François Broussais

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François Broussais

François-Joseph-Victor Broussais (born December 17, 1772 in St. Malo , † November 17, 1838 in Vitry-sur-Seine ) was a French medic. He represented the Paris Clinical School of Medicine.

Life

Broussais was the son of a doctor and received medicine lessons at this and at the Collège in Dinan . He was a soldier in the French Republican Army for two years, took his leave for health reasons, then continued his surgical training at the military hospital in St. Malo and in Brest and became a surgeon in the Navy. In 1799 he went to study medicine in Paris, where he received his doctorate in medicine in 1803. Then he was a military doctor in the army in the Netherlands, Belgium, 1805 in Austerlitz and after a stopover in Paris from 1808 to 1814 with the army in Spain. In 1814 he became a teacher at the Val-de-Grâce Army Hospital , where his lectures and new teachings on the stimulus drew large audiences. In 1820 he became a professor there. From 1831 he was Professor of General Pathology and Therapy in Paris . Later his lectures on phrenology met with a great response. Along with Philippe Pinel and Marie Francois Xavier Bichat, he is one of the representatives of the Paris clinical school of medicine.

According to Broussai's system of "physiological medicine" ("doctrine physiologique"), all forms of disease are based on inflammation, and the higher degrees of this cause irritation of other organs in a sympathetic manner; This is how the fever develops and most febrile illnesses are based on gastroenteritis. Diet and especially blood withdrawal, which was practiced by bloodletting and the use of leeches in the abdominal region, served as therapy .

Stimulated by Broussais and his students, the treatment with leeches became particularly popular in France in the first half of the 19th century. Between 1828 and 1832, 15-16 million leeches were consumed annually in France, compared with 6-7 million in England. The demand for leeches could soon no longer be met and so devices were developed with which the action of the leeches could be imitated.

Broussais opponent was the diagnostician and systematist René Laënnec (1781–1826). The anti-inflammatory therapy recommended by Broussais for malaria was recognized as ineffective by the military doctor Maillot, who was active in Ajaccio, Algiers and Bona, in the 1830s and was replaced by quinine treatment.

Works

  • Recherches sur la fièvre hectique, considérée comme dépendante d'une lésion d'action des différents systèmes, sans vice organique. Méquinon l'aîné, Paris 1803 (digitized)
  • Histoire des phlegmasies ou inflammations chroniques, fondée sur de nouvelles observations de clinique et d'anatomie pathologique. Paris 1808 (4th edition Gabon, Paris 1826- Volume I (digitized version ) Volume II (digitized version) Volume III (digitized version) )
  • Examen de la doctrine médicale généralement adoptée et des systèmes modern de nosology, dans lequel on détermine, par les faits et par le raisonnement, leur influence sur le traitement et sur la terminaison des maladies; suivi d'un plan d'études fondé sur l'anatomie et la physiologie, pour parvenir à̀ la connaissance du siège et des symptômes des affections pathologiques, et à la thérapeutique la plus rationnelle. Gabon, Paris 1816 (digitized)
  • Exams des doctrines médicales et des systèmes de nosologie: précédé de propositions renfermant la substance de la médecine physiologique. Méquignon-Marvais, Paris 1821 (3rd edition 1829–1834 (digitized) )
  • Traité de physiologie appliquée à la pathologie. Delaunay, Paris. Volume I, 1822 (digitized version) Volume II, 1823 (digitized version)
  • Traité de physiologie pathologique 1825
  • De l'irritation et de la folie, ouvrage dans lequel les rapports du physique et du moral sont établis sur les bases de la médecine physiologique, précédé d'un aperçu sur l'aliénation mental depuis Pinel jusqu'à Broussais. Librairie Polymathique, Bruxelles 1828 (digitized version)
  • Le Choléra épidémique disease observé et traité selon la Méthode physiologique. Delaunay, (2nd edition) Paris 1832 (digitized version)
  • L'association du physique et du moral 1834
  • Cours de phrénologie. Baillière, Paris 1836 (digitized version)

literature

  • JD Rolleston: FJV Broussais (1772-1838): His Life and Doctrines . Proc R Soc Med. 1939 March; 32 (5): 405-413.
  • Michel Valentin: François Broussais: Empereur de la Médecine . Dinard 1988.
  • Wolfgang U. Eckart : Francois Josef Victor Broussais, in: Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann (eds.): Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the present , 1st edition 1995 CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Munich, 2nd edition 2001, 3rd edition 2006 dto. Available online, Springer Heidelberg, Berlin, New York. Medical glossary 2006
  • Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Broussais, François Joseph Victor. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 211 f.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine , 6th edition 2009 Springer Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 193–195; History of Medicine 2009 7th edition 2013 History, theory and ethics of medicine , Springer Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 175–178. History, theory and ethics of medicine 2013
  2. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor. 2005, p. 211 f .; here: p. 211.
  3. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor. 2005, p. 211 f.
  4. ↑ Josef Bauer. History of bloodletting. Munich 1870, p. 216 (digitized version)
  5. ^ Antoine Pierre Demours . Notice on the acupuncture et sur une nouvelle espèce de ventouse armée de lancettes… In: Journal universel des sciences médicales. Volume XV, Paris 1819, pp. 107–113 (digitized version )
  6. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière . Bdellomètre . In the article Ventouse (cupping glass) , in: Dictionnaire des sciences médicales Panckoucke, Paris 1821, volume 57, pp. 174–189 (here: pp. 180–185) text (digital copy ) illustration; (Digitized version)
  7. ^ Charles Louis Stanislaus Heurteloup (1793–1864). Artificial leech . (Digitized version)
  8. ↑ Adolphe Aimé Lecadre. Etude comparative, Broussais et Laënnec. Lepelletier, Le Havre 1868 (digitized version)
  9. ↑ Henry E. Sigerist . Great doctors. A history of medicine in images of life. Lehmann, Munich 1931, pp. 251–260 ( Laennec and Broussais )
  10. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Maillot, François-Clément. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 884.

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Broussais, François
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Broussais, François-Joseph-Victor (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French medic
DATE OF BIRTH December 17, 1772
PLACE OF BIRTH St. Malo
DATE OF DEATH November 17, 1838
Place of death Vitry-sur-Seine