Maternal mortality

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The section on the maternal mortality ratio should - as in English ( en: Maternal mortality ratio ), be moved to a separate article in order to distinguish it from the maternal death . The key figure should then be linked to the Wikidata entry https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28545394 . Michael Cieslik ( discussion ) 7:38 pm, Nov. 28, 2018 (CET)

Death of Francesca Tornabuoni in childbed (15th century) by Andrea del Verrocchio, Bargello, Florence

Maternal mortality is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “death of a woman during pregnancy or 42 days after the end of pregnancy, regardless of the length of the pregnancy or the location in which it takes place or the measures taken in relation to her not if the deaths are due to chance or failure. "

The maternal mortality rate (number of deaths per 100,000 live births ) is used as a criterion for the quality of obstetrics in a country. In the industrialized nations, the maternal mortality rate has fallen from 300 to around 8-12 since the beginning of the 20th century due to improved medical care. However, an increase in the maternal mortality rate in the Netherlands from 9.7 in the period 1983 to 1992 to 12.1 in the period 1993 to 2005 was observed. Something similar was observed in Switzerland between 2000 and 2013 (increase of 19%), the reasons for this are not fundamentally clarified, it is assumed that more risky pregnancies occur, for example due to increasing age or an increased number of caesarean sections. In 2007 it was 830 in Nepal .

The absolute numbers worldwide decreased from 523,000 cases in 1990 to 289,000 cases in 2013. Yet around 800 women still die each day from preventable complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth, 99 percent of them in developing countries. In the 48 least developed countries every 260th woman dies as a result of pregnancy or childbirth; in the industrialized countries every 6,600.

causes

The main causes of maternal mortality are believed to be

Bleeding, for example with uterine rupture , uterine atony , placenta previa and premature placental detachment
high blood pressure
thrombosis
Amniotic fluid embolism
sepsis
Ectopic pregnancy
heart problems
Improper termination of pregnancy
Infections
Murder (in the usa)

United Nations engagement

Lowering maternal mortality was formulated by the United Nations in 2000 as the 5th Millennium Development Goal . By 2015, global maternal mortality should be reduced by three quarters compared to 1990 levels. Instead, it was only reduced by 45 percent by 2015.

The main causes of high maternal mortality in developing countries are considered to be

poor maternal health
inadequate general health care before, during and after pregnancy,
inadequate obstetrics ,
Teenage pregnancy or maternity of minors (for various reasons),
Malnutrition,
improperly performed terminations / abortions

The role of girls and women in general, access to education, family planning and sex education as well as improving health care and nutrition should therefore be strengthened .

literature

Angela Cristina Rossi, Patrick Mullin: The etiology of maternal mortality in developed countries: a systematic review of literature. In: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Vol. 285, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1499-1503, doi: 10.1007 / s00404-012-2301-y .
Herrmann Welsch, Arthur Wischnik, Rainer Lehner: Maternal mortality. In: Henning Schneider , Peter Husslein , Karl Theo M. Schneider (Hrsg.): The obstetric. 3. Edition. Springer, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-540-33896-9 , pp. 1207-1223.