Medical advances timeline

This time table gives an overview of medical discoveries (connections, active substances) and the invention of new processes in the history of medicine .

Stone age

• A carious molar of a 14,000-year-old male was examined, the remains of which were found in 1988 in the rock cave of Riparo Villabruna near Sovramonte in northern Italy. The hole in the tooth was worked with a very small, pointed stone blade to remove infected tissue.
• Dental treatments about 7,500 to 9,000 years ago were proven in today's Pakistan, based on finds in Mehrgarh ( Balochistan ).
• The earliest tooth filling made from beeswax was discovered in Slovenia and is around 6,500 years old.
• surgical interventions

Antiquity

Egyptian prosthetic toe on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo .

Toothworm, illustration from an 18th century dental textbook from the Ottoman Empire

• Water treatments ( hydrotherapy ) have been part of bathing culture for thousands of years.
• The acupuncture was practiced in China probably since the 3rd millennium BC, which originally fine stone needles were used, as the founder of Chinese history Sima Qian has reported.
• The targeted application of massages for healing has its origins in East Africa and Asia (Egypt, China, Persia). The first mentions can be found with the Chinese Huáng Dì , who lived as early as 2600 BC. Describes massage movements and gymnastic exercises.
• In Babylonian , Indian and Ancient Egyptian medicine , the use of enema to perform bowel evacuations was common.
• Since 2000 BC The rabies is known. It was first described in the Codex Ešnunna around 1930 BC. Chr.
• The first simple prostheses for limbs existed as early as the 20th century BC. Chr. In Egypt
• approx. 2800 BC Chr .: oldest known eye prosthesis , an artificial eyeball
• In the 18th century BC The Codex Hammurapi is written in Mesopotamia . It also includes case studies and a fee schedule.
• Around 1800 BC BC, the belief in toothworms as the cause of tooth decay is documented for the first time in a tablet from Nippur .
• In the last quarter of the 16th century BC BC tumors are described for the first time in the Edwin Smith Papyrus .
• Even in ancient times, substances were injected , but not into the tissue or into vessels, but into freely accessible body orifices.
• Anthrax has been known as a disease and malignant plague since ancient times. It is reported in the Bible as well as in the Greeks ( Homer , there from ἄνθραξ anthrax 'coal') and Romans ( Ovid ). The ancient Arab doctors called anthrax in humans "Persian fire".
• In the 2nd Book of Kings (4.35) mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is described: “And when Elisha came into the house, behold, the boy was lying dead on his bed. So he went up and lay down on the child, and put his mouth on the child's mouth ... The boy snorted seven times; then the boy opened his eyes. "
• From the 5th century BC With the humoral pathology , the Hippocrats developed for the first time a rational medical theory and the Hippocratic oath . Humoral pathology will remain the predominant doctrine in Europe until cellular pathology in the 19th century.
• Early descriptions of various ventilation measures can be found in Hippocrates of Kos , Avicenna and Paracelsus . From the 1st century BC Roman doctors even report a tracheotomy .
• The first toothbrush made from pig bristles, which resembles a modern toothbrush and dates from the Tang Dynasty (619–907), was found in China.
• Herophilos of Chalcedon distinguished in the 3rd century BC Chr. Arteries of veins and led vivisection through to prisoners.
• Erasistratos distinguished the small (lung) from the large (body) circulation and described the heart valves , the trachea and the pancreas .
• In the 2nd century AD, Galenus systematized the knowledge of his time. His writings had a great influence on the medicine of the Middle Ages .
• . Seem 400 n. Chr tetracyclines that have been discovered in Nubian mummies, from the then-brewed beer , the first antibiotic to have been. Tetracycline was (re) discovered in 1948 by Lloyd Conover . It was created as a modification of the aureomycin discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar (1872–1956) .

middle Ages

Table of contents of the Lorsch Pharmacopoeia

• around 795 In the Lorsch Pharmacopoeia , St. John's wort is described as a psychotropic drug , as is an antibiotic ointment.
• In Bald's Leechbook is plastic surgery (treatment of cleft lip and palate ) described.
• Hunain ibn Ishāq and his relatives first introduced medical terminology in the 9th and 10th centuries.
• around 1000 Ali ibn Isa wrote the memory book for ophthalmologists, the oldest known work on ophthalmology .
• With the collective manuscript Trotula , systematic gynecology was established in the school of Salerno in the 12th century .
• In 1484 Giovanni d'Arcoli first used gold foil as a filling material for carious teeth.

Early modern age

• 1543 First report on endotracheal intubation with subsequent ventilation of animals.

Modern times

• 1628 William Harvey discovers the great blood circulation .
• 1663 The first documented intravenous injections in humans were probably carried out by Johann Sigismund Elsholtz in Berlin on three sick soldiers.
• 1665 Description of the capillary circuit by Marcello Malpighi .
• In 1728 the father of modern dentistry, the Frenchman Pierre Fauchard, described a hand-operated drill for dental treatment.
• 1735 first appendectomy (removal of the appendix) by Claudius Amyand .
• 1744 The surgeon William Tossach performed successful mouth-to-mouth ventilation on a miner for the first time .
• 1745 or 1747 First lens extraction by Jacques Daviel .
• In 1747 the British ship's doctor James Lind carried out the first controlled comparative study in the history of medicine, with which he found citrus fruits as an effective remedy for scurvy .

Modern

= Nobel Prize Winner

X-ray image: Albert von Koelliker's hand, taken by Conrad Röntgen on January 23, 1896

Behring's Diphtheria Remedies

• 1806 Philipp Bozzini (doctor / Frankfurt) constructs a rigid medical endoscope for the first time
• 1819 René Laënnec develops the stethoscope .
• 1846 Modern anesthesia was born on October 16, 1846, when the American dentist William Thomas Green Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital of Harvard University (Boston) removed a hemangioma from patient Gilbert's neck by inhaling ether fumes ( diethyl ether ) Abbot made possible ("Aether Day of Boston").
• In 1850 Charles-Gabriel Pravaz developed a syringe for subcutaneous injection that is considered to be the prototype of modern hypodermic syringes.
• 1850/51 The eye mirror (ophthalmoscope) developed by Hermann von Helmholtz can be regarded as the first practically used device for viewing the inside of an organ.
• In 1854 Filippo Pacini (after whom the father Pacini body is named) discovered the bacterium Vibrio cholerae as the causative agent of cholera . 30 years later Robert Koch was able to prove the connection between microorganism and disease.
• 1861 Prophylaxis of childbed fever and establishment of hygiene by Ignaz Semmelweis .
• 1865 as a pioneer of advanced endoscopy applicable Julius Bruck the Stomatoscop and two years later the Urethroscop .
• 1869 Paul Langerhans discovered the islet cells named after him in the tissue of the pancreas .
• In 1874 the use of " fluoride pastilles " to prevent tooth decay began , which goes back to Karl Wilhelm Eugen Erhardt .
• In 1876, Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch developed the sphygmomanometer, the first device for non-invasive blood pressure measurement . In 1896 Scipione Riva-Rocci improved it to become the prototype of today's blood pressure monitors .
• 1881 First successful gastroscopy by Johann von Mikulicz .
• 1881 First successful gastric resection (partial removal of the stomach) by Theodor Billroth , after which two resection procedures are named ( Billroth I and Billroth II ). This was preceded by the first esophagectomy (removal of the esophagus ) in 1871 and the first laryngectomy (removal of the larynx ) by Billroth in 1873 .
• 1881 Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine against anthrax .
• 1883 The world's first human transplant was performed by the Bern surgeon Theodor Kocher .
• In 1884 cocaine was first used as a local anesthetic by the ophthalmologist Carl Koller for anesthesia during operations on the eye, after Vassili von Anrep discovered its analgesic effect in 1879 .
• In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux developed a vaccine against rabies .
• 1885 Maximilian von Frey built the first heart-lung machine with his colleague Max von Gruber at the University of Leipzig in 1885 .
• In 1887, Nagai Nagayoshi at Peking University succeeded for the first time in isolating ephedrine as a pure alkaloid.
• 1892 has Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine a vaccine against cholera developed and first time in the self-experiment tested. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae itself was described by Filippo Pacini in 1854 . However, the Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua had developed the first vaccine against it as early as 1885.
• In 1893 Bartolomeo Gosio isolated the first antibiotic from a mold of the genus Penicillium mycophenolic acid . Gosio observed that he could use it to hinder the growth of the anthrax pathogen. He published this work in 1893 and again in 1896, but it was not noticed internationally. Mycophenolic acid was not rediscovered until 1913. The correct structure was not clarified until 1952.
• 1894 First publications on psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud .
• 1895 Discovery of X-rays on November 8th by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , who experimented with the cathode ray tube designed by the Englishman William Crookes almost 20 years earlier .
• 1897 developed Arthur Eichengrün of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Bayer sells this pain relief drug as aspirin. Because of Eichengrün's Jewish origins, Felix Hoffmann was officially awarded the development . Bayer continues to attribute the aspirin synthesis to Hoffmann. As before (as of 2011), the question of authorship is unresolved.
• In 1898 Miller Reese Hutchinson built the first portable hearing aid .
• In 1898 Emil von Behring, together with Paul Ehrlich and Erich Wernicke, achieved immunization against diphtheria ( Corynebacterium diphtheriae ) through passive immunization for the first time . The basis was the work published by Behring in 1890 with the Japanese Kitasato Shibasaburō , which formed the basis of serum therapy. The first diphtheria vaccine was a toxoid vaccine and was developed in the 1920s.

20th century

= Nobel Prize Winner

1900-1950

Paul Ehrlich in his study in the Georg-Speyer-Haus in Frankfurt , 1910

• In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered the AB0 system of blood groups .
• 1902 The French Charles Richet discovered and explained the effects of anaphylaxis .
• In 1902, William Bayliss and Ernest Starling discovered the hormone secretin and also used the term " hormone " for the first time .
• 1903 Development of modern electrocardiography by the Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven .
• In 1905 the serum sickness was described by Clemens von Pirquet and Béla Schick . The latter developed the Schick test, named after him, to determine diphtheria immunity in 1913.
• 1906 Establishment of chemotherapy by Paul Ehrlich .
• 1906 August von Wassermann , together with Carl Bruck, developed a complement fixation reaction which is used to detect certain reagins in the serum of syphilis patients .
• In 1906, the discovery of the elementary body ( virus particles in smallpox ) named after the Hamburg bacteriologist Enrique Paschen ushered in the era of virology .
• 1907 Development of tuberculin tests by Clemens von Pirquet , at the same time by Ernst Moro and at the same time by Alfred Wolff-Eisner for tuberculosis diagnostics.
• 1910 isolated and identified Henry Hallett Dale and George Barger of ergot , the histamine after a year before Arthur Biedl and Rudolf Kraus had theorized that endogenous substances are responsible for the reaction of anaphylactic shock.
• In 1910 Paul Ehrlich developed arsphenamine , which is considered the first antibiotic to be discovered in history.
• 1911 Clarification of vitamin B1 avitaminosis ( beriberi ) by Casimir Funk , who introduced the term "vitamin", derived from "vital amine". It was not until 1936 that he was able to decipher the structure of vitamin B1 and developed a method for its synthesis.
• In 1919 Reinhard von den Velden (1880–1941) carried out the first intracardiac adrenaline injection.
• In 1921 Otto Loewi discovered the chemical transmission of nerve impulses , whereupon Henry Hallett Dale identified acetylcholine as the substance responsible for this. The first neurotransmitter was found.
• 1921 Fidel Pagés described the epidural anesthesia (also epidural anesthesia ), which he called Anestesia metamérica .
• 1921 Isolation of insulin by Frederick Banting , John James Rickard Macleod and Charles Best , after which years later the therapy of insulin- dependent forms of diabetes with old insulin from pig or beef pancreas began, for which Macleod shared his prize money from the Nobel Prize with James Collip .
• In 1923, George Nicolas Papanicolaou developed vaginal cytodiagnostics , with which tumor cells can be detected in smears from the cervical mucus . He did not publish his results until 1927.
• 1924 The world's first " blood wash " using semipermeable membranes in humans was carried out in 1924 by Georg Haas in Giessen.
• 1927 succeeded the Hungarian scientist Albert Szent-Györgyi , vitamin C isolate.
• 1928 Presentation of the Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method for contraception, named after the Japanese Kyūsaku Ogino and the Austrian Hermann Knaus .
• 1929 Development of electroencephalography (EEG) by the Jenenser neurologist Hans Berger .
• In 1931 Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll succeeded in implementing the basic technical principle of the electron microscope . Ruska exceeded the resolution limit of light with another prototype in December 1933 at 12,000 times magnification. Together with Bodo von Borries , he brought it to series production from 1938/39, which was the first time that a number of viruses could be observed.
• In 1932, Hans Adolf Krebs and Kurt Henseleit discovered the urea cycle (Krebs-Henseleit cycle).
• In 1935, Prontosil was the first sulfonamide to go on sale, the bacteriostatic effect of which was discovered by Gerhard Domagk . The substance was synthesized in 1932 by the chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Josef Klarer .
• In 1937 Hans Adolf Krebs discovered the citric acid cycle , which is still often called the Krebs cycle today.
• 1939 Introduction of rickets prophylaxis with vitamin D in infant pediatrics by Georg Bessau on the basis of vitamin D research by Adolf Windaus .
• 1941 Treatment of the first patient with penicillin after chemical purification of penicillin by the Oxford group led by Ernst B. Chain and Howard W. Florey , a substance that had been proven bactericidal and non-toxic 15 years earlier by Alexander Fleming .
• 1943 Lidocaine , the first amino - amide -Lokalanästhetikum, by the Swedish chemist Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist synthesized.
• 1944 Discovery of streptomycin , the first antibiotic against tuberculosis , by Selman Abraham Waksman and Albert Schatz .

First implantable pacemaker

• In 1947, Claude Beck was the first to successfully use defibrillation in heart surgery .
• In 1949 Harold Ridley implanted an artificial lens in a patient for the first time .

1951-2000

• 1951 design of the first non-implantable pacemaker by the Canadian Wilfred Gordon Bigelow and in 1952 by the American Paul Maurice Zoll .
• 1952 Discovery of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor by Rita Levi-Montalcini , the latter together with Stanley Cohen .
• In 1953 the three-dimensional double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was described by James Watson and Francis Crick .
• 1954 the first long-term successful kidney transplant by Joseph Edward Murray .
• In 1954 Jonas Salk developed a vaccine against poliomyelitis (polio), followed in 1960 by the oral vaccination by Albert Sabin (Albert Saperstein).
• In 1956, the New Zealand pharmacist , veterinarian and inventor Colin Murdoch patented the disposable syringe made of plastic .
• In 1957, the British Alick Isaacs and the Swiss Jean Lindenmann discovered interferons at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, which have an immune-stimulating, above all antiviral and anti-tumor effect.
• 1958 First complete implantation of a pacemaker by Åke Senning , which had been developed by him and the engineer Rune Elmqvist .
• In 1960, the first came pill under the name Enovid on the American market, in 1951 the chemist Carl Djerassi , together with the pharmacologist Gregory Pincus and the gynecologist John Rock had developed.
• In 1960 Leo Sternbach developed chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and in 1963 diazepam (Valium) from the class of benzodiazepines . He developed more than 240 pharmaceuticals ready for patent.
• In 1963, Maurice R. Hilleman developed a mumps vaccine . In total, he developed around 40 vaccines, both for humans and animals, against measles , chickenpox , rubella , hepatitis A and hepatitis B , pneumonia and meningitis ( meningitis ) , among others .
• In 1963, the German strabologist Curt Cüppers enforced the recognition of strabismus diseases and their effects as a disease within the meaning of the Reich Insurance Code (RVO), thus ensuring that the health insurance companies would cover the costs of treatment.
• 1964 The CO ₂ laser was developed by the Indian electrical engineer and physicist Chandra Kumar Naranbhai Patel , at the same time the nd: YAG laser (neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet) in the Bell Laboratories by LeGrand Van Uitert and Joseph E. Geusic .
• In 1964, Baruch Samuel Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B virus (originally Australia Antigen , now HBsAg ) and subsequently a screening test for blood transfusions and finally a vaccine, the first against cancer, namely liver cancer .
• 1965 Per-Ingvar Brånemark , the father of modern implantology, the first dental implant made of titanium used as a tooth root replacements that through osseointegration heals.
• 1967 Christiaan Barnard carried out the world's first successful curative human heart transplant on December 3, 1967 in the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town.
• 1968 The American hematologist Edward Donnall Thomas achieves the first bone marrow transplant .
• In 1971, based on the traditions of traditional Chinese medicine , the Chinese Tu Youyou isolated the phytochemical artemisinin used to treat malaria . In 1973 she synthesized the more potent derivative dihydroartemisinin . It built on the findings of Ronald Ross , who in 1897 identified the genus Anopheles as the vector of the disease.
• In 1973, magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) was developed as an imaging method by Paul Christian Lauterbur, with significant contributions from Sir Peter Mansfield .
• 1976 The British electrical engineer Godfrey Hounsfield develops the imaging method of computed tomography (CT).
• In 1977 Robert Geoffrey Edwards and Patrick Steptoe succeeded in the first artificial insemination ( in vitro fertilization ) of a woman, after which on July 25, 1978 the daughter Louise Joy Brown was delivered by cesarean section to her mother Lesley Brown .
• 1977 Introduction of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) by Andreas Roland Grüntzig .
• 1980: First disease conquered by humans (see eradication ): The WHO declares the world to be free of smallpox in 1980 .
• 1983 Luc Montagnier with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi , the AIDS-causing human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV discovered). However, Robert Gallo was also instrumental in this.
• 1983 Discovery of Helicobacter pylori as the cause of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum (gastroduodenal ulcer disease ) by Barry Marshall and John Robin Warren .
• In 1984 Alec John Jeffreys developed the genetic fingerprint . The procedure used in forensics today goes back to the developments of Diethard Tautz .
• In 1987 Theo Seiler developed a laser procedure for the surgical correction of refractive power on the eye.
• In 1989, Qui-Lim Choo, together with Michael Houghton , George Kuo and Daniel W. Bradley, discovered the hepatitis C virus (HCV) - previously: the causative agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis .
• In 1990, the first child was born in the UK to the world, which means preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), developed by Elena account Gianni , the sex had been determined to the occurrence of an X-linked genetic disease to prevent
• In 1991 the Japanese Yoshinori Ōsumi and his group identified the molecular mechanisms of autophagy , the enzymes involved and the mechanism by which autophagosomes are formed.

21st century

= Nobel Prize Winner

Structural model of a DNA helix in the B conformation.

• 2001 Announcement of the complete DNA sequencing of the human genome as part of the Human Genome Project , which has been running since October 1990 and was founded by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and in which over 1,000 scientists from 40 countries took part. Accordingly, humans have 20,000 to 30,000 genes , with the number of base pairs in the human genome being 3.08 billion.
• 2006 Development of HPV vaccines against human papillomaviruses (wart viruses) by Harald zur Hausen , which are the cause of the development of cervical cancer ( cervical cancer ), after he and his working group first discovered the types HPV 16 and HPV 18 of the human papillomavirus in the early 1980s was able to isolate from tissue with cervical cancer.
• 2011: The second official determination of eradication ( eradication ) of a disease, rinderpest was carried out on 25 May 2011th
• 2012 First scientific documentation of the CRISPR / Cas method by a working group around Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna , a molecular biological method to specifically cut and change DNA.

See also

• List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine

Individual evidence

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6. ^ Robert H Dunlop, David J Williams: Veterinary Medicine: An Illustrated History. Mosby 1996, ISBN 0-8016-3209-9 .
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29. ^ Heinz-Gerd Zimmer In: Clinical Cardiology. Vol. 26, September 2003, pp. 443-445. (on-line)
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31. ^ Waldemar Mordechai Haffkine , Haffkine Institute.
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37. ^ Karl Landsteiner , Nobel Prize. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
38. ^ EB Verney: Some aspects of the work of Ernest Henry Starling. In: Annals of Science. 12, No. 1, March 1956, pp. 30-47.
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40. ^ Béla Schick , The Robinson Library. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
41. ↑ August von Wassermann, Albert Neisser, Carl Bruck: A serodiagnostic reaction in syphilis. In: German Medical Weekly. 48, 1906, pp. 745-746.
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43. ↑ ^{a b} Hans Bangen: History of the drug therapy of schizophrenia. Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-927408-82-4 , p. 75.
44. ↑ Casimir Funk: The etiology of the deficiency diseases. Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic deopsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra. In: Journal of State Medicine. 20, 1912, pp. 341-368.
45. ↑ Reinhard von den Velden, Die intracardiale injection , Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift (1919) 66: 274-75
46. ↑ About humoral transferability of the cardiac nerve effect. In: Pflüger's archive for the entire physiology of humans and animals. Volume 189, (1921), pp. 239-242.
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48. ↑ Austrian Diabetes Society: History of the discovery of insulin by Banting, Best, Collip and MacLeod ( Memento of the original from March 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 20, 2016. 
49. ^ New Cancer Diagnosis. 1928.
50. ↑ Historical EEG recordings on the website of the Jena Clinic for Neurology by Hans Berger (1873–1941) . Retrieved August 20, 2016.
51. ↑ Ernst Ruska: The electron microscope. In: Journal of Physics . 78, 1932, pp. 318–339 ( Online in the Ernst Ruska Archive ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. ). 
52. ↑ Biography ( Memento of March 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
53. ^ HA Krebs, WA Johnson: The Role of Citric Acid in Intermediate Metabolism in Animal Tissues. In: Enzymologia. 4, 1937, pp. 148-156.
54. ↑ Christof Goddemeier: Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Penicillin . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . Volume 103, No. 36, 2006, p. A2286. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
55. ↑ RS von Sinatra, JS Jahr, JM Watkins-Pitchford (Ed.): The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics . ISBN 1-139-49198-9 , pp. 280 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
56. ↑ W. Kingston: Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the balance of credit for discovery. In: Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences. Volume 59, Number 3, July 2004, pp. 441-462. PMID 15270337 .
57. ^ Claude Beck, Defibrillation and CPR . Retrieved August 25, 2016.
58. ^ R. Levi-Montalcini: The nerve growth factor 35 years later. In: Science. Volume 237, Number 4819, September 1987, pp. 1154-1162. PMID 3306916 (Review).
59. ↑ Letters to nature: Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids (original publication by Watson and Crick on DNA structure 1953; PDF; 198 kB). Retrieved August 20, 2016.
60. ^ First Identical-Twin Kidney Transplant. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 14, 2006 ; accessed on August 21, 2016 (PDF file; 92 kB). 
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