History of acupuncture

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Replica of a life-size bronze figure with acupuncture points from the Song dynasty
Historical acupuncture tablet, Tokyo 1716

History of acupuncture

The oldest known written mention of acupuncture and moxibustion ( Chinese  針灸 , Pinyin zhēn jiǔ  - "acupuncture and moxibustion") comes from the second century BC. The Chinese historian Sima Qian first mentioned stone needles in his records.

The oldest collection of Chinese medical writings Inner Classics of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi Neijing) from the time between 200 years before and after the turn of the ages integrates Aku-Moxi therapy into the medicine of that time and describes various needles (made of metal), stitching techniques and indications for the application of certain points. 160 points are described in this work.

The first clearly datable work on acupuncture is The Systematic Aku-Moxi Classic (Zhenjiu jiayijing) by Huangfu Mi (215–282). It describes clear terminology , a topology of 349 acupuncture points and systematic references to their effects. Other significant writings are the explanations of the 14 main channels by Hua Boren (1341), the investigations of the eight unpaired channels by Li Shizhen (1518–1593), as well as the sum of the Aku-Moxi therapy ( Zhen jiu da cheng. 1601) by Yang Jizhou (1522-1620).

Europe 16th to 19th centuries

Willem ten Rhijne. Acupuncture table in Dissertatio de arthritide 1683.

As early as the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Portuguese Jesuits mentioned burning with moxa and needle therapy in letters from Japan. The Danish doctor De Bondt (Bontius) , who worked for the Dutch East India Company , wrote a few more lines . In the Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis libri sex , printed in 1658 , he reports that in Japan “with chronic headaches, with obstruction of the liver and spleen, even with pleurisy […] a silver stylus or a steel stylus is not much thicker when the strings of a zither pierce the above-mentioned innards by slowly or gently inserting them, so that he steps out again on the other side (!) what he himself saw in Java.

In 1683 Willem ten Rhijne (also a doctor of the East India Company) wrote a detailed treatise ( Dissertatio de Arthritide: Mantissa Schematica: De Acupunctura: Et Orationes Tres ) on the basis of his studies in Japan , in which he described the clinical effects of needle stick therapy and coined the term acupuncture (Latin acus = needle ; punctura = stitch ). There is also a description of the pathways (Mantissa Schematica), which he misunderstood as blood vessels. Ten Rhijne interpreted the mechanism of action of acupuncture as derivative : “The head is stabbed with headaches, drowsiness, epilepsy, eye pain and with other diseases of the head by damaging wind. The abdomen is stabbed for colic pain , dysentery , loss of appetite, hysteria ... and stomach pain. "

In 1712 Engelbert Kaempfer published a detailed treatise in the Amoenitates Exoticae on the Japanese therapy of abdominal complaints (Japanese : senki ), which he misunderstood as colic. He interpreted the mechanism of action as revulsive (tearing away, revolutionizing): “According to European judgment, the place closest to the diseased part would be best suited to lure the vapors (and that is the purpose of burning). The Japanese doctors, however, often choose distant points that are connected to the diseased region according to anatomical principles only through the general body shell ... The shoulder blade is successfully burned to heal the stomach and to stimulate the appetite, the spine for pleural problems , the adductors of the thumb on the same side for toothache. Which anatomist can here exhibit a vascular connection? "In his treatise on the Japanese treatment of him colic called epigastric discomfort but Kaempfer describes a derivatively (dissipative) acting methods are stung in which only points near the affected region. Revulsive / derivative is a pair of opposites to which the pair of opposites humoral pathology / solidarity pathology can be assigned. With the blossoming of anatomical research at the beginning of modern times , humoral pathology was displaced in favor of solidarity pathology.

Both Ten Rhijne and Kaempfer wrote their reports on the basis of observations in Japan, without recognizing the sometimes fundamental differences to the Chinese therapy. Among other things, Kaempfer presented the guide tube ( Japanese 管 鍼 , on reading : kanshin , Kun reading : kudabari ), an invention of the Japanese acupuncturist Sugiyama Waichi ( 杉山 和 一 ; 1610–1694). Both further described the tapping needling (Japanese 打鍼 , on-reading: dashin , Kun-reading: uchibari ), a therapy developed by the Japanese monk Mubun, which ignores the channels, but interprets the abdominal region as a “map” of the body.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the reports by Ten Rhijne and Kaempfer were noted in Europe, but adoption of these forms of therapy in European medical practice was vehemently rejected. To 1787 the doctor Vicq d'Azyr in the article "Acupuncture" that of Charles-Joseph Panckoucke laid méthodique Encyclopédie. :

"... The system of alleged bad juices (" humeurs ") used by the Chinese and Japanese, which they believe acupuncture can be used to extract, is not well founded. Anyone who knows the «économie animale» well and has thought about the nature of diseases should decide whether we have to regret that this remedy has not yet been used in us. ... "

Similarly in 1812 the doctor Henri Bédor (1784–1840) in the article “Acupuncture” in the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales published by Charles-Louis Fleury Panckoucke (1780–1844) . Western doctors who traveled to East Asia should also feel vindicated by the decline in acupuncture in China. The Chinese doctor Xu Dachun (1693–1771), who pursued a reconsideration and revitalization, described it as a lost tradition as early as 1757. In 1822 it was even banned from the Imperial Medical Academy.

Louis Berlioz 1776-1848

Louis Berlioz

In the spring of 1810, the doctor Louis Berlioz (1776–1848), the father of the composer Hector Berlioz , dared his first acupuncture treatment. He lived and practiced in the French provincial town of La Côte-Saint-André . He was familiar with the Ten Rhijnes and Kaempfers reports. Kaemmer's report on the treatment of " colic " among the Japanese served as a recipe for him. He treated a 24-year-old patient who suffered from "a nervous fever as a result of intense and long-lasting anxiety". Symptoms included a. Headache, cramping upper abdominal pain, shiny eyes and unusual loquacity. He only pricked points in the upper abdomen with a sewing needle, i.e. with a derivative process. Even the first puncture drove away the upper abdominal discomfort "as if by magic". The acupuncture had to be repeated once every three days, after two months once or twice a day. After a total of six months of acupuncture treatment, the symptoms were resolved, apart from one nausea that occurred after waking up. These residual complaints were masked for a year by increasing the doses of opium, and the required doses of opium were reduced by adding brandy in hot water. The patient's general condition improved noticeably. Some recent attacks of nervous fever have been successfully treated with acupuncture. After one of these treatments, the patient could not pull out the inserted needle and it remained in the epigastrium . Since then the patient has been completely healed. The needle was not found, but it did no harm either. Berlioz added acupuncture to the repertoire of his treatment methods and used it to treat epigastric pain, bruises without bruising, pain in the thoracic and lumbar spine, wandering rheumatism and "nervous fever" - successfully according to his own statements - by puncturing pain points. He was able to publish his observations in 1816. In his memoirs, the son Hector described his father as a constantly working doctor who aroused great trust both in the small town in which he lived and in the neighboring towns and was more of a benefactor of the poor and peasants than he would have lived according to his class . Hector classified his father's worldview as liberal; that is, he described him as a person without any social, political or religious prejudice. Famous doctors would have used his father's ideas without ever quoting him. This amazed the father in his sincerity, but all he said was: "What if only the truth wins."

AP Demours 1819. Cupping device. It allows cupping and simultaneous bloodletting or cupping and simultaneous acupuncture

Auguste Haime and Pierre Fidèle Bretonneau

Auguste Haime and Pierre Fidèle Bretonneau in Tours took up Berlioz's suggestion in 1818 and treated patients with acupuncture together. They too only stung local pain points. Bretonneau also carried out animal experiments to check the harmlessness of deep stings.

Antoine Pierre Demours

From 1819 to 1825, the Parisian ophthalmologist Antoine Pierre Demours used acupuncture in combination with cupping to treat eye diseases. He mainly used needles and cupping heads on the neck muscles. Up to the middle of the 19th century in France - also in university medicine - the hair rope (séton) - a process for producing suppuration - was used in the neck to treat eye diseases. So it was obvious for Demours to insert needles into the neck muscles to treat eye diseases. His procedure can therefore be classified as having a revulsive effect.

Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière - Isaac Titsingh

Isaac Titsingh acupuncture doll . Musée d'histoire de la Médecine, Paris

The military doctor Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière (1787–1838) was in the army until 1814, then worked in various military hospitals. According to his own statements, he had already successfully treated a cataleptic with acupuncture in 1815 in the Montaigu military hospital. He led a priority dispute with Antoine Pierre Demours and Jules Germain Cloquet . In 1825 he published a treatise on electroacupuncture in which he presented his experiences with this variant of acupuncture. As early as 1816, Louis Berlioz had considered that the use of a “galvanic shock ” generated by a “ volta apparatus ” could increase the effectiveness of acupuncture. Berlioz was not mentioned by Sarlandière.

In addition to his work, Sarlandière presented the work of a "Dutch scholar", namely medical manuscripts by Isaac Titsingh . Like Ten Rhyne and Kaempfer, Isaac Titsingh was a member of the Dutch East India Company . He used a three-year and six-month stay in Japan to compile an extensive collection of Japanese-Chinese writings with scientific and historical content. In Japan and Bengal he evaluated part of this collection with the help of interpreters and based on his own knowledge of the Japanese and Chinese languages. Titsingh wrote his manuscripts in English, French and Dutch. In 1796 he drove back to Europe, where he stayed in England until 1801, then in Holland and finally in France and looked in vain for a publisher for his works. Isaac Titsingh died in Paris in 1812. His son and heir Wilhelm Titsingh sold his father's manuscripts to the Parisian publisher Nepveu.

The estate of Isaac Titsingh included a Japanese anatomical model with recorded meridians and meridian points and a work on acupuncture and moxibustion with translation in the manuscript. By 1815 at the latest, parts from Titsingh's estate were accessible to the doctor Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière. Based on the anatomical model and / or the drawings from the manuscript, Sarlandière made drawings for Dominique Jean Larrey in 1815 , which he added to his article "Moxa" in the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales in 1819 . The centerpiece of the Titsingh manuscripts published by Sarlandière was a list of 110 diseases, which were briefly described and for which the acupuncture points to be treated were indicated - with reference to the figures: "§ 1. In the case of loss of appetite, 76 ( K 9 ), then 58 ( Ren 10 ), 75 ( K 20 ) and 56 ( Ren 12 ) (Tjuquan) and this is repeated over three days. If there is no improvement, sprinkle some salt on the navel and burn 17 to 24 moxa cones on it. … “In his practice, Sarlandière - like all his contemporaries except Demours - only stabbed pain points. He ignored the recipes from Titsingh's estate that would have enabled him to treat, along the lines of the Chinese and Japanese, with a combination of near and far points.

Neither Titsingh nor Sarlandière had recognized that the Japanese script Shinkyū gokuhi-shō (Chinese reading zhēn-jiŭ jíbì-chāo) came from an eclectic school ( ko-ihōha ) that sought to combine elements of Western bloodletting with newer Japanese concepts.

Jules Cloquet 1790-1883

Jules Cloquet

Jules Cloquet began to use acupuncture in the fall of 1824 in the Paris Hôpital Saint-Louis . Cloquet's observations have been published by Pierre Pelletan fils, T. Dantu, and J. Morand. From December 20 to 24, 1824, Pelletan and Cloquet experimented at the Hôpital Saint-Louis to objectify Cloquet's assumption that the acupuncture effect was based on a galvanic process. Pelletan had obtained a sensitive measuring device, the Schweigger multiplier , for this purpose . In the experiments, one pole of the measuring device was connected to the inserted needle, the other pole to a wire that the test person held in his mouth. Test subjects were patients who suffered from neuralgia. In the course of the experiment, Pelletan sensed vibrations from the needle of the measuring device when the measuring circuit was closed. Pelletan, however, doubted that the current was the cause of the acupuncture effect.

The following doctors, who reported on their acupuncture practice in France in the first quarter of the 19th century, joined the named: Pierre-Augustin Béclard , Henri-Marie Husson , A. Lacroix, Meyranx and François-Victor Bally , Emile Andrieux , Jean- Louis Alibert , René Laënnec and François Magendie . The list is certainly not exhaustive.

In December 1825, Alfred Velpeau wrote to Pierre Bretonneau :

“Jules [Cloquet] has taken over acupuncture. With her he heals everything. In addition, he explains that the diseases are not inflammations, but rather a current (“fluid”). Well, a galvanic, magnetic, electrical, nervous current, whatever you want. In any case, a stream ... that accumulates in the organs. Well, the needles eliminate that current. If it is bigger, one makes a nervous bloodletting; if it's smaller, you take it from another person, etc. They laugh ... but it's true and little Jules stabs, tears and cuts everyone he hits with the needle. Nothing can resist it. All neuralgia, pleuritis, peritonitis, pneumonia, etc. save themselves from the engraver. One thing is important here: Jules will soon be wealthy. Countesses, duchesses and princes are already rushing to be stabbed. Soon he can no longer meet the demand. Audience gullibility is a food that makes you fat and fat quickly when fed on - and Jules doesn't avoid this food. "
Churchill 1821. Acupuncture needles. Above: after Demours. Below: after Churchill

Reception in England and the USA

Inspired by reports by Louis Berlioz , Auguste Haime , Pierre Fidèle Bretonneau and Antoine Pierre Demours , the London doctor James Morss Churchill treated patients with acupuncture. He published his experiences in 1821. He developed a special needle shape that prevented the needle from inadvertently disappearing inside the body (as happened with the sewing needles used by Berlioz) by means of a construction similar to the foil handle .

In the USA too, doctors wrote from 1825 onwards about their own experiences with acupuncture based on the French and English models.

Reception in Germany

In 1825 Johann Wilhelm von Wiebel accompanied his King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. On a state visit to Paris and, on his return, reported on the latest achievements in French medicine, among others. a. also about his impressions from the Paris acupuncture practice. As a result, the keyword “Acupunctur” was represented in abundance in all German-language medical journals until 1828.

Dabry de Thiersant 1863. Illustration of acupuncture points

Claude-Philibert Dabry de Thiersant

In 1863, the French diplomat Claude-Philibert Dabry de Thiersant and the pharmacologist Jean Léon Souberain (1827-1892) wrote a widely acclaimed study of Chinese medicine in which the theory and practice of acupuncture were also described. The Chinese sources used by Dabry and Souberain are still kept in the University Library of Montpellier today . Dabry's work was ignored in medical practice.

Europe 20th century

Acupuncture was made famous in the western world from 1929 onwards, in particular by the French diplomat George Soulié de Morant , who described acupuncture in his writings at the beginning of the 1930s as the supposedly most important branch of Chinese medicine and the successful treatment of cholera cases by Chinese Acupuncturist wants to have watched.

The German doctor, sinologist and medical historian Franz Huebotter lived and worked in Japan for 4 years after the First World War and in China from 1925 with interruptions. In 1929 in Leipzig he published his work, The Chinese Medicine at the Beginning of the 20th Century, which is still considered the standard work in Chinese medical history . Century and its historical development .

The German Society for Acupuncture (now the German Medical Association for Acupuncture eV , DÄGfA) was founded in 1951 by Gerhard Bachmann and Heribert Schmidt as a specialist association for doctors . As a member of the Sociéte internationale d'Acupuncture , the society was authorized to issue diplomas. The German Society for Acupuncture also published the German Journal for Acupuncture , which existed until 1969 , and from 1957 was also the organ of the Austrian Society for Acupuncture . In 1971 the "German Society for Acupuncture and Neural Therapy" (DGfAN eV) was founded for the area of ​​the GDR - initially as a working group for reflex medicine in the Society for Internal Medicine.

People's Republic of China 19th and 20th centuries

In 1822, Emperor Daoguang had acupuncture and moxibustion banned at the Imperial Medical Academy. The end of the 19th century under the Manchu - dynasty pronounced in the course of modernization, a general prohibition of acupuncture. In the People's Republic of China , too , acupuncture was initially banned in order to promote the desired reorientation of the health system towards a scientific foundation. However, the Chinese Communist Party soon came to the conclusion that the country had too few medical professionals trained according to scientific standards to provide medical care on their own. Therefore, around 500,000 TCM practitioners were integrated into the state health system as so-called barefoot doctors , with the hope that over time they would increasingly adopt scientific working methods. Acupuncture anesthesia, carried out in China in the early 1970s, caused a worldwide sensation and heated debate. Large parts of traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture, are still widespread and integrated into the university education system alongside medicine based on Western standards .

USA 20th century

After the Vietnam War , the US military made inquiries about the benefits of acupuncture anesthesia . In 2012, the US military was funding acupuncture studies.

literature

  • Michael Eyl: Sino-Japanese acupuncture in France (1810-1826) and its theoretical foundations (1683-1825) . Diss. Med. Zurich 1978.
  • Gerhart Feucht: The history of acupuncture in Europe. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1977, ISBN 3-7760-0364-2 .
  • Ronald Guilloux: L'acupuncture et le magnétisme animal face à l'orthodoxie médicale française (1780-1830). In: Gesnerus, 70/2 (2013), pp. 211–243 (digitized pdf)
  • Wolfgang Michel : Early Western Observations on Acupuncture and Moxibustion . Sudhoffs Archiv, Volume 77 (2), 1993, pp. 194-222. (Digitized version)
  • Wei-kang Fu: The Story of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Foreign Language Press, Beijing 1975.
  • Franz Hübotter : Chinese medicine at the beginning of the XX. Century and its historical development. Asia Major publishing house, Leipzig 1929.

Web links

Commons : Acupuncture  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ W. Michel (1993).
  2. ^ Willem ten Rhijne 1683, after Bowers / Carrubba 1974, p. 184.
  3. ↑ Lemgo 1712 Amoenitatum exoticarum politico physico medicarum fasciculi V. p. 598.
  4. ^ W. Michel: Engelbert Kaempfer and medicine in Japan. In: Detlef Haberland (ed.): Engelbert Kaempfer - work and effect. Boethius-Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, pp. 248-293. (Digitized version)
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Michel: Japan's role in the early communication of acupuncture to Europe. In: German journal for acupuncture. Vol. 36, No. 2, April 1993, pp. 40-46.
  6. ^ Department of Médecine. Volume I, pp. 184-188. (Digitized version)
  7. ↑ Volume I, pp. 149-150. (Digitized version)
  8. ↑ PU Innocence: Forgotten Traditions of Ancient Chinese Medicine. Paradigm Verlag, Brookline MA 1990, p. 31.
  9. ↑ Kaempfer 1712, p. 584.
  10. ↑ " Colic ", "belching of the uterus " and " hysteria " - derived from ancient and medieval sources - were synonyms in Berlioz's time . In 1802 Berlioz had a doctoral thesis in Paris with the title - On the phenomena and diseases that caused the first occurrence of menstruation. - written.
  11. ^ Louis Berlioz: Mémoire sur les maladies chroniques, les évacuations sanguines et l'acupuncture . Croullebois, Paris 1816, p. 302. (digitized version )
  12. ↑ L. Berlioz 1816, p. 304.
  13. ↑ L. Berlioz 1816, pp. 296-311.
  14. ↑ Hector Berlioz. Mémoires. Chapter II. Mon père . (Digitized version)
  15. ↑ Auguste Haime. Notice on l'acupuncture et observations médicales sur ses effets thérapeutiques. In: Recueil des travaux de la Société médicale de Tours. 1818, pp. 9-18.
  16. ↑ Auguste Haime: Nôte sur l'acupuncture et observations médicales sur ses effets thérapeutiques. In: Journal universel des sciences médicales. Volume XIII, Paris 1819, pp. 27-42. (Digitized version)
  17. ^ Journal universel des sciences médicales. Volume XV, Paris 1819, pp. 107-113. (Digitized version)
  18. ^ Revue médicale. Volume II, Paris 1825, p. 155.
  19. ↑ MA Jamin: Manuel de petite chirurgie. 3. Edition. Paris 1860, pp. 551-561: Séton.
  20. ^ Jean Baptiste Sarlandière. Mémoire sur l'électropuncture… Paris 1825, foreword, p. II, note (1) (digitized version )
  21. ^ Louis Berlioz: Mémoire sur les maladies chroniques, les évacuations sanguines et l'acupuncture . Croullebois, Paris 1816, p. 311 (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Isaac Titsingh . Describing from het naadle steeken en moxa branden. Netherlands 1827. In addition: A letter dated September 19, 1827 from Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783–1835) to Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière. (Digitized version)
  23. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière . Mémoire sur l'électropuncture, considerée comme moyen nouveau de traiter efficacement la goutte, les rhumatismes et les affections nerveuses, et sur l'emploi du Moxa japonais en France; suivis d'un Traité sur l'acupuncture et du Moxa, principaux moyens curatifs chez les peuples de la Chine, de la Coreé et du Japon. Ornés de figures japonaises. Paris 1825. (digitized) . An English version is in Manchester.
  24. ↑ Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques. Volume I, Paris 1829, pp. 269 and 376; Ph. FV Siebold: Nippon, Archives describing Japan. Volume I, Würzburg / Leipzig 1897, p. 1; CR Boxer: Jan Compagnie in Japan 1600 1817. Tokyo / London / New York 1968, pp. 135–171.
  25. ^ Sarlandière 1825, foreword. - Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in: Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques. Volume I, Paris 1829, pp. 374-375. The French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat wrote about this work: “… The original consists of 67 pages of small format, 14 of which are filled in with drawings. The Chinese title is Tchin kieou ki pi tchao, which means description of the best secrets for using the needle and moxa. It was written in 1780 in Foukousima, Mouts Province, by a doctor whose name (in Chinese) is Tai tchong youan from Ki moura and who was a student of Doctor Fara taiyan from Miyako. … “( Nouv. Mélanges Asiatiques . Volume I, Paris 1829, p. 374).
  26. ^ Dictionnaire des sciences médicale. Volume 34, Paris 1819, p. 460; Sarlandière 1925, foreword.
  27. ↑ Sarlandière 1925, pp. 104–147 (digitized version ) Translation and decryption of the text in: Eyl 1978, pp. 17–27.
  28. ↑ Michael Eyl: Sino-Japanese acupuncture in France (1810-1826) and its theoretical basis (1683-1825) . Diss. Med. Zurich 1978.
  29. ↑ W. Michel: Japansk läkekonst i teckningar av Claës Fredrik Hornstedt. [Japanese medicine in the drawings by Clas Fredrik Hornstedt]. In: Christina Granroth (ed.): CF Hornstedt, Brev från Batavia - En resa till India 1782–1786. Helsinki / Stockholm 2008, pp. 117–150. W. Michel-Zaitsu: Interactions - To the Traité inédit de l'acupuncture et du Moxa chez les Japonais in JB Sarlandières Mémoires sur l'Électro-Puncture (1825). In: German Journal for Acupuncture , Vol. 58 (4), 2015; Vol. 59 (3), 2016; Vol. 59 (4), 2016
  30. ↑ P. Pelletan Jr: Notice sur l'acupuncture, contenant son histoire, ses effets et sa théorie, d'après les expériences faites à l'hôpital Saint-Louis. In: Revue médicale. Volume I, 1825, pp. 74-103. (Digitized version)
  31. ^ T. Dantu: Quelques propositions sur l'acupuncture . Thesis. Didot le Jeune, Paris 1825. (digitized version) ; Traité de l'acupuncture, d'apres les observations de M. Jules Cloquet, et publié sous ses yeux . Béchet, Paris 1826. (digitized version )
  32. ^ J. Morand: Mémoire sur l'acupuncture, suivi d'une serie d'observations recueillies sous les yeux de M. Jules Cloquet. Crevot, Paris 1825. (digitized version ) ; J. Morand: Dissertation on l'acupuncture et ses effets thérapeutiques. Thèse des médecine de Paris. n ° 25, 1825. (digitized version)
  33. ^ Revue médicale. Volume I, Paris 1825, pp. 81-84.
  34. ^ Revue médicale . Volume I, Paris 1825, pp. 312-313, p. 369; Volume II, p. 115, pp. 491-594.
  35. ^ Revue médicale . Volume I, Paris 1825, p. 476. Husson was an outspoken supporter of the doctrine of François Broussais ("doctrine physilogique").
  36. ^ A. Lacroix: Observations sur l'acupuncture recueillies à l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, dans le service et sous les yeux de M. Husson, pendant le premier trimestre de l'année 1825. In: Journal universel des sciences médicales. 1825, pp. 346-363
  37. ^ Meyranx: Observations sur l'acupuncture, faites à l'hôpital de la Pitié, sous les yeux de M. Bally, et quelques réflexions sur sa manière d'agir. In: Archives générales de médecine. Volume VII, 1825, pp. 231–249 (digitized version )
  38. ^ Revue médicale. Volume III, Paris 1825, pp. 450-451.
  39. ^ JL Alibert: Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique… 5th edition. Volume II, Paris 1826, pp. 526-534. (Digitized version)
  40. ↑ Traité de l'auscultation médiate… 2nd edition, Brussels 1828, pp. 638–639: “Dernièrement encore, chez un malade attaqué d'une paraplégie incomplète…” (digitized version ) . German translation, Leipzig 1832, Volume II, p. 588: "Very recently I found a man afflicted with complete paraplegia without any signs of an organic defect in the spinal canal ..." (digital copy)
  41. ↑ Journal de Physiologie . Volume VI, Paris 1826, p. 156; Revue médicale. Volume III, Paris 1826, pp. 147-148.
  42. ↑ Paul Triaire: Bretonneau et ses correspondants. Volume I, Alcan, Paris 1892, p. 589 (digitized version)
  43. ↑ James Morss Churchill: A treatise on acupuncturation. Simpkin and Marshall, London 1821. (digitized version ) German translation by J. Wagner, cand.med., Bamberg 1824.
  44. ^ Franklin Bache: Cases illustrative of the remedial effects of acupuncturation. In: Northern American Medical Surg. Journal. 1, 1826, pp. 311-321. Reprinted in: J. H. Cassedy. Early uses of acupuncture in the United States, with an addendum (1826) by Franklin Bache, MD In: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medecine. Volume 50, Sept. 1974, pp. 892-906. PMC 1749387 (free full text)
  45. ^ Johann Wilhelm von Wiebel : Medical surgical news from Paris. Collected by the royal. General staff physician and personal physician Mr. Ritter Dr. Bulb. Notified by Dr. Eduard Graefe, practicing physician in Berlin. In: Journal of Surgery and Ophthalmology. Volume VIII, Berlin 1825, pp. 352-392. (Digitized version)
  46. ^ Hufeland's Journal of Practical Medicine. May 1825, p. 121ff. Correspondence from Paris for April . (Digitized version)
  47. ↑ Joseph Bernstein: About the benefit of acupuncture in various cases of illness explained by several medical histories, along with some remarks about the addiction to seek out new systems and new remedies in medicine. In: Hufeland's Journal of Practical Medicine. Volume LXVII, No 2, Berlin 1828, pp. 84–120 (digitized version )
  48. ↑ Further sources in: Hans-Jürgen Arnold: The history of acupuncture in Germany. Haug, Heidelberg 1976.
  49. ↑ Claude-Philibert Dabry de Thiersant. La médecine chez les Chinois . H. Plon, Paris 1863, pp. 421–497: De l'acupuncture (digitized version )
  50. ↑ Pierre Huard and M. Wong. Montpellier et la Médecine chinoise . In: Monspeliensis Hippocrates. December 1958, No 2, pp. 13-20.
  51. ^ Paul U. Innocence : Chinese Medicine . CH Beck, 1997, ISBN 3-406-41056-1 , p. 110ff. ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  52. ↑ Hanjo Lehmann: Acupuncture in the West: In the beginning there was a charlatan . In: Dtsch Arztebl. 107, 2010, pp. A 1454-7; Hanjo Lehmann: West-Eastern charlatan. The founder of acupuncture in Europe falsified his name and title and invented much of the therapy learning content from China that is still valid today. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. No. 186, 14./15. August 2010, p. 20. ( online copy )
  53. ↑ Speculation: The author accuses Soulié de Morant of knowing the yin-yang teaching only superficially. This also applies to the author Hanjo Lehmann.
  54. ↑ German biography Franz Hübotter on www.deutsche-biographie.de
  55. ^ Robert Jütte : History of Alternative Medicine. From folk medicine to today's unconventional therapies. Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , 262-273 ( acupuncture ) and more often, here: pp. 269-272.
  56. ↑ Neural therapy is a valuable addition to acupuncture
  57. ↑ D. Colquhoun, S Novella S: Acupuncture is a theatrical placebo: the end of a myth . In: Anesthesia & Analgesia. 116, No. 6, 2013, pp. 1360-1363. doi: 10.1213 / ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e . PMID 23709076 .
  58. ↑ Terrible pain . In: Der Spiegel. 50 (dated December 8, 1980), accessed March 18, 2018.
  59. ^ Arthur Taub: Acupuncture: Nonsense with Needles .
  60. ↑ Cheryl Pellerin: Doctors Use Acupuncture as Newest Battlefield Tool. American Forces Press Service, December 10, 2010, accessed September 12, 2012 .
  61. ^ Acupuncture study looking for more vets with Gulf War Syndrome. ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: The Stars and Stripes .  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stripes.com