Pierre Fauchard

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Pierre Fauchard, portrait of the painter J. Le. Bel.

Pierre Fauchard (born January 2, 1678 in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines in Brittany , † March 21, 1761 in Paris ) was an important French dentist . He is considered the first person to put dentistry on a scientific basis and the first dentist in the modern sense. He began to practice at a time (in the Age of Enlightenment ) when teeth were still mostly extracted from barbers .

Fauchard's two-volume textbook “Le chirurgien dentiste” from 1728 is not only a key work in dentistry and is considered the first complete treatise on this branch of medicine. Fauchard also introduced the term dentiste into linguistic usage, which was used to designate dentists in French and English.

Life

He was the son of the weaver Gilles Fauchard († 1710) and his mother Mathurine Germain († 1681). In 1693, at the age of 15, he joined the French Royal Navy. There he shaped Alexandre Poteleret , a medical officer, Surgical Major des Vaisseaux du Roi , who in turn had spent a lot of time studying diseases of the teeth and the mouth. Dental disease was a particularly common condition for seafarers as scurvy had adverse effects on the palate and teeth.

Instruments invented by Fauchard.

In 1699 Fauchard married the widow of the surgeon Jan David Marie Anne Le Febvre (* May 9, 1662 - † March 20, 1729) in the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral , they had a daughter. Fauchard founded his dental practice in Paris in 1719. One of his greatest competitors was the barber Jean Thomas , the so-called Le Grand Thomas , who pulled teeth on the Pont Neuf with great acting talent. Colin Jones points out in his "Story of the Smile" that the two people probably did not differ significantly in their education. While Le Grand Thomas was still in the tradition of the medieval and early modern barber, Fauchard was one of those surgeons who tried to differentiate themselves from general practitioners and who wanted a scientific basis for their work. However, Fauchard has not been certified as a surgeon. Fauchard was particularly hostile to Barbers: In his view, their behavior led to everyone who worked in dentistry being perceived by the public as ignorant, fraudulent and devoid of any knowledge of dentistry . In order to better distinguish himself from these, in his opinion, immoral and unscrupulous tooth breakers ( dentateurs ), he even created a new word: While he called the barbers charlatans (German: charlatans), he called experienced and carefully working dentists surgical dentists (dt . Dental surgeons), derived from the Latin dens "tooth". The term dentist is meanwhile not in use in German: It was a professional title for dentists without academic training that existed in Germany until 1952 alongside dentists. In contrast, “dentiste” in French or “dentist” in English is the usual term for dentists with academic training.

Fauchard distinguished himself from barbers not only through his job title: while le Grand Thomas pulled his teeth on the Pont Neuf in public and for public amusement, Fauchard was in contact with the outstanding doctors. The French doctors François Gigot de la Peyronie and Denis Dodart consulted him, as did members of the Paris medical school. Dodart , one of King Louis XIV's consulting doctors , was even dedicated to Fauchard's two-volume textbook. After the death of his first wife, Fauchard married Elisabeth Guillemette Chemin (1712–1739), the daughter of a famous Comédie-Française actor, in 1729 in the Saint-Sulpice church in Paris. In 1734 Fauchard was already able to acquire a country estate near Orsay , south-southwest of Paris. The country estate, which once served as a love nest for the French King Francis I and his lover, cost the Paris dentist almost 100,000 livres . In 1740 Edmond Barbier, the chronicler of Parisian life in the first half of the 18th century, named him the first address in Paris for anyone suffering from dental diseases, and noted that Fauchard had numerous friends in aristocratic circles.

Fauchard died in 1763 at the age of 83 as an extremely wealthy man.

Publications

Pierre Fauchard

Fauchard's two-volume textbook “Le chirurgien dentiste” from 1728 is the first scientifically complete treatment of dentistry at all. In it Fauchard also describes attempts to burn enamel colored with metal oxides onto gold or copper plates for the production of dental prostheses. In the 2nd French edition from 1746 there is even an initial description of marginal periodontitis (alveolar pyorrhea). A third edition appeared in France in 1786. Fauchard removed caries with files and more rarely with a fiddle bit. He filled the cavities with lead and tin , which were compacted with special instruments.

Fauchard's self-image is also expressed in the portrait that he had included in his textbook. His right hand rests on two volumes that are believed to be his own work. With the left he points to a collection of books which - as Colin Jones argues in his “History of the Smile” - are supposed to suggest to the reader of the textbook that all of the existing knowledge can be found in Fauchard's textbook.

The first German translation of Fauchard's textbook appeared in Berlin as early as 1733.

Honors

The Pierre Fauchard Academy , which maintains the Pierre Fauchard Hall of Fame of Dentistry, is named after Pierre Fauchard .

Works

  • Le Chirurgien dentiste, ou Traité des dents . 2 volumes (Paris 1728)
    • German translation: Mr Pierre Fauchard's French dentist or treatise of the teeth. 2 parts, Berlin 1733; Reprint Heidelberg 1984.

Web links

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pierre Fauchard - L'homme de science. Biography in French
  2. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1559 and Ebook position 1582.
  3. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1566.
  4. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1572.
  5. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1581.
  6. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1582.
  7. ↑ Dominik Groß: Fauchard, Pierre. 2005, p. 392.
  8. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1649.
  9. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1661.
  10. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: A tale of two dentists. , Ebook position 1701.
  11. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: A tale of two dentists. , Ebook position 1708.
  12. ^ Alfred Renk: Material science, dental. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1472 f.
  13. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: A tale of two dentists. , Ebook position 1691.
  14. ^ Pierre Fauchard Academy: An International Honor Dental Organization. Biography in English ( Memento of the original from September 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (on-line) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fauchard.org
  15. ^ Jones: The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth Century Paris . Chapter: The Pont-Neuf tooth-pulling Carnival , Ebook position 1677.
personal data
SURNAME Fauchard, Pierre
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French dentist
DATE OF BIRTH January 2, 1678
PLACE OF BIRTH Saint-Denis-de-Gastines
DATE OF DEATH March 21, 1761
Place of death Paris