Philippe Pinel

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Philippe Pinel

Philippe Pinel (born April 20, 1745 in Jonquières in the Tarn department , † October 26, 1826 in Paris ) was a French psychiatrist and since 1794 a senior physician at the Hôpital Salpêtrière .

There he was the first to implement medical treatment without compulsory treatment , which later became known as no restraint , and put his idea of ​​the curability of the "insane" into practice. He made great contributions to the development of psychiatry into a medical science, as well as to the entire conception of biological-pathological events. Pinel was a supporter of the vitalistic school of Montpellier and, together with Marie François Xavier Bichat , is one of the leading figures of the Paris clinical school of medicine .

Life

The son of the country doctor and surgeon Philippe Francois Pinel first came to medicine through theology and philosophy at the age of 30 and studied in Toulouse , Montpellier and Paris .

He received a diploma for a mathematical-statistical work. He received his doctorate from the Philosophical Faculty in 1772 and from the Medical Faculty in 1773. In 1774 he moved to Montpelier. His academic teachers there included Paul Joseph Barthez and Gabriel-François Venel , among others .

In 1778 he went back to Paris, where he taught mathematics as a private tutor and also worked as a literary writer. He did not begin to deal with psychiatry until 1784, after he had come into contact with the mentally ill in the private clinic of the carpenter Jacques Belhomme (1737-1824).

He turned to psychology and found particular interest in mental illness . In 1789 he published an article on the treatment of the mentally ill. He created a precise doctrine of the signs of illness in mental illnesses and gave psychiatry in the 19th century a new basis. One of his main works was the philosophical nosography . His endeavors were aimed at establishing a natural system for the individual diseases . His views were influenced by the French vitalist Théophile de Bordeu . Instead of systematics and philosophy, the descriptive (descriptive) observation was important for Pinel. His description of the clinical development of various mental illnesses made it possible to incorporate the field of psychiatry into general medicine. Furthermore, between 1790 and 1799 he brought about a fundamental reform of the “ insane asylums ” (allegedly freeing the mentally ill from their chains) and pioneered new ways of treating the mentally ill.

In 1792 he took over (supported by his friends Cabanis , Jacques-Guillaume Thouret (1746–1794) and Jacques Antoine Cousin (1739–1800)) the management of the Bicêtre asylum in southwest Paris and began his psychiatric reform there. From 1792 to 1794 he was a medicin chef de l'hospice de Bicêtre there . From 1795 he headed a new department for mentally ill women in the Salpêtrière, where he continued his reform. The “insane” were no longer treated as convicts but like sick people - Pinel's greatest merit. Nevertheless, Pinel's actions also raise criticism. Treatment methods such as ice cold showers or the use of straitjackets still exerted great pressure on the mentally ill, they were not treated as gently as the physically ill. He also did not seek to integrate mentally disturbed people into society.

Pinel later became the emperor's advisory physician, member of the Academy of Sciences and finally, in 1804, knight of the Legion of Honor . On October 25, 1826, Pinel died in Paris of a cerebral haemorrhage . The Pinelsweg in Hamburg-Barmbek-Süd is named after Pinel . The same has been true since 1960 for Pinel Point , a headland on the Brabant Island in Antarctica.

plant

Pinel frees the sick from the bicêtre in 1793. Painting by Charles Louis Lucien Müller in the lobby of the Académie Nationale de Médecine, Paris

Pinel and his student Jean-Étienne Esquirol , who had joined Pinel in 1799, founded the French psychiatry tradition in the sense of a traitement moral , that is, dealing with the sick, which is characterized by political freedom, and the healing powers that come in the form of a original " primordial moral structure" are contained in every individual and which must be stabilized from outside. However, this concept of traitement moral cannot be compared in every respect with that of moral treatment , which spread from England to Europe and in which mildness, affection and patience played an important role. Pinel is known for having freed the sick from their chains, as he rejected them in his Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mental ou La manie from 1801 and only used them for a limited time in practice. However, these means of restraint have been replaced by straitjackets, mouth-tied wooden pears, and similar methods. The traitement moral, also known as regime morality , was exemplary for the development of psychiatry in Europe. However, from today's perspective, some physical treatment methods appear very barbaric . For example, Pinel used the swivel chair treatment , immersion in cold water and starvation diets to shake the soul and to distract from the idee fixe . The use of emetics and bloodletting, which were still frequent at the time, were restricted to a few indications by Pinel.

In contrast, tried in Charenton , the physician Joseph Gastaldy and acting as "régisseur général" Order and politician François Simonnet de Coulmier , through the application of "moral agents" - particularly through the use of theater as therapy in the sense of catharsis - the Banish abuse and repression from treatment.

Pinel laid the foundation for diagnostics in modern psychiatry by combining modern analytical thinking with the Hippocratic tradition. As a philanthropist , Philippe Pinel was medical director of the Hospice de Bicêtre and later also of the Hôpital de la Salpêtrière from 1792 . These two detention centers took in confused people , madmen and criminals . Nobles and clerics fled to these institutions in Paris before the revolutionary tribunals . - The paralyzed Jacobin terror man Couthon therefore inspected the Bicêtre asylum with Pinel in 1793 in order to search for hidden suspicious enemies of the people. It was here that the decisive discourse between the two emerged, which meant the end of the treatment of mentally ill people with chains.

In his experience in the institution, Pinel found that the conditions of the placement shape the sick and their behavior. It is closely connected with the image of the lunatic being freed from their chains. This myth of the Enlightenment has an effect up to the present day (a real liberation from chains, however, took place at the insane asylum of the Würzburg Juliusspital, where Anton Müller was director and at the beginning of the 19th century "removed chains and whips").

Pinel saw heredity, defective social institutions including poor upbringing, irregular lifestyle, passions ("spasmodic passions" such as anger or fright, debilitating or depressing passions such as grief, hatred, fear and remorse) as well as physical phenomena such as alcoholism, as possible causes of mental illness. Missing menstrual period, fever, puerperium or head injuries.

Pinel is considered to be the founder of scientific psychiatry. He classified the psychiatric illnesses mainly by division into mania , melancholy ("Délire exclusif sur un objet"), dementia and (a psychological term to be understood) idiotism . With his concept of mania sans delire , he broke with the Enlightenment tradition of interpreting mental disorders merely as disorders of intellectual activity (as suggested by the writings of John Locke and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac ). The evolution of his approach allowed psychiatry in the 19th century, the subtle detection of mental disorders even without the presence of severe intellectual disorders such. B. Changes in mood, drive and disorders that are now referred to as personality disorders or neuroses / neurotic disorders.

His favorite student and Esquirol, who ran the Salpétrière with Pinel from 1810 to 1826, further developed Pinel's classification of psychiatric illnesses and the concept of " mania without delirium" into monomania .

Movie

The life of Philippe Pinel was described in the American short film Stairway to Light in 1945 . The film won an Oscar for best short film in 1946 . In the film Der Wolfsjunge (L'enfant sauvage, 1970) by François Truffaut , Pinel also plays a role as a diagnostician of the 'wild child' , alongside Jean Itard, who later became Victor von Aveyron's teacher .

Fonts (selection)

  • As a translator for William Cullen . First lines of the practice of physic, for the use of students, in the University of Edinburgh . Edinburgh 1781-1783: Volume I 1781 (digitized version) ; Volume II 1783 (digitized version) ; Volume III 1783 (digitized version) : Institutions de médecine-pratique . PJ Duplain, Paris 1785 Volume I (digitized version ) , Volume II (digitized version )
  • Observation sur le régime moral qui est le plus propre a retablir, dans certains cas, la raison egares de maniaques. In: Gazette de Santé. Volume 2, 1789, pp. 13-15.
  • Ellébore en general. In: Encyclopédie méthodique, série Médecine, t. V, 1792, pp. 753-761 (digitized version )
  • Nosographie philosophique, ou la méthode de l'analyse appliquée à la médecine. 2 volumes. Paris 1797 Volume I (digitized version) , Volume II (digitized version) ; 3rd edition 1807, Volume I (digitized version) , Volume II (digitized version) , Volume III (digitized version) ; 5th edition 1813, Volume I (digitized version) , Volume II (digitized version) , Volume III (digitized version)
    • Johann Matthias Alexander Ecker (translator). Philosophical nosography or application of the analytical method in pharmacy . Cotta, Tübingen 1799, Volume I (digitized version) ; Volume II (digitized version)
    • DD Davis. A treatise on insanity, in which are contained the principles of a new and more practical nosology of maniacal disorders than has yet been offered to the public … Sheffield 1806 (digitalisat)
  • Recherches et observations sur le traitement moral des aliénés . Paris 1798 (digitized version)
  • Report fait à l'École de médecine de Paris, sur la clinique d'inoculation, le 29 fructidor, at 7 (1799). (Digitized version)
  • Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mental ou la manie. Paris An IX 1801 (digitized version)  ; 2nd revised and expanded edition 1809 (digitized version )
    • Philosophical-medical treatise on mental aberrations or mania. With figures, which represent the shapes of the Schedels, and images of the madmen. Translated from French and annotated by Michael Wagner. Schaumburg, Vienna 1801 (digitized version)
  • La médecine clinique rendue plus précise et plus exacte par l'application de l'analyse: recueil et résultat d'observations sur les maladies aigües, faites à la Salpêtrière. Paris 1802. (digitized version)
  • Jurisprudence médicale. Results d'observations pour servir de base aux rapports juridiques (without time and place information) [1817] (digitized version)

literature

  • Henry E. Sigerist : Great Doctors. Lehmann, Munich 1932.
  • Kurt Kolle (Ed.): Great neurologists. Volume 1, Thieme, Stuttgart 1956.
  • Walther H. Lechler : Philippe Pinel. His family, his youth and student years 1745–1778. Using partly unpublished documents. University Institute for the History of Medicine, Munich 1959.
  • Claus Bernet :  Pinel, Philippe (1745-1826). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 37, Bautz, Nordhausen 2016, ISBN 978-3-95948-142-7 , Sp. 831-851.
  • Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, pp. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), here: pp. 67–80 ( Paris school ).

Web links

Commons : Philippe Pinel  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine , 6th edition 2009, Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg, Pariser Klinische Schule pp. 193–195; History of Medicine 2009 History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine , 7th edition Springer Textbook, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 175–178. History, theory and ethics of medicine 2013
  2. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann : Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the present , 1st edition 1995 CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Munich, 2nd edition 2001, 3rd edition 2006, Springer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, entry Philippe Pinel written by Ingrid Kästner. Medical glossary 2006
  3. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Illustrated history of medicine. From the French Revolution to the Present , Issue 1 + 2 Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 2011, Paris Clinical School, Philippe Pinel pp. 39–43. Illustrated History of Medicine 2011
  4. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of the history of psychiatry to Anton Müller. 1991, p. 70 f.
  5. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Pinel, Philippe. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1163 f.
  6. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, p. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), p. 68 f.
  7. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of the history of psychiatry. 1991, p. 68 f.
  8. ↑ Werner Leibbrand , Annemarie Wettley : The madness. History of Western Psychopathology. Alber, Freiburg im Breisgau and Munich 1961 (= Orbis Academicus , II, 12), p. 658.
  9. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of psychiatry. In: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, pp. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), pp. 69–75.
  10. ↑ www.em-consulte.com .
  11. ^ Klaus Dörner: Citizens and Irre. 2nd Edition. 1984, p. 138.
  12. ↑ academie-medecine.fr
  13. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of psychiatry. In: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, p. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), p. 75.
  14. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of psychiatry. 1991, p. 74.
  15. ^ A b Klaus Dörner : Citizens and Irre. On the social history and sociology of science in psychiatry . [1969] Fischer Taschenbuch, Bücher des Wissens, Frankfurt / M 1975, ISBN 3-436-02101-6 ; P. 160
  16. ^ Bangen, Hans: History of the drug therapy of schizophrenia. Berlin 1992, p. 15 ISBN 3-927408-82-4
  17. ↑ Anton Müller: Comments on the most famous empirical means in mental illnesses to date. In: Journal of Anthropology. Volume 1, 1823, Issue 1, pp. 197-227, here p. 212.
  18. ↑ Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht : Brief history of psychiatry . Stuttgart 1967, ISBN 3-432-80043-6 , p. 42.
  19. ↑ Werner Leibbrand , Annemarie Wettley : The madness. History of Western Psychopathology . Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / Munich 1961 (= Orbis academicus. Volume II / 12), ISBN 3-495-44127-1 , p. 420 f.
  20. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Brief outline of psychiatry. 1991, pp. 75 and 77 f.
personal data
SURNAME Pinel, Philippe
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French psychiatrist
DATE OF BIRTH April 20, 1745
PLACE OF BIRTH Jonquières , Tarn department
DATE OF DEATH October 25, 1826
Place of death Paris