Caesarean section

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Blausen 0223 CesareanDelivery.png

The caesarean section , Latin caesarean section (from the Latin sectio 'incision' and caesarea 'imperial', actually from caedere , ' hew , cut out, cut out, cut open'; caedere ventrem , 'cut open the stomach', means "to make the caesarean section"), or Caesarean section is the surgical delivery of fetuses by making an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus of the mother . For this purpose, a cross-section of the lower abdomen is made directly above the mons veneris ( Pfannenstiel incision according to Johannes Pfannenstiel ) or - more rarely in German-speaking countries - an incision from the navel along the linea alba to the pubic symphysis (longitudinal laparotomy ).

Word origin

According to the Roman writer Pliny ( Naturalis historia 7, 47), Caesar , the first bearer of this name, was cut from the womb. This is supposed to have given him the name Caesar . Johannes Melber formulated about this in 1482: " Cesar keiser, sic dictus, quod ex ventre matris cesus " ("Caesar, emperor, so called because he cut from the mother's belly"). Cesus (= caesus , 'cut', from caedere , 'hew', 'cut') is also related to caesura (from Latin caesura , 'cut', 'cut'). Since Caesar gave rise to the word and term emperor , the sectio caesarea ("Caesarean section") became the word caesarean section (via Middle Latin sectio caesaria ) . In the English-speaking world, the procedure is still called the Caesarean section today .

Caesarean section

Primary and secondary caesarean section

A general distinction is made between a primary caesarean section and a secondary caesarean section .

  • A primary caesarean section is planned as part of the delivery mode and the delivery has not yet started, that is, there was no rupture of the bladder and there was no cervical labor . It also includes the desired caesarean section. There are absolute (absolutely necessary) and relative (situation-dependent) indications for a primary caesarean section; Absolute indications are for example: an irregular position of the child (e.g. transverse position ), danger to life for mother and / or child (e.g. a uterine tear ), special previous illnesses of the mother (e.g. severe spinal injuries) or the child (e.g. abdominal wall defects); The relative indications include: suspected disproportion between child size and maternal pelvis, the condition after a caesarean section and breech position (which can be born vaginally under the supervision of experienced obstetricians).
Developing the child
  • One speaks of a secondary caesarean section when the birth has already started, that is, when the amniotic sac has ruptured or there is cervical labor, regardless of the gestational age. It therefore also includes most of the maternal and child complications that can occur during childbirth and that lead to the fact that the birth can no longer be safely continued. Indications for this are, for example: birth arrest due to a lack of rotation of the child's head, changes in the heart rate of the child, the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension or child positions that make birth difficult or impossible, such as the position of the face .

An emergency caesarean section ( emergency caesarean section ) can in principle take place primarily and secondarily. The term only refers to the urgency and thus to the danger that exists for mother and / or child. Reasons for an emergency caesarean section are, for example, premature placental detachment , uterine rupture , eclampsia , manifest HELLP syndrome , persistent decline in the child's heart rate .

Situs in front of the uterine suture

Around 10% of all caesarean sections in Germany are based on absolute indications , whereas around 90 percent are decided on the basis of relative indications .

Desired cesarean section

In the past , this operation was performed almost exclusively for medical reasons when giving birth via the vagina seemed too dangerous for mother or child, nowadays around every third child in Germany is delivered by caesarean section instead of through the birth canal , although there are large regional differences (caesarean section rates between 17% and over 50%) which are “medically inexplicable”.

The sharp rise to an average of 31.9% is controversial, especially since the WHO considers a caesarean section to be medically indicated in only about 10–15% of births.

Around two percent of caesarean sections in Germany are performed without medical indication (“ Desired Caesarean section ”; see there for advantages and disadvantages compared to vaginal birth ). In other countries, e.g. B. Brazil (54.6% in 2017), China , Mexico (45.2% in 2017), the desired kaiser cut rate is significantly higher.

Anesthetic procedure

The Caesarean may be neuraxial regional anesthesia ( epidural or spinal anesthesia ) or under general anesthesia ( anesthesia will be made). The choice of anesthetic method depends in particular on the ability to plan the caesarean section and the patient's psychological resilience. Maternal deaths caused purely by anesthesia are extremely rare nowadays with regional and general anesthesia for caesarean sections, but according to the data available today, they are more common with anesthesia than with regional anesthesia. Certain previous illnesses of the patient can also prohibit regional anesthesia (for example certain heart diseases, coagulation disorders, spinal deformations). If the caesarean section is planned, spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia is used in most cases, the latter especially if an epidural catheter has already been placed for obstetric pain therapy. In this case, the mother can see her child immediately after delivery. If, on the other hand, the decision to have a caesarean section is made at short notice, for example as a result of complications occurring during natural birth, a so-called urgent caesarean section is carried out, and in the most urgent cases an emergency caesarean section is carried out under general anesthesia.

Complications and consequences

Complications

  • Injuries to neighboring organs or structures
  • Blood loss from atony (insufficient contraction of the uterus)
  • Wound healing disorder, infection, adhesions, hernia, scar growth
  • Risk of thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, removal of the uterus
  • Injuries during surgery and child development, such as abrasions, cuts, and breaks, are rare

Possible consequences for mother and child

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is just as possible after a caesarean section as it is after a vaginal birth; however, it usually takes about a day longer for the milk to come. The healthy child usually has enough of its own reserves for this time, so it does not have to be fed. Every woman in Germany has the right to a midwife visit her home for eight weeks after the birth of her child. The midwife can also provide help with breastfeeding problems. Breastfeeding-friendly pain relievers are often essential in the days after the birth because of the abdominal wound. Gynecologists are allowed to prescribe domestic help for the difficult initial period.

"Gentle" caesarean section

Modern, gentler surgical procedures such as the Misgav-Ladach method have shortened hospital stays to a few days. This method greatly reduces the amount of muscle tissue cutting. Instead, by stretching and tearing the tissue, the abdominal wall and uterus are opened wide enough to allow the child to be removed. It has been shown that blood loss is minimized and the resulting surgical wound heals faster and with fewer complications than the wound resulting from conventional surgical techniques. In addition, the "gentle" caesarean section is quicker and is a short procedure with an operation duration of 5 to 15 minutes. However, the Misgav-Ladach method has no influence on the size of the abdominal wound.

Statistical development and reasons

Among the cesarean section rates available for 2011 in twelve European countries, particularly high cesarean section rates were observed in Italy (37.7 percent) and Romania (36.3 percent), and particularly low rates in Finland and Sweden (16.2 percent each). In Germany, the caesarean section rate was 31.1 percent.

In Germany, the rate of Caesarean sections doubled between 1991 and 2011. Among the federal states, the lowest proportion was often in Saxony. The German federal government saw the reasons for the increasing caesarean section rate, among other things, a growing proportion of high-risk pregnancies among pregnant women and a changed risk-benefit assessment in individual cases due to advanced surgical and anesthetic techniques. The proportion of high-risk pregnancies among all pregnancies increased from 68.5 to 73.4 percent between 2001 and 2010.

The increasing frequency of caesarean sections suggests that this is not just due to medical necessity. According to the Federal Statistical Office, around a third of all pregnancies made the decision to have a caesarean section in 2011, whereby only around 10 percent were medically indicated. The increasing number of hospital deliveries played a role at times. However, a survey of around 4,200 mothers insured with BARMER GEK by the Bertelsmann Foundation in February 2012 showed that “the cesarean section rate without medical indication [...] was less than two percent”. Rather, according to the study, a "tendency towards (supposed) risk avoidance" can be seen, since the risk orientation of gynecologists, both during pregnancy and during childbirth, results in "defensive obstetrics" for liability reasons.

The increased risk of birth defects makes doctors increasingly incline towards a caesarean section in case of doubt for reasons of liability law in the case of problematic pregnancies (e.g. large head circumference, lateral position, premature birth , often also due to breeches). Further reasons for the increasing caesarean section rate are the increasing average birth weight in industrialized countries, which is apparently mainly due to the changed eating habits, organizational advantages ( preferred caesarean section ) and financial effects (doctor's fee). There may be a connection with undetected gestational diabetes . With a foreseeable birth weight of well over four kilograms, attempts are initially made to induce the birth with hormones. If this does not work, a caesarean section is usually performed. From a foreseeable birth weight of 4000 grams, the doctor is obliged to point out the possibility of a caesarean section, at least if there are further risk factors, in the opinion of the Frankfurt am Main Higher Regional Court. There is some evidence that caesarean section could be a risk factor for developing food allergies or asthma in the newborn.

Study results in 2010 found that the rate of Caesarean sections in the districts and urban districts in Germany varied between 17% in Dresden and 51% in Landau in the Palatinate - that is, three times as much. The most important influencing factor for these differences is the different procedure for the so-called relative indications for a caesarean section. On the other hand, frequently mentioned "factors - such as the age structure of the mothers, the level of education, a different distribution of premature or multiple births, of children with particularly high birth weights or maternal (underlying) diseases - [...] the observed extent of the increase and regional Do not explain the variation in Caesarean section rates. ”Regional differences in Caesarean section rates are therefore not due to differently distributed risk factors (such as the age of the mother). Instead, the existing room for maneuver in terms of the relative indications for a caesarean section is assessed differently by the obstetricians in the clinics.

While the birth rate increased in Germany, the caesarean section rate has decreased slightly since 2014: it fell from 32.1 percent (2013) to 31.1 percent (2015).

Deliveries in German hospitals
year Entbundende
Women		 of which by
caesarean section		 proportion of
1991 822.842 126.297 15.3%
1992 797.784 128.991 16.2%
1993 785.183 132,334 16.9%
1994 757.693 131,351 17.3%
1995 749.086 131,921 17.6%
1996 778,900 140.184 18.0%
1997 795.724 147.314 18.5%
1998 766.508 149,723 19.5%
1999 750.617 152.612 20.3%
2000 746.625 160.183 21.5%
2001 715.136 161,548 22.6%
2002 698.410 170.249 24.4%
2003 687.508 175.341 25.5%
2004 682.767 183.122 26.8%
2005 664,597 183,346 27.6%
2006 652,642 186,889 28.6%
2007 664.454 194,526 29.3%
2008 662.783 200,452 30.2%
2009 644.274 201,480 31.3%
2010 656.390 209,441 31.9%
2011 642.197 206.012 32.1%
2012 653.215 206.919 31.7%
2013 642.197 206.012 32.1%
2014 692.096 220.340 31.8%
2015 716,539 222.919 31.1%
2016 761.777 232.479 30.5%

Source: Federal Statistical Office

In the United States, there are regional differences of 200 to 300 percent in primary Caesarean section rates, which the German federal government explains by different obstetrician decisions and a lack of clinical decision-making guidelines.

Vaginal birth after caesarean section

Taking into account all risks, a vaginal birth (also VBAC: vaginal birth after cesarean ) is preferable to a new caesarean section (re-caesarean section) after a previous caesarean section and should therefore also be promoted according to the WHO: a rate of repeated caesarean sections of over 60% is not to justify; 75% vaginal births after caesarean section should be aimed for. Views on the question of whether a vaginal birth is still possible after a caesarean section have changed over time. This is mainly due to the fact that the uterus is usually no longer opened by a vertical cut (longitudinal cut of the uterus ), but a horizontal cut (transverse uterotomy) to remove the child (in the technical term "child development" ), which increases the risk of a uterine tear in a subsequent pregnancy and in particular in the mechanical stresses of a physiological birth (6–12% after a longitudinal section compared to 0.5% after a transverse section). However, the risk is still significantly higher than with a previous vaginal birth. A few years ago the rule of "once caesarean section, always caesarean section" still applied, today expectant mothers are often given the choice of whether they want to give birth vaginally or again by caesarean section after a previous caesarean section with otherwise unproblematic pregnancies and lack of additional criteria such as scar pain.

It could not be proven that continuous CTG writing during VBAC has a positive effect on the outcome of labor; however, it increases the rate of repeated Caesarean sections. Thus, mothers who want to give birth vaginally benefit from cardiac monitoring at intervals instead of continuously, which is possible with a Pinard tube or Dopton in addition to CTG . Artificial hormones (for induction of labor / intensification of labor), especially misoprostol / prostaglandin, increase the likelihood of uterine rupture in VBAC and should be minimized. Births in quick succession also increase the likelihood of a uterine rupture with VBAC.

When a new cut is made, the old scar is usually opened again. A rough, unsightly healed old caesarean section scar is cut out in the shape of a spindle, so that only a scar remains. A repeated caesarean section is usually a little more difficult for the surgeon, as adhesions must be expected after every abdominal operation.

history

Caesarean sections are operations that do not require a high level of technological development, so in principle they could already be practiced in prehistoric times. Occasionally, contemporary ethnologists have seen such operations among indigenous peoples. Written sources (Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet, Roman lex regia from 715 BC) indicate that caesarean sections have been practiced in Indian and Jewish cultures since antiquity. Regardless of this, the caesarean section was probably not practiced regularly in antiquity, neither Soranos of Ephesus (around 100 AD) nor Galen (2nd century) or Mustio (6th century) record this method in their textbooks.

It is a legend that Julius Caesar himself was delivered by caesarean section, as his mother survived the birth. At that time, this practically did not occur in a caesarean section and would therefore have entered history.

Different incisions of the laparotomy ; Left side Pfannenstiel incision according to Johannes Pfannenstiel and right side median lower abdominal laparotomy.

From the 6th century at the latest, however, there is an obligation in Roman law to perform a caesarean section on a dying or just deceased pregnant woman in order to possibly save the child or at least be able to bury it separately:

Dig. XI.8.2:

“Negat lex regia mulierem, quae praegnans mortua sit, humari, antequam partus ei excidatur. Qui contra fecerit, spem animantis cum gravida peremisse videtur. "

“A royal law forbids a woman who has died pregnant from being buried before the fruit of the womb has been cut out. Anyone who does not do this exposes himself to the charge of having killed the hope for the life [of the child] with the pregnant woman. "

This law is referred to in the digests as lex regia , ie a law from the time of the kings (753-510 BC), and could therefore be very old. Some authors contradict this and understand it as a law of Christian origin, which - given the lack of mention in medical sources - is likely to have only rarely been applied.

In 1236, the next legal mention in a Canterbury ecclesiastical statute was the request to cut a child believed to be alive from the mother's womb if she died while giving birth. In 1310 at the Synod in Trier this is formulated, but at the same time explicitly ordered: "If one can assume that the child has already died in the womb, the latter cannot be opened [...]".

In the Middle Ages, the caesarean section became an integral part of the lives of heroes and saints. Saint Raimund Nonnatus , patron saint of pregnant women, wet nurses and children, for a happy delivery and against puerperal fever , was nicknamed (Latin non natus "not born") because he is said to have been born through a caesarean section.

There are now indications that a Caesarean section that was successful for mother and child was performed in Prague in 1337.

Until modern times , however, the caesarean section was almost always associated with the death of the mother. Normally it was therefore only performed on the dead, for example in order to be able to properly bury the child.

The first known successful caesarean section on a living person was performed in 1500 in Siegershausen in Switzerland by the castrier pig Jacob Nufer . His wife not only survived the procedure, but naturally gave birth to twins the next year . The physician François Rousset (around 1525–1598) proposed in 1581 the implementation of the caesarean section in living pregnant women. In Germany, the first caesarean section was performed on April 21, 1610 in Wittenberg by Jeremias Trautmann . The Silesian surgeon Matthäus Gottfried Purmann also reported in 1692 about four caesarean deliveries on living patients. In 1769 Joachim Friedrich Henckel performed the first caesarean section in the course of the Linea alba . The Siegen doctor and district physician Johann Heinrich Schenck (1798–1834) succeeded on July 2, 1823 in Schneppenkauten, the first of three caesarean sections with the wife of the hammer smith Heupel.

In 1876 the Italian obstetrics professor Edoardo Pòrro reported on the operation named after him, in which the uterus and ovaries are removed during a caesarean section.

Surgical scar from a Pfannenstiel incision with surgical staples
Completely healed caesarean section scar with incision according to Pfannenstiel (so-called "Pfannenstielschnitt", course above the mons pubis )

On September 25, 1881, Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer performed the first conservative classical caesarean section in Meckesheim . This caesarean section method, in which the abdominal wall and the uterus are not cut open from top to bottom, as was usual up to now, but transversely and then the uterus is firmly sewn to the peritoneum cover, was groundbreaking and is based on the modification of Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel , according to which this technique the opening of the abdominal wall is also named, still used everywhere today. In 1882, Max Sänger introduced a two-layer suture closure for the uterus. In 1895 Alfred Dührssen reported on the vaginal caesarean section (the Sectio vaginalis ).

An approx. 7 week old suture or surgical scar from a caesarean section with still visible linea nigra

Thanks to improved surgical techniques, the introduction of asepsis , advances in anesthesia , blood transfusions and antibiotics , it was possible to reduce maternal mortality from caesarean sections, which was over 80% in the 1880s, to 0.04 ‰ in 2005. In recent years, the caesarean section has therefore increasingly “competed” with natural birth as a birth mode (cf. the discussion under the heading of the preferred caesarean section ). In some private clinics in Brazil, for example, the caesarean section rate is now over 70%.

The Vienna Declaration of Principles on Spontaneous Birth was presented at a symposium in June 2018 . Health City Councilor Hacker named the preliminary goal of reducing the rate of Caesarean sections from 30.4% by 2025 to 25%. Advice and education for pregnant women and training of medical staff should work in this direction.

Further topics

literature

  • R. Hartge: History of the caesarean section. In: Extracta Gynaecologica. Volume 8, 1984. pp. 431-443.
  • Volker Lehmann: The imperial cut: the story of an operation. Schattauer, Stuttgart [a. a.] 2006, ISBN 3-7945-2494-2 .
  • Mändle, Opitz-Kreuter, Wehling: The midwife book. 3. Edition. Schattauer.
  • Daniel Schäfer et al .: Wilhelm Fabry and the key cut. A spotlight on the medical discussion in the early modern period. In: Dominik Groß (Hrsg.): Medical history in spotlights. Pp. 55-72, especially p. 60 (on Rousset).
  • Dyre Trolle: The History of Caesarean Section. CA Reitzel, Copenhagen 1982 (= Acta historica scientiarum naturalium et medicinalium. Volume 33).
  • Rolf-Bernhard Essig: Birth with wine and dagger. ( Memento from May 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Die Zeit , No. 52/2000

Web links

Commons : Caesarean section  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Caesarean section  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Plural Sectiones caesareae
  2. ^ Karl Ernst Georges : Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary. 8th edition. Hannover 1913 (Reprint Darmstadt 1998), Volume 1, Col. 898 f. .
  3. ↑ John Melber (de Gerolczhofen): Vocabularius praedicantium immersive Variloquus. Edited by Jodocus Eichmann. Greyff, Reutlingen (1479–) 1482 (cf. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt: Bibliographical information ).
  4. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . ed. by Walther Mitzka . 20th edition. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 340.
  5. ↑ German Bundestag (Ed.): Answer of the Federal Government to the minor question from the MPs Cornelia Möhring, Birgit Wöllert, Sabine Zimmermann (Zwickau), other MPs and the DIE LINKE parliamentary group. - Printed matter 18/738 - Economic situation of midwives and obstetricians . No. 18/900 , March 21, 2014, ISSN  0722-8333 , p. 8 ( bundestag.de [PDF]).
  6. ↑ The misconception about caesarean section . news.de, August 26, 2010
  7. ↑ Health fact check: Interactive maps
  8. ↑ German Bundestag (Ed.): Answer of the Federal Government to the minor question from the MPs Cornelia Möhring, Birgit Wöllert, Sabine Zimmermann (Zwickau), other MPs and the DIE LINKE parliamentary group. - Printed matter 18/738 - Economic situation of midwives and obstetricians . No. 18/900 , March 21, 2014, ISSN  0722-8333 , p. 1 ( bundestag.de [PDF]).
  9. ↑ greenbirth.de ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and akf-kaisschnitt-kampagne.de (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.greenbirth.de
  10. ^ Federal Center for Health Education
  11. ↑ a b P. Kolip: Factors influencing the mode of delivery : Caesarean section versus spontaneous delivery . In: J. Böcken, B. Braun, U. Repschläger (Ed.): Health Monitor 2012 . Bertelsmann Foundation, Gütersloh 2012, p. 9, 182-204 ( bertelsmann-stiftung.de [PDF; accessed on March 28, 2019]).
  12. ↑ Joy Hawkins, Lisa Koonin, Susan Palmer, Charles Gibbs: Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. In: Anesthesiology. February 1997, Volume 86, No. 2, pp. 277-284, PMID 9054245 , DOI: 10.1097 / 00000542-199702000-00002 .
  13. ↑ SM Kinsell: A prospective audit of regional anesthesia failure in 5080 Caesarean sections. In: Anaesthesia. August 2008, Vol. 63, No. 8, pp. 822-832; Epub June 28, 2008.
  14. ↑ Axel Feige: Caesarean section - urgent Caesarean section - emergency section. In: Axel Feige, Werner Rath, Stephan Schmidt (eds.): Delivery room compendium. The practical book for obstetrics. Thieme, Stuttgart a. a. 2013, pp. 169-171 ( doi: 10.1055 / b-0034-3319 ).
  15. ↑ Michael Stark: Misgav-Ladach-Sectio - surgical method in detail. Gynäkologie & Obstetrilfe 5 (2010), 27–30, online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.gynundgeburtshilfe.de  
  16. ↑ Caesarean section: What you should know about the procedure, healing and risks . cleverdirekt.de. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  17. ↑ a b German Bundestag (ed.): Answer of the federal government to the minor question from the MPs Cornelia Möhring, Birgit Wöllert, Sabine Zimmermann (Zwickau), other MPs and the DIE LINKE parliamentary group. - Printed matter 18/738 - Economic situation of midwives and obstetricians . No. 18/900 , March 21, 2014, ISSN  0722-8333 , p. 10, 11 ( bundestag.de [PDF]).
  18. ↑ destatis.de press release of October 4, 2017
  19. ↑ M. Eggesbø, G. Botten, H. Stigum, P. Nafstad, P. Magnus: Is delivery by cesarean section a risk factor for food allergy? In: The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Volume 112, Number 2, August 2003, pp. 420-426, ISSN  0091-6749 . PMID 12897751 .
  20. ↑ MC Tollånes et al .: Cesarean section and risk of severe childhood asthma: a population-based cohort study. In: Journal of Pediatrics. Volume 153, 2008. pp. 112-116
  21. ↑ Fact check caesarean section. Caesarean section births - development and regional distribution. Bertelsmann Foundation, 2012
  22. ↑ Data on the birth development in Germany. Federal Office of Statistics; accessed on October 13, 2016
  23. ↑ German Bundestag (ed.): Answer of the federal government to the small question of the MPs Birgit Wöllert, Sabine Zimmermann (Zwickau), Katja Kipping, other MPs and the parliamentary group DIE LINKE. - Printed matter 18/2249 - Development of the Caesarean section rate . tape 18 , no. 2365 , August 18, 2014, ISSN  0722-8333 , p. 4, 7 ( bundestag.de [PDF]).
  24. ^ World Health Organization (WHO): Appropriate Technology for birth report , published 1985
  25. ↑ a b c DGGG (Hrsg.): Leading guidelines - Pregnancy care and birth management in the condition after caesarean section. Status 2010, AWMF 015/021 (S1)
  26. ↑ M. Madaan, S. Trivedi S: Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring vs. intermittent auscultation in postcesarean pregnancies. In: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Volume 8, Issue 6, 1987. pp. 580-584.
  27. ↑ L. Sentilhes et al .: Delivery for women with a previous cesarean: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). In: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. Volume 170, 2013. pp. 25-32
    D. R. Taylor et al .: Uterine rupture with the use of PGE2 vaginal inserts for labor induction in women with previous cesarean sections. In: The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. Volume 47, 2002. pp. 549–554 <ber /> CS Buhimishi, IA Buhimishi et al .: Rupture of the uterine scar during term labor: contractility or biochemistry? In: BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Volume 112, 2005. pp. 38-42
  28. ^ Britta-Juliane Kruse: Caesarean section. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 714.
  29. ↑ a b c d e Sybilla Flügge: To the history of the caesarean section. In: third. 2000, ISBN 3-87877-030-8 .
  30. ↑ etymologie.info
  31. ↑ longitudinal section in the region of the linea alba to distal to the symphysis , proximally to or direction navel (see also the abdominal wall ), transection of the subcutaneous fatty tissue, then longitudinal incision of the fascia ( fascia abdominalis superficialis ), edges of the Rectusmuskulatur blunt apart urge the opening of the Fascia transversalis and the peritoneum by grasping and lifting with surgical forceps and stab incision with a scalpel, widening the incision lengthways with scissors, inserting hooks or frames and tamping the intestine with damp abdominal towels.
  32. ↑ Trendyzdravi , accessed September 17, 2016.
  33. ^ François Rousset: Traitté nouveau de l'hysterotomotokie, ou enfantement caesarien, qui est extraction de l'enfant par incision latérale du ventre […]. Denys du Val, Paris 1581
  34. ↑ Michael Sachs: Matthäus Gottfried Purmann (1649 [sic!] - 1711). A Silesian surgeon on the way from medieval folk medicine to modern surgery. In: Würzburg medical history reports. 12, 1994, pp. 37-64; here: p. 48 f.
  35. ^ Fritz Stähler: 90 years of medicine in Siegerland . Siegerländer contributions to history and regional studies, issue 21. Siegen 1975, pp. 3-4.
  36. ↑ Edoardo Porro: Della amputazione utero-ovarian come complemento di taglio cesareo. In: Ann. univ. Med. Chir. Volume 237, 1876, pp. 289-350.
  37. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Porro, Edoardo. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1176.
  38. ↑ On the advantages of the suprasymphyseal fascia cross- section for gynacological coliotomies, at the same time a contribution to the indication of the surgical methods . In: Collection of clinical lectures. Gynäkologie (Leipzig), Volume 97, pp. 1735-1756, 1900, PMID 4589293 .
  39. ↑ A. Jensen: Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel (1862-1909) on the 80th anniversary of his death. Biography of a great German gynecologist [On the 80th anniversary of his death. A biography of a famous German gynecologist] . In: Obstetrics and gynecology. Volume 50, 1990, pp. 326-334, PMID 2192940 .
  40. ↑ Erlend Hem, Per E. Børdahl: Max Sänger - father of the modern caesarean section . In: Gynecol Obstet Invest. Volume 55, 2003, pp. 127-129, doi: 10.1159 / 000071524 , PMID 12865589 .
  41. ↑ JA Dührssen : The vaginal caesarean section. (In addition to a report on a successful vaginal extirpation of the ruptured uterus immediately post partum ). S. Karger, Berlin 1896.
  42. ↑ K. Baumgarten: Better clarify mother deaths. Interview with Prof. Hermann Welsch about his experiences with nationwide individual case studies of maternal deaths in Bavaria . In: Deutsche Hebammenzeitschrift , Hannover 2006, pp. 15-17.
  43. ↑ City of Vienna wants fewer caesarean sections orf.at, June 8, 2018, accessed June 9, 2018.