acupuncture

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Acupuncture - acupuncture point Tue 4
On pins and needles, Navy doctor branches out with deployment medicine 131213-M-ZB219-017.jpg
Ear acupuncture
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Acupuncture needles, for size comparison with a match
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Acupuncture needle (short)
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Acupuncture needle (long) in packaging

The acupuncture (from latin acus = needle , and punctura < pungere = stinging / sting; chinese  针灸  /  針灸 zhēn jiǔ ) is a treatment method of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) at which achieves a therapeutic effect by pinholes at certain points of the body shall be. The traditional form of acupuncture, which has been practiced in China and Japan since the second century before the turn of the times , is based on a "life energy of the body" ( Qi ), which circulates on defined channels or meridians and is supposed to have a controlling influence on all body functions. A disturbed flow of energy is said to cause illnesses and by pricking acupuncture points on the meridians, the disturbance in the flow of Qi should be remedied. Acupressure by exerting blunt pressure and moxibustion by applying heat to acupuncture points have the same therapeutic goal.

The most extensive clinical studies of acupuncture to date have been the GERAC studies . They found a better effect of acupuncture and sham acupuncture for chronic low back pain and chronic knee pain with osteoarthritis of the knee in an open comparison with the guideline-oriented standard therapy. An effect that differentiates acupuncture from sham acupuncture (comparison group) could not be proven. Other studies also show that shama acupuncture ( superficial acupuncture pierced up to a maximum of 3 mm deep and pierced at points in the same area of ​​the body without needle stimulation ) has the same effect as acupuncture performed according to traditional rules. Acupuncture is used to treat many other ailments, but in many cases there is no scientifically recognized evidence of its effectiveness.

At the German Medical Congress in 2003, the additional further training in acupuncture was newly introduced into the (model) further training regulations (MWBO) of the German Medical Association. There were an estimated 96,380 acupuncture users in the EU in 2012, including 80,000 doctors.

Historical

Guideway board in a Japanese edition of Hua Shous Shisi jing fahui , Edo 1716

The oldest known written mention of acupuncture and moxibustion ( Chinese  針灸zhēn jiǔ  - "acupuncture and moxibustion") comes from the second century BC. The Chinese historian Sima Qian first mentioned stone needles in his records. The oldest collection of Chinese medical writings, the Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi Neijing) from the period between 200 years before and after the turn of the century , provides an overview of the piercing and burning therapies of that time and describes various needles (made of metal) for the first time. , various stitch techniques and gives indications for the use of certain points. A total of 160 points are described.

The first reliably datable work on acupuncture is The Systematic Canon of Stinging and Burning (Zhenjiu jiayijing) by Huangfu Mi (215–282). The author describes 349 acupuncture points in clear terminology and gives systematic information on their effects. Other important writings are the explanations of the 14 main channels by Hua Boren (1341), the investigations of the eight unpaired channels by Li Shizhen (1518–1593), as well as the sum of the Aku-Moxi therapy by Yang Jizhon (1601).

As early as the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Portuguese Jesuits mentioned burning with moxa and needle therapy in letters from Japan. In the 17th and 18th centuries acupuncture was made famous in Europe by two doctors from the Dutch East India Company : Willem ten Rhijne and Engelbert Kaempfer . While moxa is being experimented with as a supposed variant of classic burn therapies, ambiguous formulations by ten Rhijnes and Kaempfers led to the rejection of these forms of therapy by influential scholars such as Lorenz Heister and Georg Ernst Stahl .

The first known acupuncture treatment in Europe was carried out in 1810 by the doctor Louis Berlioz , the father of the composer Hector Berlioz . He reported on it in a price publication published in 1816. From 1819 - mainly around 1825 under Jules Cloquet and Frederik Liubenstein - ending in the 1830s - acupuncture became a frequently used form of therapy in France, even fashion therapy. The French practice was taken up in England in 1821 by the doctor James Morss Churchill. In 1825 Johann Wilhelm von Wiebel accompanied his King Friedrich Wilhelm IV on a state visit to Paris and reported on his impressions from the Parisian acupuncture practice. In the same year, the military doctor and neurologist Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière published a treatise on " electropuncture ", to which he attached two Japanese manuscripts from the estate of Isaac Titsingh . In the USA too, doctors wrote from 1825 onwards about their own experiences with acupuncture based on the French and English models.

The anesthesia carried out in China in the early 1970s as an allegedly alternative method to anesthesia caused a worldwide sensation and heated debates . After the Vietnam War , the US military made inquiries about the benefits of acupuncture anesthesia . In 2012, the US military was funding acupuncture studies.

The majority of the Chinese Medical Association's publications describe scientific medicine rather than traditional methods such as acupuncture.

Suspected mechanisms of action

According to traditional Chinese medicine

The pericardial meridian (pericardial meridian / circulatory meridian); Acupuncture in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

Classical acupuncture is based on the teaching of Yin and Yang, which was later supplemented by the five-element teaching and the teaching of the meridians . It uses three methods:

  1. Insertion of needles into the acupuncture points
  2. Warming the points ( moxibustion )
  3. Massage of the points ( Tuina , acupressure )

In acupuncture, around 400 acupuncture points are used, which are located on the so-called meridians . To simplify things, the current model of twelve main meridians, each paired in mirror image on both sides of the body, was introduced. Eight extra meridians and a number of so-called extra points complete this model. According to the model of traditional Chinese medicine, the flow of Qi (life energy) is influenced by sticking the needles . The name "Meridian" introduced by George Soulié de Morant is misleading because it is not a question of projection lines. The underlying Chinese term jingluo can be translated as "tracts and canals". According to this understanding, acupuncture belongs to the reversal and regulation therapies .

Since the mechanisms of action assumed by traditional Chinese medicine could not be scientifically proven, these even contradict established knowledge about the function and structure of the human body, and no other mechanism of action can be proven, the placebo effect is often held responsible for the effectiveness . These and similar results from other areas of alternative medicine have led to an intensified discussion about how the effect can also be better exploited in conventional medicine.

According to scientific medicine

From the point of view of some natural scientists , the active principle of acupuncture is based on the stimulation of certain body points, which may influence the regulation of the body. One study measured an increase in endorphins in the cerebrospinal fluid after electrical stimulation of certain acupuncture points . Some scientists assume that the molecule adenosine plays an important role in the action of acupuncture needles. In 2010, neuroscientists reported that in the immediate vicinity of the needle pricks, the adenosine content in the tissue had increased several times. What exactly happens in the body during acupuncture has not yet been clarified. There is no consensus on how acupuncture could work.

From the point of view of other scientists, acupuncture is an expensive placebo. They point out that the result of acupuncture treatment does not depend on where or whether a needle is inserted (sham or dummy acupuncture). Since this is the core component of acupuncture, they conclude that acupuncture does not work. Much of the apparent improvement can be explained by regression towards the center . They also point out that studies on acupuncture include electroacupuncture , which is only transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation under a different name.

Related methods

In Japan, practitioners developed a Shōnishin ( 小 児 鍼 , dt. "Infant acupuncture needle") called non-invasive pediatric therapy at the beginning of the 20th century , which was later taken up and further developed by doctors in the West. The concept of ear acupuncture (also called Auriculotherapy) was the French physician Paul Nogier developed. He claimed that on the auricle the entire organism is represented on the smallest area in the form of reactive points with a fixed relationship to body topography and body function ( somatotopia ). In 1954 he reported for the first time in the German Journal for Acupuncture published by the German Society for Acupuncture (founded in 1951 by the doctor Gerhard Bachmann) about his experiences and in 1961 he presented his diagnosis and therapy form at an acupuncture congress in Germany. Treatment via the ear is also known from Chinese acupuncture, but only a few points are used there and these are only rarely used. Other forms of ear acupuncture are implant acupuncture and neuroauriculotherapy (NAT).

Other somatotopias of effective micro-acupuncture systems have been discovered. The concept of the Korean hand acupuncture Su Jok , in which the needles are inserted into the hands, has existed since 1987 . Chinese skull acupuncture was developed by neurosurgeons and is based on neuroanatomy. It is used for the daily care of skull and brain injuries in China. There are also the Yamamoto New Skull Acupuncture ( YNSA ) and foot acupuncture developed by the Japanese doctor Toshikatsu Yamamoto in the 1960s . Oral acupuncture according to Dr. Jochen Gleditsch is based on specific reflex points in the oral mucosa.

Another recent development is the treatment of acupuncture points with a laser with a low power density in the red or infrared range (laser acupuncture, low-level laser therapy ). The Mesotherapy is an injection acupuncture, in which homeopathic be applied or low-dose active ingredients.

Acupressure , in which the points are massaged with the help of the fingertips or with the help of tools, is older than acupuncture , which is why acupressure can also be viewed as a non-invasive form of acupuncture. A relatively new application of acupressure is the acupressure mat , where the user lies down on the mat and the pressure is generated by gravity.

execution

An acupuncture session lasts about 20 to 30 minutes. The patient is positioned calmly and relaxed, typically lying or sitting comfortably. Before a needle is inserted, the area and the immediate area are lightly massaged. As few points as possible are pricked during a session. Some authors give a maximum of 16, but this can be exceeded in individual cases.

Areas of application

Acupuncture in the US Navy
Ear acupuncture in the US Air Force

An overview of 32 systematic reviews of the Cochrane Collaboration finds a therapeutic effect of acupuncture only in the case of postoperative and chemotherapy-induced occurrence of nausea and vomiting as well as against idiopathic headaches. With these two symptoms, too, reservations are necessary when using acupuncture, as the quality of the primary studies is low, there was no control by sham acupuncture or the type of blinding is unclear.

The World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of indications for acupuncture in 2002 , on which it is classified as an effective treatment for 28 diseases. No cross-assessment was prepared for this publication . The authors were not free from conflicts of interest . The list of indications differs from the results of systematic reviews on acupuncture published in 2006. In retrospect, the lead author (Zhang) said that the list should not be taken as a recommendation. The list was on the WHO information portal until 2014, but has not been listed since then.

The WHO list included the following areas of application:

In 1997, the US National Institutes of Health pointed to promising results that would suggest effectiveness in a number of areas. The same report criticized the often poor quality of many studies. The report was drawn up in a committee dominated by alternative medicine practitioners.

Studies by the Cochrane Collaboration or other meta-studies have shown that there is no good evidence of benefit for the following conditions:

Side effects

In general, if acupuncture is used properly, there are hardly any side effects . Possible side effects are:

  • The formation of a hematoma at the injection site.
  • With long dwell times of needles ("permanent needles"), regardless of the material , inflammation can occur.
  • Occasional drops of blood can escape.
  • Certain points or combinations of points can make the patient dizzy.
  • Short-term loss of consciousness can occur (very rarely, with improper choice of points or excessive stimulation ).
  • Numbness
  • Siliconized acupuncture needles can cause granulomas by depositing tiny amounts of silicon in the skin .

These are the most common undesirable side effects of acupuncture treatment. In the large German health insurance studies, the doctors had to document the side effects that occurred. About eight percent of patients treated with acupuncture were affected. A systematic review of all blood vessel injuries produced by acupuncture and documented in the literature found 21 cases, some of them with very serious complications. Three patients died as a result of these incidents. The authors concluded that vascular incidents are rare. Organ injuries such as a pneumothorax (rarely) caused by an unintentional injury to the lungs are not considered a side effect, but rather a treatment error due to a lack of knowledge and improper needling.

Contraindications

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Acupuncture treatment is not recommended for various diseases and conditions. The following are considered contraindications:

People with low blood pressure or a tendency to collapse should lie down during acupuncture treatment and then rest for a while.

Electro-acupuncture should not be used on epileptics because the electrical current could trigger epileptic seizures . Even people with a pacemaker are not allowed to have electro-acupuncture because the electrical current could control the pacemaker incorrectly.

Scientific assessment

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Some representatives of conventional western medicine continue to see it as a research task to scientifically pursue the theory of meridians and acupuncture points behind acupuncture . Other proponents consider these ideas so absurd and so often refuted that they see no need for further investigation. The largest worldwide prospective and randomized study (GERAC studies) to date comes to the conclusion that acupuncture is just as effective as a sham treatment at neighboring, but non-classic points (placebo). A systematic review from 2011, were studied in 57 systematic since 2000 published review articles, came to the conclusion that there is little evidence that acupuncture is an effective treatment for pain.

Both proponents and opponents of acupuncture in principle warn against using acupuncture for serious diseases such as cancer , multiple sclerosis or stroke . Proponents argue that such illnesses are contraindications to acupuncture, because a beneficial (in this context, disadvantageous, because the illness promoting) effect of acupuncture could aggravate the illness, for example by stimulating the cells to undesirably multiply in cancer. However, such a promoting effect has never been proven. Opponents of acupuncture consider its use especially dangerous for serious illnesses, because the preference for acupuncture (and other alternative medical methods) means that scientifically founded therapies are often not used or used too late.

GERAC acupuncture studies

The GERAC studies (2002–2007) ( German Acupuncture Trials ) were the world's largest prospective and randomized studies on the effectiveness of acupuncture in comparison to a guideline-oriented standard therapy for the economically relevant indications of chronic low back pain, chronic pain in osteoarthritis of the knee, chronic tension headache and chronic migraine . A management committee at the Ruhr University Bochum (spokesman Hans-Joachim Trampisch) steered the Germany-wide studies with the participation of six universities (Essen, Heidelberg, Marburg, Mainz and Regensburg) and over 500 outpatient doctors. The scientific society, Research Group Acupuncture, played a decisive role in the conception and implementation of the GERAC studies. The three-armed studies compared acupuncture on Chinese acupuncture points (verum) with acupuncture on non-Chinese points (sham) and conventional therapy on a total of 3500 patients. In the case of chronic low back pain and chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee, acupuncture and sham acupuncture were found to have a better effect in an open comparison with standard therapy. An effect that differentiates acupuncture from the placebo group (sham acupuncture) could not be proven. In the prophylaxis of chronic migraines, no statistically significant difference was found between acupuncture, sham acupuncture and standard therapy. A significant difference between the two forms of acupuncture, verum and sham, was not shown in any of the studies, analogous to many other studies. However, the study protocol was already freely published during the studies. Some critics consider the value of the GERAC studies to be inferior because of this unblinding.

On the basis of the GERAC studies, the Federal Joint Committee decided that acupuncture has been part of the insurance benefits for back pain and chronic joint pain since January 1, 2007. "The purely historical presentation of the point specificity of Chinese acupuncture points in medical acupuncture training (acupuncture advanced and advanced training seminars) is of little clinical relevance." The international Cochrane reviews updated in 2009 , the résumé of which were significantly influenced by the results of the GERAC studies, are due concluded that acupuncture "represents a valuable non-pharmacological therapy option for patients with frequent episodic tension headaches" and that "acupuncture for migraines is at least as effective, possibly more effective than drug prophylactic therapy, and this with fewer undesirable effects".

Studies as part of the "acupuncture model project"

Some German statutory health insurances , under the leadership of Techniker Krankenkasse , operated the "model project acupuncture", in which it should be checked whether it would make sense to include acupuncture in the service catalog. This project was scientifically supported by the Institute for Social Medicine , Epidemiology and Health Economics at the Charité University Hospital in Berlin and included three studies:

  • Acupuncture Safety and Health Economics Studies (ASH)
  • Acupuncture in Routine Care Studies (ARC)
  • Acupuncture Randomized Trials (ART)

The results were presented in the Deutsches Ärzteblatt and The Lancet , among others . An effect was noted, but it was not lasting. In these studies, too, the exact study protocol was already published during the ongoing studies, which aroused criticism (unblinding).

Further studies

The results of a large number of Chinese acupuncture studies, all of which are intended to prove the effectiveness of the method, are questioned in the scientific literature due to the methodology. Practically all Chinese studies on acupuncture are not randomized , not prospective and did not work with suitable control groups.

Another approach to research into acupuncture is the attempt to uncover possible physiological mechanisms of action and to provide scientifically tenable evidence of the localization of organ, pain and trigger points . Reliable evidence has not yet been provided.

Reimbursement by health insurance companies

Since January 1, 2007, all German statutory health insurances have been reimbursing acupuncture treatments for chronic pain in the lumbar spine and in the knee joints for osteoarthritis of the knee as part of an overall pain therapy concept in accordance with a resolution of the Federal Joint Committee in Germany. Part of this resolution is the increase of the necessary qualification of the doctors: In addition to the additional medical qualification "acupuncture", proof of the 80-hour courses "special pain therapy" and "basic psychosomatic care" is required. The treatment of headaches by acupuncture was not included in the catalog of services, as no advantage over standard therapy was found. Other indications for acupuncture treatments are not covered by statutory health insurance and must therefore be paid for yourself.

Private health insurances, allowances and the Postbeamtenkrankenkasse pay for acupuncture for the treatment of pain according to the official fee schedule for doctors , after individual decisions usually also for further diagnoses. Non-medical practitioner services are also reimbursed depending on the contract.

Another possibility of assuming the costs or sharing costs is through supplementary health practitioner insurance, as alternative practitioners with TCM training also offer acupuncture.

In Switzerland , acupuncture is covered by basic insurance if the treatment is carried out by a doctor. In addition, acupuncture is covered by certain types of additional insurance.

literature

  • The Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine: An Outline of Chinese Acupuncture . Foreign Languages ​​Press, Beijing 1975.
  • John Z. Bowers, Robert W. Carrubba: The doctoral thesis of Engelbert Kaempfer on tropical diseases, oriental medecine and exotic natural phenomena. In: Journal of the history of medecine and allied sciences. Volume XXV, No 3, 1970, pp. 270-311.
  • John Z. Bowers, Robert W. Carrubba: The western world's first detailed treatise on acupuncture: Willem Ten Rhijne's De acupunctura. In: Journal of the history of medecine and allied sciences. Volume XXIX, No 4, 1974, pp. 371-399.
  • UA Casal: Acupuncture, Cautery and Massage in Japan. In: Asian Folklore Studies. Vol. 21, 1962, ISSN  0385-2342 , pp. 221-235. (PDF; 1 MB)
  • Philibert Dabry de Thiersant (1826–1898), Jean-Léon Souberain: La médecine chez les Chinois. Plon, Paris 1863. (digitized archive.org)
  • Michael Eyl: Sino-Japanese acupuncture in France (1810-1826) and its theoretical foundations (1683-1825) . Diss. Med. Zurich 1978.
  • Gerhart Feucht: The history of acupuncture in Europe. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1977, ISBN 3-7760-0364-2 .
  • Robert Jütte : History of Alternative Medicine. From folk medicine to today's unconventional therapies. Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , p. 13 f. and 262-273 ( acupuncture ).
  • Wolfgang Michel : Early Western Observations on Acupuncture and Moxibustion . Sudhoffs Archiv, Volume 77 (2), 1993, pp. 194-222. (Digitized version)
  • Wei-kang Fu: The Story of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Foreign Language Press, Beijing 1975.
  • Franz Hübotter : Chinese medicine at the beginning of the XX. Century and its historical development. Asia Major publishing house, Leipzig 1929.
  • Carl-Hermann Hempen : dtv-Atlas acupuncture. 5th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-423-03232-4 .
  • Pierre Huard, Zensetsou Ohya, Ming Wong: La médecine Japonaise des origines à nos jours. R. Dacosta, Paris 1974.
  • Gwei-Djen Lu, Joseph Needham : Celestial lancets. A history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980.
  • Felix Mann, Thomas Flöter (translation): The revolution of acupuncture. Acupuncture Medicine Information, Giessen 1997, ISBN 3-927971-08-1 .
  • Hans P. Ogal, Wolfram Stör, Yu-Lin Lian: Seirin picture atlas of acupuncture. KVM-Verlag, ISBN 3-932119-40-1 .
  • Manfred Porkert , Carl-Hermann Hempen : Systematic acupuncture. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich / Vienna / Baltimore 1985, ISBN 3-541-11151-8 .
  • Paul U. Innocence : Acupuncture. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 27 f.

Web links

Commons : Acupuncture  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Acupuncture  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ GERAC study
  2. ↑ a b c M. Haake, HH Müller, C. Schade-Brittinger, HD Basler, H. Schäfer, C. Maier, HG Endres, HJ Trampisch, A. Molsberger: German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. In: Arch Intern Med . 167 (17), Sep 24, 2007, pp. 1892-1898.
  3. ↑ a b c HP Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, J. Krämer, C. Maier, HJ Trampisch, N. Victor: Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: a three-armed randomized trial. In: Ann Intern Med . 145 (1), Jul 4, 2006, pp. 12-20.
  4. ^ Archives of Internal Medicine (2007; 167: 1892–1898), GERAC study
  5. ↑ Acupuncture for chronic knee and back pain, Dtsch Arztebl 2007; 104 (3): A-123 / B-113 / C-109, German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC study)
  6. ↑ journalMED: Neurologists: Acupuncture only helps against migraines like a placebo , accessed on May 27, 2010.
  7. ↑ a b c HC Diener, K. Kronfeld, G. Boewing, M. Lungenhausen, C. Maier, A. Molsberger, M. Tegenthoff, HJ Trampisch, M. Zenz, R. Meinert: GERAC Migraine Study Group. Efficacy of acupuncture for the prophylaxis of migraine: a multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial. In: Lancet Neurol. 5 (4), Apr 2006, pp. 310-316.
  8. ↑ a b H. G. Endres, G. Böwing, HC Diener, S. Lange, C. Maier, A. Molsberger, M. Zenz, AJ Vickers, M. Tegenthoff: Acupuncture for tension-type headache: a multicentre, sham-controlled, patient-and observer-blinded, randomized trial. In: J Headache Pain. October 23, 2007.
  9. ^ A b E. Ernst , MS Lee, TY Choi: Acupuncture: Does it alleviate pain and are there serious risks? A review of reviews . In: Pain. 152, No. 4, 2011, pp. 755-764. doi: 10.1016 / j.pain.2010.11.004 . PMID 21440191 .
  10. ↑ https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/MKB-Akupunkt.pdf
  11. ↑ K. von Ammon, M. Frei-Erb, F. Cardini, U. Daig, S. Dragan, G. Hegyi, P. Roberti di Sarsina, J. Sörensen, G. Lewith: Complementary and alternative medicine provision in Europe– first results approaching reality in an unclear field of practices. In: Researching complementary medicine. Volume 19, Suppl 2, 2012, pp. 37-43, doi: 10.1159 / 000343129 . PMID 23883943 (Review).
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Michel : Early Western observations on acupuncture and moxibustion . Sudhoffs Archiv, Volume 77 (2), 1993, pp. 194-222. (Digitized version)
  13. ^ Louis Berlioz: Mémoire sur les maladies chroniques, les évacuations sanguines et l'acupuncture . Croullebois, Paris 1816 (digitized version )
  14. ↑ a b Further sources in: Hans-Jürgen Arnold: The history of acupuncture in Germany. Haug, Heidelberg 1976.
  15. ↑ James Morss Churchill: A treatise on acupuncturation. Simpkin and Marshall, London 1821. (digitized version ) German translation by J. Wagner, cand.med., Bamberg 1824.
  16. ^ Johann Wilhelm von Wiebel : Medical surgical news from Paris. Collected by the royal. General staff physician and personal physician Mr. Ritter Dr. Bulb. Notified by Dr. Eduard Graefe, practicing physician in Berlin. In: Journal of Surgery and Ophthalmology. Volume VIII, Berlin 1825, pp. 352-392. (Digitized version)
  17. ↑ W. Michel Zaitsu: interactions - to Traité de l'inédit acupuncture et du Moxa chez les Japonais in JB Sarlandières Mémoires sur l'Électro-Puncture (1825). In: German Journal for Acupuncture , Vol. 58 (4), 2015; Vol. 59 (3), 2016; Vol. 59 (4), 2016;
  18. ^ Franklin Bache: Cases illustrative of the remedial effects of acupuncturation. In: Northern American Medical Surg. Journal. 1, 1826, pp. 311-321. Reprinted in: J. H. Cassedy. Early uses of acupuncture in the United States, with an addendum (1826) by Franklin Bache, MD In: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medecine. Volume 50, Sept. 1974, pp. 892-906. PMC 1749387 (free full text)
  19. ↑ Terrible pain . In: Der Spiegel. 50 (dated December 8, 1980), accessed March 18, 2018.
  20. ↑ Cheryl Pellerin: Doctors Use Acupuncture as Newest Battlefield Tool. (No longer available online.) American Forces Press Service, December 10, 2010, archived from the original on July 18, 2015 ; Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
  21. ^ Acupuncture study looking for more vets with Gulf War Syndrome. ( Memento from July 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Stars and Stripes .
  22. ^ Arthur Taub: Acupuncture: Nonsense with Needles .
  23. ^ E. Ernst : Acupuncture - a critical analysis . In: Journal of Internal Medicine. 259, No. 2, 2006, pp. 125-137. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2796.2005.01584.x . PMID 16420542 .
  24. ↑ Increased β-Endorphin but not Met-Enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. In: The Lancet . Retrieved May 30, 2013 : "After electroacupuncture in the patients with pain CSF β-endorphin levels rose significantly in all subjects, but met-enkephalin levels were unchanged."
  25. ↑ Susan Masino, Detlev Boison (Ed.): Adeonsine: A Key Link between Metabolism and Brain Activity . Springer Science + Business Media , 2013, ISBN 978-1-4614-3903-5 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4614-3903-5_17 : "Additional observations have implicated tissue release of nucleotides and adenosine in acupuncture analgesia, and shown analgesia results from peripheral actions at adenosine A1Rs. "
  26. ↑ Acupuncture: How a cytostatic enhances the effect. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt .
  27. ↑ Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture. In: Nature Neuroscience .
  28. ↑ V. Napadow, A. Ahn, J. Longhurst, L. Lao, E. Stener-Victorin, R. Harris, HM Langevin: The status and future of acupuncture clinical research . In: Journal of alternative and complementary medicine . tape 14 , no. 7 , September 2008, p. 861-869 , doi : 10.1089 / acm.2008.SAR-3 , PMID 18803495 .
  29. ^ A b David Colquhoun, Steven P. Novella: Acupuncture Is Theatrical Placebo . In: Anesthesia & Analgesia . tape 116 , no. 6 , June 2013, ISSN  0003-2999 , p. 1360–1363 , doi : 10.1213 / ane.0b013e31828f2d5e ( lww.com [accessed November 13, 2018]).
  30. ↑ T. Wernicke: Shonishin - The Art of Non-Invasive Pediatric Acupuncture. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London / Philadelphia 2014.
  31. ↑ Shōnishin story
  32. ↑ Acupuncture methods: ear acupuncture
  33. ↑ Acupuncture methods: micro acupuncture systems
  34. ↑ Jütte, Robert : History of alternative medicine: from folk medicine to the unconventional therapies of today . CH Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , p. 269 f .
  35. ↑ R. Wlasak: Implant acupuncture: Basics and methodology. Springer, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-20025-0 , pp. 3–8, 16–44. doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-20026-7
  36. ↑ Larisa Finken: Korean Hand Acupuncture: An Introduction to Su Jok. Hippocrates, 2000, ISBN 3-7773-1337-8 .
  37. ↑ Su Jok: About the method
  38. ↑ Acupuncture Methods: Korean Hand Acupuncture
  39. ↑ What is skull acupuncture?
  40. ↑ Interview with Dr. med. Toshikatsu Yamamoto - for the 40th anniversary of the New Skull Acupuncture according to Yamamoto (YNSA)
  41. ^ Claus C. Schnorrenberger: Compendium Anatomicum Acupuncturae: textbook and atlas of the anatomical acupuncture structures. De Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-087976-X , p. 212f.
  42. ^ Gleditsch, JM: Reflex zones and somatotopias. As the key to an overall view of man, 6th edition. Schorndorf: Biological-Medical Publishing Company 1996.
  43. ↑ File: 120216-N-PB383-282.jpg. United States Navy , accessed May 26, 2013 : “Description: Cmdr. Yevsey Goldberg conducts an acupuncture procedure on a patient aboard the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). "
  44. ^ Edzard Ernst : Acupuncture: What Does the Most Reliable Evidence Tell Us? In: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management . tape 37 , no. 4 , April 2009, ISSN  0885-3924 , p. 709–714 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jpainsymman.2008.04.009 ( elsevier.com [accessed August 30, 2018]).
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