingdom
1963	Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)	BR Germany	"For their discoveries in the field of chemistry and the technology of high polymers " ( Ziegler-Natta process )
	Giulio Natta (1903–1979)	Italy
1964	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994)	United Kingdom	"For their structure determination of biologically important substances with X-rays "
1965	Robert B. Woodward (1917-1979)	United States	"For his work in the field of natural product synthesis "
1966	Robert Mulliken (1896-1986)	United States	"For his fundamental work on chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules using the orbital method "
1967	Manfred Eigen (1927-2019)	BR Germany	"For their investigations into extremely fast chemical reactions that are triggered by the destruction of the equilibrium with very short energy pulses"
	Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)	United Kingdom
	George Porter (1920-2002)	United Kingdom
1968	Lars Onsager (1903-1976)	United States (born in Oslo , Norway )	"For the discovery of the reciprocal relationships named after him, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969	Derek HR Barton (1918-1998)	United Kingdom	"For your work in the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
	Odd Hassel (1897-1981)	Norway
1970	Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987)	Argentina	"For the discovery of sugar nucleotides and their function in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates "

1971-1980

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1971	Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)	Canada (born in Hamburg , German Reich )	"For his work on the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, especially free radicals "
1972	Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)	United States	"For his work on ribonuclease , in particular the connection between amino acid series and biologically active conformations "
	Stanford Moore (1913-1982)	United States	"For their contribution to the understanding of the connection between the chemical structure and the catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecules"
	William Howard Stein (1911-1980)	United States
1973	Ernst Otto Fischer (1918-2007)	BR Germany	"For their pioneering work independently of one another on the chemistry of organometallic so-called sandwich compounds "
	Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921-1996)	United Kingdom
1974	Paul Flory (1910–1985)	United States	"For his fundamental achievements, both theoretically and experimentally, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules "
1975	John W. Cornforth (1917-2013)	Australia / United Kingdom	"For his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme - catalysis reactions"
	Vladimir Prelog (1906-1998)	Switzerland (born in Sarajevo , Austria-Hungary )	"For his research in the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976	William Lipscomb (1919-2011)	United States	"For his work on the structure of boranes "
1977	Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003)	Belgium (born in Moscow , Russia )	"For his contribution to irreversible thermodynamics , especially to the theory of ' dissipative structures '"
1978	Peter D. Mitchell (1920-1992)	United Kingdom	"For his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the development of the chemiosmotic theory "
1979	Herbert Charles Brown (1912-2004)	United States (born in London , United Kingdom )	"For their development of boron or phosphorus compounds in important reagents within organic syntheses"
	Georg Wittig (1897–1987)	BR Germany
1980	Paul Berg (* 1926)	United States	"For his fundamental work on nucleic acid biochemistry, with particular reference to hybrid DNA "
	Walter Gilbert (* 1932)	United States	"For their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
	Frederick Sanger (1918-2013)	United Kingdom

1981-1990

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1981	Fukui Ken'ichi (1918–1998)	Japan	"For their independently developed theories about the course of chemical reactions "
	Roald Hoffmann (* 1937)	United States (born in Złoczów , Poland , now Ukraine )
1982	Aaron Klug (1926-2018)	United Kingdom (born in Želva , Lithuania )	"For the development of crystallographic methods for deciphering biologically important nucleic acid - protein complexes"
1983	Henry Taube (1915-2005)	United States (born in Saskatoon , Canada )	"For his work on the reaction mechanisms of electron transfer , especially in metal complexes "
1984	Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006)	United States	"For his simple and ingenious method for the production of peptides and proteins " ( Merrifield synthesis )
1985	Herbert A. Hauptman (1917-2011)	United States	"For their excellent work in the development of direct methods for determining crystal structures "
	Jerome Karle (1918-2013)	United States
1986	Dudley R. Herschbach (* 1932)	United States	"For their participation in the dynamics of elementary chemical processes"
	Yuan T. Lee (* 1936)	United States (born in Hsinchu , Taiwan )
	John C. Polanyi (* 1929)	Canada
1987	Donald J. Cram (1919-2001)	United States	"For their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interaction of high selectivity" ( supramolecular chemistry )
	Jean-Marie Lehn (* 1939)	France
	Charles Pedersen (1904-1989)	United States (born in Busan , Korea )
1988	Johann Deisenhofer (* 1943)	BR Germany	"For the research of the reaction center of photosynthesis in a purple bacterium "
	Robert Huber (* 1937)	BR Germany
	Hartmut Michel (* 1948)	BR Germany
1989	Sidney Altman (born 1939)	Canada / United States	"For their discovery of the chemical process-accelerating properties of ribonucleic acid " ( ribozymes )
	Thomas R. Cech (* 1947)	United States
1990	Elias James Corey (* 1928)	United States	"For his formulation of important theories and developments of methods of organic synthesis" ( retrosynthesis )

1991-2000

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
1991	Richard R. Ernst (* 1933)	Switzerland	"For his contributions to the development of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy , a method for analyzing molecular structures"
1992	Rudolph Arthur Marcus (* 1923)	United States (born in Montreal , Canada )	"For his important contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" ( Marcus theory )
1993	Kary Mullis (1944-2019)	United States	"For his development of the polymerase chain reaction "
	Michael Smith (1932-2000)	Canada (born in Blackpool , United Kingdom )	"For his development of a method to change ( mutagenesis ) the deoxyribonucleic acid on which the genetic information is stored"
1994	George A. Olah (1927-2017)	United States (born in Budapest , Hungary )	"For his research into carbocations "
1995	Paul J. Crutzen (* 1933)	Netherlands	"For her work on the chemistry of the earth's atmosphere , in particular on the formation and depletion of ozone "
	Mario J. Molina (* 1943)	United States (born in Mexico City , Mexico )
	Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927-2012)	United States
1996	Robert F. Curl (* 1933)	United States	"For the discovery of fullerenes , also called buckyballs, a new form of carbon with spherical molecules"
	Harold Kroto (1939-2016)	United Kingdom
	Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)	United States
1997	Paul Delos Boyer (1918-2018)	United States	"For the clarification of the synthesis of the high-energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
	John E. Walker (born 1941)	United Kingdom
	Jens Christian Skou (1918-2018)	Denmark	"For the discovery of the ion-transporting enzyme sodium-potassium-ATPase "
1998	Walter Kohn (1923-2016)	United States (born in Vienna , Austria )	"For his development of quantum chemical methods"
	John Anthony Pople (1925-2004)	United Kingdom	"For the development of methods with which the properties of molecules and their interaction in chemical processes can be theoretically researched"
1999	Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016)	Egypt / United States	"For his studies of the transition state of chemical reactions with the help of femtosecond spectroscopy "
2000	Alan J. Heeger (* 1936)	United States	"For the discovery and development of conductive polymers "
	Alan MacDiarmid (1927-2007)	United States / New Zealand (born in Masterton , New Zealand )
	Hideki Shirakawa (* 1936)	Japan

2001-2010

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2001	William S. Knowles (1917-2012)	United States	"For her work on chirally catalyzing hydrogenation reactions "
	Ryōji Noyori (* 1938)	Japan
	Barry Sharpless (born 1941)	United States	"For his work on chirally catalyzing oxidation reactions" (e.g. Sharpless epoxidation )
2002	John B. Fenn (1917-2010)	United States	"For their development of soft desorption / ionization methods for mass spectrometric analysis of biological macromolecules "
	Kōichi Tanaka (* 1959)	Japan
	Kurt Wüthrich (* 1938)	Switzerland	"For his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solutions"
2003	Peter Agre (* 1949)	United States	"For the discovery of the water channels in cell membranes "
	Roderick MacKinnon (* 1956)	United States	"For his structural and mechanical studies of ion channels in cell membranes "
2004	Aaron Ciechanover (* 1947)	Israel	"For the discovery of ubiquitin -controlled protein degradation "
	Avram Hershko (* 1937)	Israel (born in Karcag , Hungary )
	Irwin Rose (1926-2015)	United States
2005	Yves Chauvin (1930-2015)	France	"For the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
	Robert Grubbs (* 1942)	United States
	Richard R. Schrock (* 1945)	United States
2006	Roger D. Kornberg (* 1947)	United States	"For his work on the molecular basis of gene transcription in eukaryotic cells "
2007	Gerhard Ertl (* 1936)	Germany	"For his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces "
2008	Osamu Shimomura (1928-2018)	United States (born in Kyoto , Japan )	"For the discovery and further development of the green fluorescent protein "
	Martin Chalfie (* 1947)	United States
	Roger Tsien (1952-2016)	United States
2009	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (* 1952)	United Kingdom (born in Chidambaram , Tamil Nadu , India )	"For the studies of the structure and function of the ribosome "
	Thomas A. Steitz (1940-2018)	United States
	Ada Yonath (* 1939)	Israel
2010	Richard F. Heck (1931-2015)	United States	"For palladium -catalyzed cross-couplings in organic synthesis "
	Ei-ichi Negishi (* 1935)	Japan
	Akira Suzuki (born 1930)	Japan

2011-2020

year	person	country	Reason for awarding the prize	image
2011	Dan Shechtman (* 1941)	Israel	"For the discovery of quasicrystals "
2012	Robert Lefkowitz (* 1943)	United States	"For their studies on G-protein-coupled receptors "
	Brian Kobilka (born 1955)	United States
2013	Martin Karplus (* 1930)	United States (born in Vienna , Austria )	"For the development of multi-scale models for complex chemical systems"
	Michael Levitt (* 1947)	United States / United Kingdom / Israel (born in Pretoria , South Africa )
	Arieh Warshel (* 1940)	United States / Israel
2014	Eric Betzig (* 1960)	United States	"For the development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy" ( Photoactivated Localization Microscopy , STED microscope )
	Stefan Hell (* 1962)	Germany (born in Sântana , Romania )
	William Moerner (* 1953)	United States
2015	Tomas Lindahl (* 1938)	Sweden	"For mechanistic studies of DNA repair "
	Paul Modrich (* 1946)	United States
	Aziz Sancar (* 1946)	United States / Turkey
2016	Jean-Pierre Sauvage (* 1944)	France	"For the design and synthesis of molecular machines "
	Fraser Stoddart (* 1942)	United Kingdom / United States
	Ben Feringa (* 1951)	Netherlands
2017	Jacques Dubochet (* 1942)	Switzerland	"For the development of cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution structure recognition of biomolecules in solution"
	Joachim Frank (* 1940)	United States / Germany
	Richard Henderson (* 1945)	United Kingdom
2018	Frances H. Arnold (* 1956)	United States	"For the directed evolution of enzymes".
	George P. Smith (born 1941)	United States	"For the phage display of peptides and antibodies".
	Gregory P. Winter (* 1951)	United Kingdom
2019	John B. Goodenough (born 1922)	United States	"For the development of lithium-ion batteries ".
	M. Stanley Whittingham (* 1941)	United Kingdom / United States
	Akira Yoshino (* 1948)	Japan

1901–1910 · 1911–1920 · 1921–1930 · 1931–1940 · 1941–1950 · 1951–1960 1961–1970 · 1971–1980 · 1981–1990 · 1991–2000 · 2001–2010 · 2011–2020

Distribution by country

Prize winners who were citizens of several ( ) countries at the time of the award are counted here in equal parts ( ) for all of these countries . ${\displaystyle n}$ ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n}}}$

nation	Number of Nobel Prize winners
United States	71 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$
Germany	29.5
United Kingdom	28 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$
France	9
Switzerland	7th
Japan	7th
Sweden	5
Israel	4th ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{6}}}$
Netherlands	4th
Canada	3.5
Austria	1.5
Argentina	1
Belgium	1
Denmark	1
Finland	1
Italy	1
New Zealand	1
Norway	1
Soviet Union	1
Czechoslovakia	1
Hungary	1
Egypt	0.5
Australia	0.5
Turkey	0.5

As of October 3, 2018

Web links

Commons : Nobel Laureate in Chemistry  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

• Official list of Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (English)
• Information from the German Historical Museum

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Country according to the information on nobelprize.org. The country may differ from the nationality of the laureate.
2. ↑ The information in the Nobellists does not refer to the time Werner was born, but to the time when the prize was awarded. At the time of Werner's birth, Mulhouse was French, as it is today.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} The prize money was given to the funds of this prize category.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} One third of the prize money was given to the main fund and one third to the funds of this prize category.
5. ↑ SPIEGEL Online, article on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 . There Sancar is named as the holder of both nationalities.
6. ↑ Curriculum Vitae. (PDF) franklab.cpmc.columbia.edu, accessed on October 10, 2019 (English). 

See also

• List of important chemists (alphabetical)
• List of important chemists (chronological)
• List of Eminent Chemists (Categories)

This version was added to the selection of informative lists and portals on December 17th, 2008 .