Johann von Mikulicz

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Privatdozent v. Mikulicz (1880)
Mikulicz pupil

Johann Anton Freiherr von Mikulicz-Radecki , also Johannes von Mikulicz-Radecki or Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (born May 16, 1850 in Czernowitz ; †  June 14, 1905 in Breslau ) was a German-Austrian surgeon and privy councilor in Prussia . He did pioneering work in many of today's independent areas of surgery.

Like many other beech countries (residents of Bukovina ) or "beech country Europeans" he spoke five languages. He later wrote his publications not only in German, but also in Polish, Russian and English. As was customary in Czernowitz at the time, his mother tongue was German.

family

Johann's father Andreas Mikulicz-Radecki (1804-1881) had it from Forstsubstituten through self-study to forest officials in Lviv brought and later to Cameralbaumeister. He built the town hall and designed the Ringplatz and the Volksgarten in Chernivtsi. He was secretary to the Chamber of Commerce. His mother Emilie geb. von Damnitz (1813–1867) was the daughter of a former Prussian officer (see Damnica ) and Andreas' second wife. Her grandfather and other German colonists had been brought to Bukovina by the Habsburg Monarchy when they had to be ceded by the Ottoman Empire in the Peace of Küçük Kaynarca . The paternal grandfather Franciskus Mikulicz-Radecki (1774-1816) was a small provincial official from the impoverished Lithuanian-Polish nobility; In 1804 he married Josepha Edle von Just from German nobility. Johann's brother Valerian von Mikulicz , still a colonel in the Imperial and Royal Army , applied in 1897 to regain the title of nobility. Franz Joseph I confirmed the "proof of origin of the Radecki family" in Polish, German and Russian. Kaiser Wilhelm II accepted the "full professor and secret medical advice from old Polish nobility" on June 12, 1899 as Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki into the Prussian nobility.

The seven-lingual father believed in tolerance, schooling and music. German was spoken in the family, and Ukrainian , Romanian and Polish with relatives and friends . Johann von Mikulicz spoke Ukrainian, Yiddish and Romanian. He learned the Polish language in Vienna before he was called to Krakow .

Life

Johann attended the elementary school in Chernivtsi. Musically gifted, he spent three years at the pianist preschool and at the music institute of Josef Proksch in Prague . Like his brother Valerian von Mikulicz , he attended the kk I. Staatsgymnasium Czernowitz (1862), the Vienna Theresianum (1863) and the Benedictine high school in Klagenfurt (1864). There he taught himself to play the organ . In his spare time as a church organist , he gave tutoring . After a short visit to the Imperial and Royal High School in Sibiu , he returned to Chernivtsi, where he graduated with distinction at the age of 19 .

Education

At first, Mikulicz wanted to be a musician . After his mother died in 1867, he came to his uncle Lukas Mikulicz , who headed the midwifery teaching institute in Sibiu. Under his influence, Johann decided to study medicine . Although his father wanted to study oriental studies or law with a view to a career in diplomacy , he enrolled as a medical student at the University of Vienna in 1869 . His father then stopped the maintenance . Johann financed his studies with piano and German lessons. After two semesters he was awarded the Freiherr v. Silberstein scholarship awarded. The 700 guilders per year relieved him of teaching so that he could practice the piano and take courses at the Vienna Conservatory. One guilder would be around € 8 today.

His medical teachers included Josef Hyrtl , Carl Rokitansky , Joseph Skoda and Ferdinand von Hebra . In March 1875 he passed the state examination and the rigorosum for Medicinae universae doctor . In the same year he became engaged to the Viennese actress Henriette Pacher (1853–1937), who became his closest secretary for the next seven years and edited all publications .

Student and friend of Billroth

Although small, of fragile stature and rather closed, Mikulicz met not only collegial arrogance, but also advocacy. The lawyer Leopold von Neumann strongly recommended him to the Viennese surgeon Theodor Billroth . Known for the high demands he placed on his employees and at the zenith of his reputation, he accepted Mikulicz in 1875 as a volunteer assistant in his surgical clinic. He thanked him with unparalleled diligence and care. Billroth's skepticism turned into respect and ultimately friendship. In his house they often played in a piano duo . It was there that Mikulicz won the appreciation of Johannes Brahms , with whom he premiered the four-hand waltzes op. 39 .

After three and a half years, Mikulicz became an assistant doctor . As early as 1877, Billroth wished him the first surgery professorship in Czernowitz, which had become a university town in 1875. Since she did not receive a medical college, Billroth sent his bearer of hope on a five-month study trip to Germany, France and England. The focus was on antisepsis . Nothing came of the appointment to the University of Lviv . Since 1878 senior physician , Mikulicz visited Richard von Volkmann in Halle , Bernhard von Langenbeck at the Charité , Friedrich von Esmarch in Kiel , Johann Nepomuk von Nußbaum in Munich , August Socin in Basel , Jules Péan in Paris and finally Joseph Lister in London in 1879 . His publications were known and valued everywhere - better and more than in Austria. The rhinoscleroma that Billroth initially threw him was named after Mikulicz. After his observations at Lister, he opposed carbolic spray in disinfection and wound treatment as early as 1878 . In 1881 he recommended iodoform instead , which Albert von Mosetig-Moorhof had used in war surgery before him . In the last few years at Billroth he has published 16 important papers on wound treatment , abdominal drainage and endoscopy of the esophagus and stomach .

Orthopedics and endoscopy

With studies on the genu varum and genu valgum on hundreds of cadaver legs , he qualified as a professor in surgery in 1880. The virtual axis of the leg (hip joint - ankle joint) is still known today as the Mikulicz line . The osteoplastic resection of the foot is named after him and Vladimirov . William Macewen and Anton von Eiselsberg recognized him as a pioneer of modern orthopedics .

In December 1880 Mikulicz married his long-time fiancée Henriette Maria Franziska Pacher (1853–1937). According to the rules for surgical children in force in Austria-Hungary , he therefore had to leave the university clinic. Although Billroth obtained a one-year extension from the responsible ministry, the university career in Austria was blocked. Employed in a Vienna polyclinic with a better income, he missed the clinical and scientific work. So he turned to the outpatient gastrointestinal tract . At that time, the abdominal cavity could only be examined by palpation , auscultation or a probatory laparotomy - in the case of tumors, it was usually too late. In 1881, sword swallowers gave Mikulicz the idea of ​​examining the esophagus with a straight tube. With the Viennese instrument maker Josef Leiter , he also succeeded in using a gastroscope angled at the bottom with lighting and irrigation and thus successfully performing gastroscopy on patients for the first time.

Krakow (1882-1887)

Mikulicz's sister Emilia Zborowska , who had supported him financially during his studies, lived in Kraków, which was then part of Austria-Hungary . The surgical chair at the Jagiellonian University was vacant due to the death of Anton Bryk . Against the resistance of the faculty, Billroth and Alfred Józef Potocki , the imperial governor in Galicia , succeeded Mikulicz at the Ministry of Culture in Vienna as Bryk's successor. The faculty had doubts about his ability to speak Polish and his nationality. Mikulicz countered this in the inaugural lecture in 1882 . When asked about his nationality, he liked to answer: I am a surgeon. Vienna had allowed him to read German lectures in the first two years; but after a year he was able to keep it in Polish.

The small, outdated and run-down surgical clinic on Kopernikus Strasse had five wards with sixteen beds each. Mikulicz collected donations and, together with Hilary Schramm, ensured that the wards and the operating room were adequately renovated and increased the number of colleagues to three assistants and four unpaid students . The historic change from antisepsis to asepsis took place in Krakow . Given the clinic's excellent reputation, the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry also sent doctors to Krakow for further training.

Despite the adverse circumstances, 70 major scientific publications were published in Cracow; some are among Mikulicz's best works, including facial plastic surgery , cosmetic surgery, blood transfusion , saline infusion, and esophageal carcinoma . It was perhaps the most important time for families too; for in the five years his wife gave him five of the eight children. Stubbornly and successfully to Mikulicz tried in Vienna banks to loans for a new building. When it was not built after five years despite annual assurances, Mikulicz resigned from his office. When he said goodbye to Krakow, the Jewish community thanked him in a special way from Mikulicz, who did not distinguish between rich and poor, between Jews and Christians and between Poles and Germans, with the words “You have humanity with us introduced".

His successor in Cracow was Ludwik Rydygier , who from 1897 to 1920 was the first surgical professor at the University of Lviv , which was polonized in 1867 .

Königsberg (1887–1890)

Mikulicz at the bowling evening of the Association for Scientific Medicine in Königsberg

In 1887, the Prussian Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs sent Mikulicz a call to the chair of the Albertus University in Königsberg . The Vienna ministry let him know that if he was accepted he would not be able to return to Austria-Hungary . Mikulicz saw the large and renowned clinic as a stepping stone into the German Empire and followed the call. During this intermediate station he devoted himself to (septic) visceral surgery and urology. He finally replaced carbol with iodoform, developed a steam sterilizer and gave Mikulicz syndrome its name. With his knowledge of Polish, Jewish, Ukrainian and Russian languages, he treated the rich and famous in his private practice . He often operated in Moscow and St. Petersburg .

In Königsberg, the pharmacologist Bernhard Naunyn gave him the idea of ​​a new periodical : From 1896, communications from the border areas of medicine and surgery were published by Gustav Fischer Verlag .

Breslau (1890–1905)

New surgical clinic in Wroclaw
Mikulicz's vacuum chamber

In 1890 he followed the call of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau . As the successor to Hermann Fischer, initially in an old building with 90 beds, he was able to move into a new building in 1891, which he enlarged and made a model for the entire surgeon world. When in 1897 the new operating wing with separate anesthesia, sterilization and changing rooms went into operation and operations were no longer performed in the lecture theater , Breslau had the most modern clinic in Germany and one of the largest and best-equipped in Europe. For the first time in the history of surgery, surgeons wore sterile cotton gloves, mouth masks, hoods and gowns. When Mikulicz saw William Stewart Halsted operate with rubber gloves on a trip to the USA in 1902 , he took them on for infections . Asepsis was paramount. He even called for silence in the operating room to avoid droplet infections. The close cooperation with the hygienist Carl Flügge was characteristic .

Mikulicz divided his clinic into three departments: surgery , orthopedics and urology . Even more than in Königsberg, he devoted himself to urology, which he systematically expanded and made independent after visiting John Benjamin Murphy , Charles Horace Mayo and William James Mayo . He occupied the urological outpatient clinic with Georg Gottstein . Doctors could rely on laboratories for chemistry , bacteriology and pathology , a photo laboratory and an animal stable. Mikulicz's library was considered one of the best in Europe. From 1902 to 1905 Max Tiegel, the inventor of the crucible valve , was at the clinic, from 1898 to 1905 Wilhelm Anschütz , who married Mikulicz's eldest daughter Hilda von Mikulicz in 1905.

After he had entrusted his senior physician Ferdinand Sauerbruch in 1903, to whom the privy councilor in 1903 had already offered a position as a volunteer doctor from October 1, the solution to the problems of operations in the open chest and he recognized the negative pressure in the chest as the cause, Mikulicz had a large negative pressure operating chamber built in Wroclaw, which was first used in his private clinic for operations on people.

Nobody in the world had resected more gastric cancer than Mikulicz - 185 in Breslau, using his own method since 1890. In December 1904 he recognized the disease in himself and reported the cancer diagnosis to his senior physician, Sauerbruch. Only after Christmas did he reveal it to his family (including the surgeon Anschütz, who, when asked on January 1st, refused an operation on his father-in-law) and consulted Bernhard Naunyn and his pupil Anton von Eiselsberg, who had come to Wroclaw from Vienna . His trial laparotomy on January 3, in which Sauerbruch was an anesthetist, revealed the fatally inoperable tumor infiltration of the pancreas , which Mikulicz knew about as chronic inflammation. When he recovered from the procedure, he continued to work at the old intensity until he was bedridden at home and died. A few days before his death he wrote to a friend in Vienna: “I am dying without any resentment and feeling satisfied with life. I worked to the best of my ability and found respect and happiness in the world ” .

In Breslau, Mikulicz was dean of the medical faculty twice , most recently in the year of his death. His successors were Carl Garrè , Hermann Küttner , Karl Heinrich Bauer , Hans Killian , Wiktor Bross (until 1973), Stefan Koczorowski (until 1980) and Bogdan Łazarkiewicz (1980-2000).

Sadness

Family grave in Freiburg in Silesia until 1944

Kaiser Wilhelm sent a condolence telegram. Pastor Laska from the Kreuzkirche (Breslau) celebrated the funeral with a large participation of the Wroclaw population . Felix Dahn gave a funeral speech. Emil Ponfick spoke for the medical faculty and placed a laurel and oak wreath in the coffin of the deceased. For the University of Vienna and the students of Mikulicz spoke v. Eiselsberg and Alexander Tietze, for the Wroclaw student body cand. Med. von Rottkay, for the Jagiellonian University the surgeon Bronisław Kader .

Mikulicz was buried on June 17, 1905, according to his wishes, in Freiburg in Silesia , near his country residence in Polsnitz (on the river of the same name) near the Giant Mountains .

"He has been buried as befits a man who has lived for humanity and to whom all of humanity owes thanks."

- Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, June 20, 1905

memory

Artur Volkmann's monument was unveiled on May 27, 1909. It showed Athene and Hygieia handing a laurel wreath to Mikulicz, who was sitting in a doctor's smock . Mikulicz's brother Valerian in Austrian general uniform, Anton Wölfler and von. Eiselsberg, Feodora von Sachsen-Meiningen , other princes , the university rector and the mayors of Chernivtsi and Breslau. The Breslau Cathedral Choir sang.

In 1908 Henriette von Mikulicz gave her husband's death mask, his manuscripts and Läwen's portrait to the Mikulicz student Hayari Miyake (1867–1933). The mask survived the war and was in the collection of Miyaki's son Hiroshi, who was also a surgery professor. As a “souvenir of the forefather of our surgery”, he had it reproduced for other Japanese surgeons. In 1976 he sent the original to Mikulicz's grandson Felix Anschütz . A great-granddaughter of Hiroshi Miyake gave a copy to Bogdan Łazarkiewicz in Wroclaw in 2002 .

Henriette von Mikulicz outlived her husband by 32 years. She wrote his life story, which was only published (in part) in 1988. She was buried next to him and her son Friedrich.

children

  1. Hilda Friederike Emilie Johanna (1881–1954), trained as a singer in Paris and with Julius Stockhausen , married to Wilhelm Anschütz
  2. Hans (1882–1891), died of diphtheria
  3. Maria Eleonore Henriette Valerie - "Mizi" (1883–1928), married. with Walther Kausch ; the three children Eva (1906), Dietrich (1911) and Klaus (1918-2010) became doctors.
  4. Margarete Sofia Anna Henriette - "Grete" (1884–?), Married. with Hans Piper (fallen 1915), mother of the ophthalmologist Hans-Felix Piper
  5. Heni (1886–1887), died of diphtheria
  6. Friedrich Franz Valerian - "Fritz" (1886–1910), twin brother of Heni, died of pneumonia
  7. Felix Ernst Johannes Benvenuto (1892–1966), gynecologist
  8. Elisabeth Maria Theresia Antonie Frieda - "Mima" (1893–?), Married. with Wilhelm Löhr , mother of Berthold Löhr , grandmother of Joachim Löhr

The daughters Hilda, Maria and Elisabeth were married to a surgeon and Margarete to a physiologist.

Services

Johann von Mikulicz is considered to be the founder of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy . In 1881 he described achalasia as a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter . His ingenious treatment was the finger dilatation through the opened stomach. In 1886 he presented the subtotal thyroid resection to prevent postoperative hypothyroidism ; In 1896 he first used a face mask during operations to ensure the aseptic course of operations. In 1902 he made the recognition of local anesthesia possible , which Carl Ludwig Schleich had already unsuccessfully introduced in 1892. His technique of gastric resection went down in medical history as the Heinek-Mikulicz method. The cradles of German thoracic and gastric surgery (especially of the esophagus) were in Breslau. Its paramount importance for urology is largely forgotten.

Mikulicz enriched medical technology with a new and heatable operating table , a machine for ether anesthesia , various needles, forceps, forceps and hollow needles for taking biopsies . He invented and simplified surgical instruments; its curved sharp clamp (similar to the Overholt ) is still used today in opening the abdomen to hold the peritoneum and fascia . In operating room jargon , it is usually referred to as miku for short .

According to Julius Neugebauer, Mikulicz “probably made the greatest contribution to modern surgery”.

student

Honors

Bust in the Borowska Clinic
Volkmann's Mikulicz monument

Awarded medals are still unknown

Prussia

Honorary doctorates

Presidencies

Honorary memberships

monument

Publications (selection)

  • About the rhinoscleroma (Hebra). In: Archives for Clinical Surgery. Volume 20, 1876, pp. 485-534.
  • About the use of antisepsis in laparotomies with special attention to the drainage of the peritoneal cavity. In: Archives for Clinical Surgery. Volume 1, 1881, pp. 111-150.
  • About some modifications of the antiseptic procedure. In: Archives for Clinical Surgery. Volume 31, 1884, pp. 435-488.
  • Surgery. In: W. Lexis (ed.): The German universities. For the university exhibition in Chicago 1893. Volume II, Berlin 1893, pp. 273–285.
  • with Paul von Bruns and Ernst von Bergmann (eds.): Handbook of practical surgery. 1900–1901 in four volumes, 1926–1930 in six volumes.
  • Surgical experience with the Sauerbruch chamber under negative and positive pressure. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery. Volume 33, I, 1904, pp. 34-41.
  • The importance of X-rays in surgery. In: German Medical Weekly . Volume 31, 1905, pp. 657-663.

literature

  • Wilhelm Anschütz : Johannes Mikulicz-Radecki , in: Schlesische Lebensbilder , Vol. 3. Breslau (1928), pp. 348–358
  • WR bed: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905). Pioneer surgeon . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 43 (1950), pp. 1061 f.
  • Anton von Eiselsberg : Johann von Mikulicz . Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 18 (1905), pp. 671-674
  • P. Gorecki, W. Gorecki: Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905) - the creator of modern European medicine . In: Digestive Surgery 19 (2002), pp. 313-320
  • HE Hadda: Johannes von Mikulicz-Radecki. A memorial tribute to a great surgeon, scientist and teacher . Journal of the International College of Surgeons 43 (1965), pp. 4-10
  • Janusz Halatek: Mikulicz in Krakow. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1989.
  • Walter Kausch: Johannes von Mikulicz-Radecki. His life and its meaning . Communications from the border areas of medicine and surgery III 1907 (Supplement), pp. 1–64
  • Klaus Kausch: Politically homeless in Eastern Europe. In memory of Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki . Deutsches Ärzteblatt 77 (1980), pp. 2001–2007
  • Waldemar Kozuschek : Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki - life and work . University of Bonn (rehabilitation) 1972
  • Waldemar Kozuschek: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki 1850–1906. Co-founder of modern surgery. Dedicated in memory of the great surgeon of the German Society for Surgery and the Society of Polish Surgeons , 2nd Polish-German Edition. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis No 2555, funded by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation , Breslau 2005
  • Henriette von Mikulicz-Radecki: Memories of Vienna, Krakow, Königsberg and Breslau. Memoirs of the surgeon's wife Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki. With a foreword by Klaus Kausch and an epilogue by Emanuel Turczynski . Research Center East Central Europe, Dortmund 1988
  • Julius Neugebauer: World fame of German surgery: Johann von Mikulicz . Ulm 1965, pp. 1–117
  • Peter D. Olch: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki . Annals of Surgery, 152: 123-126 (1960). PMC 1613751 (free full text)
  • Michael Sachs: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905) and its importance for the development of modern surgery. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 85-146.
  • Hiki Sumik, Hiki Yoshiki: Professor von Mikulicz-Radecki, Breslau. 100 years since his death . Langenbecks Archives of Surgery 390 (2005), pp. 182-185
  • Thaddäus Zajaczkowski : Johann Anton von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905) - a pioneer of gastroscopy and modern surgery: his credit to urology . In: World Journal of Urology , 26 (2008), pp. 75-86
  • Thaddäus Zajaczkowski, AM Zamann: Johannes Anton Freiherr von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905). His contribution to the development of urology . Der Urologe 49 (2010), pp. 280-285
  • Volker Zimmermann:  Mikulicz-Radecki, Johannes. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-428-00198-2 , p. 498 f. ( Digitized version ).

Web links

Wikisource: Newspaper note about a memorial service for J. v. Mikulicz (1906)  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Johann von Mikulicz  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ^ K. Kausch: Correction.
  2. ↑ Michael Sachs: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905) and its importance for the development of modern surgery. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 85-146, here: pp. 119 f. ( The parental home ) and 126 f. ( The dispute over his nationality ).
  3. ↑ Hans Preilitsch: Johannes von Mikulicz - pioneer of modern surgery . Raimund Kaindl-Bund 3 (1952), pp. 8-14
  4. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek and Gundolf Keil : Mikulicz in Krakau (lecture given by Gundolf Keil on October 12, 1989 in Rothenburg ob der Tauber). In: Würzburger medical history reports 8, 1990, pp. 295–306; here: p. 299
  5. ↑ a b c d e East German biography
  6. ↑ a b c d e f T. Zajaczkowski, AM Zamann (2008, 2010)
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h W. Kozuschek (2003)
  8. ↑ a b c Michael Sachs: Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905) and its importance for the development of modern surgery. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 85-146.
  9. ↑ a b c d Henriette Mikulicz-Radecki (K. Kausch, E. Turczynski, 1988)
  10. ↑ a b Julius Neugebauer (1965)
  11. ↑ Ferdinand Sauerbruch: That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951; Licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, p. 88.
  12. ↑ Georg Fischer (Langenbeck's archive)
  13. ↑ Ferdinand Sauerbruch: That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951; Licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, pp. 89–91.
  14. ↑ a b c d W. Kausch (1907)
  15. ↑ Günther Seydl: Mikulicz and the gastroscopy (presentation given at the 5th symposium of the International Nitze-Leiter Research Society for Endoscopy: 150th birthday of Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki, January 21-22, 2000, Vienna). In: Würzburg medical history reports 23, 2004, pp. 521-523.
  16. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek and Gundolf Keil: Mikulicz in Krakau (lecture given by Gundolf Keil on October 12, 1989 in Rothenburg ob der Tauber). In: Würzburger medical history reports 8, 1990, pp. 295–306; here: pp. 297–299
  17. ↑ Quoted from: Wojciech A. Kustzrycki: Report on the German-Polish symposium in Breslau (Wrocław): “100th anniversary of thoracic surgery” 4. – 6. November 2004. German Society for Surgery - Announcements 2/2005: pp. 154–158 (PDF)
  18. ↑ Gerabek / Keil (1990), p. 300
  19. ↑ Kulturportal West-Ost (quoted)
  20. ↑ Werner Gerabek u. a. (Ed.), Encyclopedia Medical History, De Gruyter 2007, Volume 1, Article Surgery, p. 256
  21. ↑ Ferdinand Sauerbruch: That was my life. 1956, p. 48.
  22. ↑ Ferdinand Sauerbruch: That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951; Licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, p. 92 f.
  23. ↑ The Mikulicz house in Auenstrasse was destroyed in 1945 in the Battle of Breslau .
  24. ↑ Tietze (1864–1924) was later the primary physician in the All Saints Hospital in Breslau
  25. ↑ Doctorate in 1891 in Dorpat, Kader (1863-1937) was professor of surgery in Krakow from 1899 to 1928.
  26. ↑ Silesian News
personal data
SURNAME Mikulicz, Johann von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mikulicz-Radecki, Johann Anton von (full name); Mikulicz-Radecki, Johannes von (full name); Mikulicz-Radecki, Jan
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Austrian surgeon and privy councilor in Prussia
DATE OF BIRTH May 16, 1850
PLACE OF BIRTH Chernivtsi
DATE OF DEATH June 14, 1905
Place of death Wroclaw