Victor Grignard

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Victor Grignard

François Auguste Victor Grignard (born May 6, 1871 in Cherbourg , † December 13, 1935 in Lyon ; IPA: ɡriɲar) was a French chemist .

In 1912 Grignard received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , which he shared with Paul Sabatier , for the so-called Grignard's reagent which he discovered and which has greatly promoted the progress of organic chemistry in recent years .

Life

Victor Grignard was the son of a ropemaker and foreman in the naval arsenal near Cherbourg. He attended a local elementary school and then the College de Cherbourg , where he won the Prix ​​d'excellence every year from 1883 to 1887 due to his outstanding intelligence . In 1989 he passed the entrance examination at the École normal d'enseignement secondaire spéciale de Cluny for training as a teacher. Two years later, the school was closed and Grignard and his classmates were transferred to other schools to graduate. He came to the Faculté des Sciences of the Université de Lyon . At first he failed the math exam and left the university in 1892 to do his military service. Towards the end of 1893 he was dismissed with the rank of corporal and returned to Lyon, where he received his degree in 1894 Licencié ès Sciences Mathématiques . On December 1, 1894, at the urging of a friend, he accepted a position at the Faculté des Sciences with Louis Bouveault . He then graduated from Licencié-ès-Sciences Physiques , became head of the lecture internship in 1898 ( chef des travaux pratiques ) and wrote his first publication with Philippe Barbier . He submitted his doctoral thesis with the title “Sur les Combinaisons Organomagnésiennes mixtes et leur application a des syntheses d'acides, d'alcools et d'hydrocarbures” under the direction of Barbier and became a Doctor of Natural Sciences ( Docteur ès Sciences de Lyons ) in Year 1901.

Victor Grignard

In 1905 he became a lecturer in applied chemistry ( Maître de Conférences de chemie appliquee ) at the University of Besançon , but after twelve months in the following year he returned to Lyon for a comparable position until he became assistant professor ( professeur-adjoint ) in general chemistry in 1908 . In November 1909 he took over as successor to Edmond Blaise (1872-1939), when he was called to Paris, the Institute for Organic Chemistry at the University of Nancy and in the following year was Professor of Organic Chemistry. In 1910 he married the widowed Marie Augustine Marie Boulant, with whom he had a son Roger and a daughter. In 1912 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. At the beginning of the First World War he was first called up in his rank as corporal for military service, where he worked in guard duty for a railway bridge near Cherbourg, but was soon transferred to the Laboratoire de Chimie de la Marine in Cherbourg to carry out routine tests and - carry out analyzes. In addition, he made attempts to crack petroleum in his own laboratory in Nancy . In 1915 he was appointed Direction du Materiel Chimique de Guerre in Paris by the War Ministry . From 1917 to 1918 he visited the USA twice as a chemical representative in the Tardieu Committee to receive support in the research and production of explosives. He also gave lectures at the Mellon Institute . After the war he returned to France, refused two positions at the Collège de France and in 1919 succeeded Barbier as professor of general chemistry in Lyon. In 1921 he also became director of the l'École de Chimie Industrielle de Lyons and in 1929 dean of the faculty of natural sciences at the University of Lyon. On June 7, 1926 he became a full member of the Paris Académie des Sciences ; since December 1913 he was a corresponding member. Grignard died on December 13, 1935.

Act

In 1898 Barbier tried - initially unsuccessfully - to synthesize dimethylheptenol by reacting methylheptenone with methyl iodide in the presence of zinc. It was only when he replaced zinc with magnesium that he was able to manufacture the desired product. Since the yield was low, he lost interest and suggested that Grignard research this type of reaction in his doctoral thesis. In 1899 he began studying organomagnesium compounds. His discovery of the synthesis of alkyl magnesium compounds, which today are commonly called Grignard compounds , was first reported to the Académie des Sciences in May 1900 by Henri Moissan . The Grignard reaction , also named after Victor Grignard , in which Grignard compounds are reacted with electrophiles such as carbonyl groups, is of great importance, for example, for the synthetic production of alcohols .

In addition to organomagnesium compounds, he was also interested in toluene and its production, terpenes and essential oils, organoaluminum compounds, and hydrogenation and cracking reactions. During the First World War he worked on the improvement of explosives and then in Paris on chemical warfare, first in the development and production of antidotes and later on chemical weapons . He was also involved in the synthesis of phosgene , a poison gas used in the First World War.

Grignard published around 170 scientific articles about his work and worked on a large chemical reference work in French until his death: of the total of six editions of the Traité de Chimie Organique , two were published, two were ready for printing and the last two were completed by his colleagues .

Honors and prizes

Grignard holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Brussels and Leuven , an honorary member of the Chemical Society (London) and an external member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The lunar crater Grignard was named after him. In Cherbourg, the street rue de Carrieres where he was born has been renamed rue Victor Grignard .

literature

  • G. Bram, E. Peralez, J.-C. Negrel, M. Chanon: In "Victor Grignard et la renaissance de son réactif" Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy 1997 , 25 , 245-240. doi: 10.1016 / S1251-8069 (97) 88283-8
  • M. Blondel-Megrelis: In "Victor Grignard Conference and Traite de Chimie organique" Actualite Chimiqué 2004 , 275 , 35-45.
  • D. Hodson: In "Victor Grignard (1871-1935)" Chemistry in Britain 1987 , 23 , 141-142
  • Philippe Jaussaud: In "Grignard et les terpènes" Actualite Chimiqué 2002 , 255 , 30.

Fonts

  • Victor Grignard, “Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organométalliques du magnésium et leur application à des synthèses d'alcools et d'hydrocarbures”, CR Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Vol. 130, 1900, p. 1322-1324 ( ISSN  0001-4036 )
  • Victor Grignard, “Les composés organomagnésiens mixtes et leurs principales applications”, Revue scientifique, vol. 51, no 15, 12 avril 1913, p. 449-456
  • Victor Grignard, Traité de Chimie Organique , Paris, Masson, 1935, 500 p.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Novel Foundation: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912. Victor Grignard Facts. In: nobelprize.org. December 13, 1935, accessed July 29, 2019 .
  2. ^ A b c d e f Brian T. Newbold: Victor Grignard Ancestor of Organic Synthesis . Victor Grignard was a brilliant French chemist who became famous at age 29 for the discovery of the organomagnesium halides and their versatility in chemical synthesis. In: Th Free Library (Ed.): Canadian Chemical News . October 1, 2001 (English, thefreelibrary.com [accessed August 1, 2019]).
  3. ^ Philippe Barbier, Victor Grignard, M. Friedel: Sur l'acetylbutyrate d'ethyle β-isopropyle et les acides diisopropylhexenedioiques stereoisomeres . In: Académie des sciences (ed.): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Acadamie des Sciences . tape 126 . Paris 1898, p. 251–253 (French, bnf.fr [accessed August 1, 2019]).
  4. ^ A b c d Philippe Barbier (1848–1922) and Victor Grignard (1871–1935): Pioneers of Organomagnesium Chemistry . In: Synform . tape  14 , no. 10 , 2018, p. A155-A159 , doi : 10.1055 / s-0037-1609791 ( thieme.de [PDF]).
  5. ^ Philippe Barbier, M. Friedel: Synthèse du dimethylheptenol . In: Académie des sciences (ed.): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Acadamie des Sciences . tape 128 . Paris 1899, p. 110–111 (French, bnf.fr [accessed July 31, 2019]).
  6. ^ Victor Grignard, MH Moissan: Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organométalliques du magnèsium et leur application à des synthèses d'alcools et d'hydrocarbures . In: Académie des sciences (ed.): Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Acadamie des Sciences . tape 130 . Paris 1900, p. 1322–1324 (French, bnf.fr [accessed July 31, 2019]).

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Grignard, Victor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Grignard, François Auguste Victor (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French chemist and Nobel Prize winner in chemistry
DATE OF BIRTH May 6, 1871
PLACE OF BIRTH Cherbourg
DATE OF DEATH December 13, 1935
Place of death Lyon